Modern Epidemiological Methods — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: _____ is a method of identifying the missing cases that are not on the notified cases list.

Answer: Sentinel surveillance

Flashcard 2: _____ is a method of removing confounding factors by restricting the study sample to only those participants with particular characteristics

Answer: Restriction

Flashcard 3: A _____ case-control study is essentially a case-control study that is present inside a cohort study.

Answer: nested

Flashcard 4: Incidence and prevalence rates are included in _____ indicators

Answer: morbidity (mortality/morbidity)

Flashcard 5: The main purpose of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) is to detect early warning signals of _____.

Answer: outbreaks

Flashcard 6: IDR = (_____)/(sum of time periods for all disease free individuals at risk)

Answer: # of new cases

Flashcard 7: Selection bias is an error introduced in _____ that occurs due to a nonrandom sampling or treatment allocation of subjects

Answer: recruiting participants

Flashcard 8: Increased prevalence results in _____ positive predictive value

Answer: increased

Flashcard 9: Excluding skin cancer, which of the listed three demographics count the incidence of the following cancers as their top 3 most common in the United States? _____

Answer: Children

Flashcard 10: The **validity** of a screening test is defined by its _____ and specificity .

Answer: sensitivity

Extra: Validity (Accuracy) refers to the ability of a test to distinguish between those who have the disease and those who do not. It is measured by Sensitivity and Specificity. In contrast, Reliability (Precision/Repeatability) refers to the ability of a test to give consistent results when repeated under the same conditions.