Epidemiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 111: What is the formula for calculating the **Odds Ratio (OR)** using a standard 2x2 contingency table?

Answer: \(OR = \frac{\text{Odds of exposure in cases}}{\text{Odds of exposure in controls}} = \frac{a/c}{b/d} = \frac{ad}{bc}\) i.e. the odds of a certain exposure given an event (e.g. disease; a/c) vs the odds of exposure in the absence of that event (e.g. no disease; b/d)

Flashcard 112: iceberg phenomenon was given by

Answer: John M Last last iceberg was lost with John

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Flashcard 113: Grade 2 disability (G2D) among new cases of leprosy is _____%

Answer: 3.61

Extra: According to NLEP 2017-18 data, the proportion of Grade 2 Disability (G2D) among new cases was 3.61%. For the same period: - G2D rate per million population: 3.34 - Total new cases: 1,26,164

Flashcard 114: _____ is most important for assessing causality

Answer: Evidence-based medicine

Flashcard 115: Crude Death Rate (CDR) of India (SRS 2020) is _____

Answer: 6.0 per 1000 mid-year population

Flashcard 116: What is the equation for Relative Risk (RR) using a standard 2x2 table? RR = _____{\text{Incidence among unexposed}}\)}} = _____

Answer: \(\frac{\text{Incidence among exposed

Flashcard 117: index case is _____

Answer: 1st case identified in a community

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Flashcard 118: Uncontrolled trials are used for _____

Answer: assessing public health interventions

Flashcard 119: Formula for Secondary Attack Rate (SAR)

Answer: SAR = (Number of exposed persons developing the disease within the incubation period / Total number of exposed susceptible contacts) × 100 *Note: Primary case is excluded from both the numerator and the denominator.*

Extra: Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) is used to measure the infectivity or communicability of an infectious disease. It helps in identifying the efficacy of control measures and the spread of disease within a closed group (e.g., household).

Flashcard 120: demographic gift is seen from stage _____ onwards

Answer: 3

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