Neoplasia US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Neoplasia with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Neoplasia Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 501: Renal cell carcinoma commonly invades into the _____ (blood vessel)
Answer: renal vein
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 502: _____ tumors have features in between benign and malignant
Answer: Borderline
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 503: Which cancer is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection?
_____
Answer: Cholangiocarcinoma
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 504: What is the prognosis of medulloblastoma?
_____
Answer: Poor
Extra:
Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=4]
https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Medulloblastoma
T2-weighted cranial MRI (axial view) of a 7-year-old boy: isodense round lesion with hyperintense sections in the fourth ventricle (green overlay); grossly diminished gyration of the cerebellum (C). (P = poorly demarcated pons region; B = basilar artery, CS = external CSF space)
Medulloblastoma
T1-weighed cranial MRI of a 6-year-old child presenting with features of increased intracranial pressure (midsagittal section with contrast)
There is a large hypointense mass occupying the third (upper yellow overlay) and fourth (lower yellow overlay) ventricles that is causing obstructive hydrocephalus (pink overlay).
The pink overlay also highlights the leakage of CSF into the periventricular space (transependymal edema) and into the occipital lobe due to the increased intraventricular pressure.
This appearance of a fourth ventricular mass in a child is characteristic of medulloblastoma.
Medulloblastoma
Cranial MRI (T1-weighted, with contrast)
There is a mass in the posterior cranial fossa. It features solid parts (green overlay) and cystic parts (red overlay).
Location and appearance are typical of a medulloblastoma.
(D: diencephalon; P: pons; C: cerebellum; yellow outline: cerebellar tentorium)
Medulloblastoma
Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain)
Densely packed, small, blue anaplastic cells are present throughout the specimen. The cells have pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei.
On the right, a vessel (its lumen mostly obstructed by eosinophilic material) can be seen.
These are typical histopathological findings of medulloblastoma.
Medulloblastoma
Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain)
Numerous small, blue, round cells with scant cytoplasm can be seen throughout the specimen (classic examples: arrows, green overlay). Their nuclei vary in size and structure (nuclear pleomorphism) and many cells feature distinctly hyperchromatic nuclei.
The majority of the cells are arranged in concentric clusters around lighter central areas consisting of neuropil (examples: dashed outlines and yellow overlay, magnified area). These clusters are referred to as Homer Wright rosettes.
These histopathological features, particularly the Homer Wright rosettes, are characteristic of a medulloblastoma.
Atlas:
Flashcard 505: Multiple myeloma presents with _____ bone lesions and hypercalcemia
Answer: lytic (punched-out)
Extra:
Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]
Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=2]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki
Atlas:
Other:
Flashcard 506: In cervical pathology, a lesion involving the entire thickness of the epithelium but NOT penetrating the basement membrane is classified as:
_____
Answer: Severely Dysplastic / Carcinoma in Situ
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video: https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/female-pathology?index=9
OnlineMedEd: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire
Flashcard 507: The microsatellite instability pathway of colorectal cancer is characterized by mutations or methylation of _____ genes
Answer: mismatch repair
Extra:
* (Lynch Syndrome)
Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Colorectal carcinogenesis pathways
Top: Chromosomal instability pathway (adenoma-carcinoma sequence)
- Loss of the tumor suppressor gene, APC, results in hyperproliferative epithelium due to a loss of cellular adhesion and increased cellular proliferation. A mutation in KRAS results in unregulated cellular signaling and cellular proliferation, leading to the formation of an adenoma. Loss of the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and DCC results in the malignant transformation of an adenoma to carcinoma. The chromosomal instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in FAP (loss of APC) as well as in most cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma.
Bottom: Microsatellite instability pathway
- Acquired or inherited mutations in the mismatch repair genes (esp. MLH1 and MSH2) result in abnormal proliferation and the formation of adenoma and carcinoma. The microsatellite instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) and a few cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma.
Atlas:
Flashcard 508: Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with _____ infection
Answer: EBV
Extra:
Watch Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki
Atlas:
Other:
Flashcard 509: _____ is a serological antigen from EBV that contributes to Hodgkin's or Burkitt's Lymphoma
Answer: Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 510: What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor?
_____
Answer: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Atlas:
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