Tumor angiogenesis — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Tumor cells upregulate _____ to evade anti-tumor T-cells

Answer: PD-L1

Flashcard 2: One hallmark of cancer is the ability to be insensitive to anti-growth signals, such as _____

Answer: TGF-Beta

Flashcard 3: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the PDGFB oncogene?_____

Answer: Overexpression

Flashcard 4: Tumor cells commonly produce _____ factors (ex. FGF / VEGF), which are necessary for tumor survival and growth

Answer: angiogenic

Flashcard 5: Downregulation of _____ allows for dissociation and spread of tumor cells

Answer: E-cadherin

Flashcard 6: Once tumor cells enter the extracellular matrix they will attach themselves to _____

Answer: fibronectin

Flashcard 7: Ovarian tumor associated with a pulling sensation in the groin and histology showing bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts?

Answer: Ovarian Fibroma

Extra: • Clinical: Pulling sensation in groin. • Histology: Bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts. • Association: Meigs syndrome (Ovarian fibroma, Ascites, Hydrothorax).

Flashcard 8: What is the characteristic histological finding and cell type in a Brenner tumor?

Answer: "Coffee bean" nuclei; contains Walthard cell rests (transitional epithelium)

Extra: Brenner tumor: - Mostly benign ovarian surface epithelial tumor. - Histology: Characterized by "coffee bean" nuclei (longitudinal nuclear grooves) and nests of transitional epithelium (resembling bladder mucosa) called Walthard cell rests. - Gross: Solid, tan-white/yellow, well-encapsulated.

Flashcard 9: Is mucinous cystadenocarcinoma benign or malignant?

Answer: Malignant

Extra: Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is the malignant counterpart of mucinous cystadenoma. It is a common primary surface epithelial tumor of the ovary, characterized by multiloculated cysts lined by atypically proliferated mucinous epithelium showing stromal invasion.

Flashcard 10: Morphological features of Mucinous Cystadenoma?

Answer: Multilocular cyst lined by mucus-secreting epithelium (Benign)

Extra: Mucinous cystadenomas are most commonly found in the ovary or pancreas. Characterized by large, multiloculated cysts filled with gelatinous fluid. Unlike serous cystadenomas, these are less likely to be bilateral in the ovary.