Epidemiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Excluding skin cancer, which of the listed three demographics count the incidence of the following cancers as their top 3 most common in the United States? _____

Answer: Children

Flashcard 2: The **validity** of a screening test is defined by its _____ and specificity .

Answer: sensitivity

Extra: Validity (Accuracy) refers to the ability of a test to distinguish between those who have the disease and those who do not. It is measured by Sensitivity and Specificity. In contrast, Reliability (Precision/Repeatability) refers to the ability of a test to give consistent results when repeated under the same conditions.

Flashcard 3: _____ study goes from effect to cause

Answer: case control

Extra: 

Flashcard 4: Primary prevention prevents _____

Answer: contraction of disease

Extra: Primary prevention: Action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. It aims to reduce the incidence of disease.

Flashcard 5: What is the **Golem effect** (Golem bias)?

Answer: A phenomenon where **low expectations** placed on individuals (by researchers or supervisors) lead to **poorer performance**.

Extra: The Golem effect is the opposite of the **Pygmalion effect** (where high expectations lead to improved performance). Both are examples of observer-expectancy bias.

Flashcard 6: Bias means _____

Answer: systematic error

Flashcard 7: incidence in exposed=50% incidence in non exposed=10% risk ratio=_____

Answer: 5

Extra: 

Flashcard 8: POC of influenza is _____

Answer: 1-2 days before symptoms to 1-2 days after onset of symptoms

Extra: 

Flashcard 9: demographic gap starts increasing in stage _____

Answer: 2 

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Flashcard 10: * Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = _____{\text{Estimated mid-year population}} \times 1000\)}} * Crude Death Rate (CDR) = \(\frac {\text{Number of deaths{\text{Estimated mid-year population}} \times 1000\)}} * Annual Growth Rate (%) = \(\frac {CBR - CDR} {10} = \frac {P_t - P_0} {t \times P_0} \times 100\) * Sex Ratio (India) = \text{Number of females per 1000 males} = \frac {\text{Number of females{\text{Number of males}} \times 1000}} * Dependency Ratio = \(\frac {(\text{Pop. 0-14}) + (\text{Pop. 65+})}{\text{Pop. 15-64 \times 100\)}}

Answer: \(\frac {\text{Number of live births