Epidemiological Study Designs — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: _____ studies are useful for measuring odds ratio (OR)

Answer: Case-control

Flashcard 2: _____ is a method of removing confounding factors by restricting the study sample to only those participants with particular characteristics

Answer: Restriction

Flashcard 3: Incidence and prevalence rates are included in _____ indicators

Answer: morbidity (mortality/morbidity)

Flashcard 4: CIR = (_____)/(# of people at risk for same time period) that gives you a measure of average risk

Answer: # of new cases for a specific time period

Flashcard 5: Generalizability bias is a form of _____ that is related to the selective referral of patients to tertiary medical centers

Answer: selection bias

Flashcard 6: A study to evaluate the effect of water fluoridation on dental health is categorized as a _____ study.

Answer: community intervention

Flashcard 7: _____ = # of existing cases / total # of people in a population at a point in time

Answer: Prevalence

Flashcard 8: Excluding skin cancer, which of the listed three demographics count the incidence of the following cancers as their top 3 most common in the United States? _____

Answer: Children

Flashcard 9: The **validity** of a screening test is defined by its _____ and specificity .

Answer: sensitivity

Extra: Validity (Accuracy) refers to the ability of a test to distinguish between those who have the disease and those who do not. It is measured by Sensitivity and Specificity. In contrast, Reliability (Precision/Repeatability) refers to the ability of a test to give consistent results when repeated under the same conditions.

Flashcard 10: Primary prevention prevents _____

Answer: contraction of disease

Extra: Primary prevention: Action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. It aims to reduce the incidence of disease.