Association and Causation — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: _____ studies are useful for measuring odds ratio (OR)

Answer: Case-control

Flashcard 2: _____ bias occurs due to differential hospital admission rates.

Answer: Berksonian bias

Flashcard 3: A _____ case-control study is essentially a case-control study that is present inside a cohort study.

Answer: nested

Flashcard 4: IDR = (_____)/(sum of time periods for all disease free individuals at risk)

Answer: # of new cases

Flashcard 5: Selection bias is an error introduced in _____ that occurs due to a nonrandom sampling or treatment allocation of subjects

Answer: recruiting participants

Flashcard 6: _____ = # of existing cases / total # of people in a population at a point in time

Answer: Prevalence

Flashcard 7: _____ bias or prevalence-incidence bias is due to the selective survival in prevalent cases usually seen in fatal diseases.

Answer: Neyman s

Flashcard 8: Excluding skin cancer, which of the listed three demographics count the incidence of the following cancers as their top 3 most common in the United States? _____

Answer: Children

Flashcard 9: The **validity** of a screening test is defined by its _____ and specificity .

Answer: sensitivity

Extra: Validity (Accuracy) refers to the ability of a test to distinguish between those who have the disease and those who do not. It is measured by Sensitivity and Specificity. In contrast, Reliability (Precision/Repeatability) refers to the ability of a test to give consistent results when repeated under the same conditions.

Flashcard 10: Primary prevention prevents _____

Answer: contraction of disease

Extra: Primary prevention: Action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. It aims to reduce the incidence of disease.