Neoplasia US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Neoplasia with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Neoplasia Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 31: The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is _____.
Answer: axillary lymph node involvement
Flashcard 32: From which anatomical unit do most malignant breast tumors (carcinomas) arise?
Answer: Arises from the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)
Extra: Risk factors: Estrogen exposure (total number of menstrual cycles, early menarche, late menopause), late first birth, obesity, BRCA1/2 mutations. Most common in postmenopausal women.
Flashcard 33: Key characteristics of a Phyllodes tumor?
Answer: Large, bulky breast mass with \"leaf-like\" projections on histology.
Extra: Epidemiology: Typically occurs in women > 60 years old.
Pathology: Fibroepithelial tumor; distinguished from fibroadenoma by increased stromal cellularity and leaf-like architecture. Can be benign, borderline, or malignant.
Flashcard 34: Clinical presentation of Intraductal Papilloma?
Answer: Small breast mass beneath the areola with serous or bloody nipple discharge.
Extra: - Characterized by a slight increase (1.5-2x) in risk for carcinoma.
- Histology: Growth within a dilated duct; composed of fibrovascular cores covered by luminal and myoepithelial cells.
- The most common cause of bloody nipple discharge in women < 50 years.
Flashcard 35: What are the clinical characteristics of a Fibroadenoma?
Answer: Small, mobile, firm breast mass with sharp edges; often increases in size/tenderness with estrogen (pregnancy, menstruation).
Extra: Most common benign breast tumor in women <35 years old. Not a precursor to breast cancer. Histology: Proliferative stroma compressing epithelium-lined glandular spaces.
Flashcard 36: What are the characteristic features of Glioblastoma multiforme?
Answer: Butterfly tumor, GFAP+, Pseudopalisading necrosis
Extra: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM):
- Presentation: Headache
- Gross: Butterfly tumor crossing corpus callosum, ring-enhancing on MRI
- Histology: GFAP+; pleomorphic, pseudopalisading tumor cells bordering central areas of hemorrhage/necrosis
- Prognosis: Malignant, <1 year survival; most common primary brain tumor in adults
Flashcard 37: Medulloblastoma: Key features?
Answer: Cerebellar tumor in children; Homer-Wright rosettes; poor prognosis.
Extra: Commonly compresses the 4th ventricle, leading to non-communicating hydrocephalus. It is a highly malignant primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).
Flashcard 38: Origin and key clinical/radiological features of Craniopharyngioma?
Answer: Remnants of Rathke's pouch; Benign childhood tumor; Bitemporal hemianopia; Calcified suprasellar mass.
Extra: - Most common suprasellar tumor in children.
- Derived from Rathke's pouch ectoderm.
- Morphology: Machinery oil appearance (cystic), calcifications are common.
- Clinical: Visual field defects (bitemporal hemianopia), growth retardation (pituitary compression).
Flashcard 39: What kinds of genes are most associated with loss of heterozygosity?
Answer: tumor suppressors
Flashcard 40: What is the genetic defect and clinical significance of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)?
Answer: AD mutation of APC gene on chromosome 5q21; thousands of polyps; 100% risk of CRC.
Extra: Features:
- Autosomal Dominant (AD) inheritance.
- Mutation in APC tumor suppressor gene.
- Management: Prophylactic colectomy (risk of progression to colon cancer is 100%).
- Associated with Gardner syndrome (osteomas, soft tissue tumors) and Turcot syndrome (CNS tumors).
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