Epidemiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 111: Crude Death Rate (CDR) of India (SRS 2020) is _____

Answer: 6.0 per 1000 mid-year population

Flashcard 112: Uncontrolled trials are used for _____

Answer: assessing public health interventions

Flashcard 113: _____ is most important for assessing causality

Answer: Evidence-based medicine

Flashcard 114: index case is _____

Answer: 1st case identified in a community

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Flashcard 115: What is the equation for Relative Risk (RR) using a standard 2x2 table? RR = _____{\text{Incidence among unexposed}}\)}} = _____

Answer: \(\frac{\text{Incidence among exposed

Flashcard 116: The _____ is a major source of mortality indicators in India.

Answer: Sample Registration System (SRS)

Extra: The Sample Registration System (SRS) is a dual-record system in India that provides reliable annual estimates of birth rate, death rate, and other fertility and mortality indicators (like IMR and MMR).

Flashcard 117: S in Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) stands for _____

Answer: syndromic surveillance

Flashcard 118: What is the formula for calculating the **Odds Ratio (OR)** using a standard 2x2 contingency table?

Answer: \(OR = \frac{\text{Odds of exposure in cases}}{\text{Odds of exposure in controls}} = \frac{a/c}{b/d} = \frac{ad}{bc}\) i.e. the odds of a certain exposure given an event (e.g. disease; a/c) vs the odds of exposure in the absence of that event (e.g. no disease; b/d)

Flashcard 119: Formula for Secondary Attack Rate (SAR)

Answer: SAR = (Number of exposed persons developing the disease within the incubation period / Total number of exposed susceptible contacts) × 100 *Note: Primary case is excluded from both the numerator and the denominator.*

Extra: Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) is used to measure the infectivity or communicability of an infectious disease. It helps in identifying the efficacy of control measures and the spread of disease within a closed group (e.g., household).

Flashcard 120: rate is expressed in terms of _____

Answer: time

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