Neoplasia — Flashcards

Flashcard 51: Turcot syndrome is a combination of _____ with malignant CNS tumors (e.g. medulloblastoma, glioma)

Answer: familial adenomatous polyposis

Extra: Medulloblastoma T2-weighted cranial MRI (axial view) of a 7-year-old boy: isodense round lesion with hyperintense sections in the fourth ventricle (green overlay); grossly diminished gyration of the cerebellum (C). (P = poorly demarcated pons region; B = basilar artery, CS = external CSF space) Medulloblastoma T1-weighed cranial MRI of a 6-year-old child presenting with features of increased intracranial pressure (midsagittal section with contrast) There is a large hypointense mass occupying the third (upper yellow overlay) and fourth (lower yellow overlay) ventricles that is causing obstructive hydrocephalus (pink overlay). The pink overlay also highlights the leakage of CSF into the periventricular space (transependymal edema) and into the occipital lobe due to the increased intraventricular pressure. This appearance of a fourth ventricular mass in a child is characteristic of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Cranial MRI (T1-weighted, with contrast) There is a mass in the posterior cranial fossa. It features solid parts (green overlay) and cystic parts (red overlay). Location and appearance are typical of a medulloblastoma. (D: diencephalon; P: pons; C: cerebellum; yellow outline: cerebellar tentorium) Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Densely packed, small, blue anaplastic cells are present throughout the specimen. The cells have pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei. On the right, a vessel (its lumen mostly obstructed by eosinophilic material) can be seen. These are typical histopathological findings of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Numerous small, blue, round cells with scant cytoplasm can be seen throughout the specimen (classic examples: arrows, green overlay). Their nuclei vary in size and structure (nuclear pleomorphism) and many cells feature distinctly hyperchromatic nuclei. The majority of the cells are arranged in concentric clusters around lighter central areas consisting of neuropil (examples: dashed outlines and yellow overlay, magnified area). These clusters are referred to as Homer Wright rosettes. These histopathological features, particularly the Homer Wright rosettes, are characteristic of a medulloblastoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 52: Bronchial carcinoid tumor classically forms a polyp-like mass in the _____

Answer: bronchus

Flashcard 53: How many cellular divisions occur before the earliest clinical symptoms of cancer arise? _____

Answer: About 30

Flashcard 54: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?: _____ Lymphomas (ex. Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma) Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Primary CNS Lymphoma (in AIDS) Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 55: Lynch syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Crohn's disease, and FAP are risk factors for small bowel _____

Answer: adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 56: _____ results in white patches in the oral cavity that cannot be scraped away

Answer: Leukoplakia

Flashcard 57: What is the percent chance of reversal back to normal cervical epithelium in carcinoma in situ? _____

Answer: Not possible

Flashcard 58: Horseshoe kidney is associated with an increased risk of _____ and Wilms tumor

Answer: renal cell carcinoma

Extra: While horseshoe kidney is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers (including renal cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor, and transitional cell carcinoma), the overall incidence remains low. Other associations include: - Hydronephrosis - Renal stones - Infection - Chromosomal aneuploidy (e.g., Turner syndrome, trisomies 13, 18, 21)

Flashcard 59: During carcinogenesis, DNA mutations eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for tumor _____ and progression

Answer: promotion

Flashcard 60: What endocrine pathology is a risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Extra: Atlas: