Molecular Biology and Genomics — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: FISH may be carried out in Metaphase or _____phase of the cell cycle.

Answer: Inter

Flashcard 2: _____ test is a widely used biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds.

Answer: Ames

Flashcard 3: there are _____ genes present in human body

Answer: 30,000

Extra: 

Flashcard 4: Histone _____ usually activates DNA transcription

Answer: acetylation

Flashcard 5: DNA _____ at CpG islands represses transcription

Answer: methylation

Flashcard 6: The genes that are responsible for the generation of homeodomain proteins are the _____ gene and PAX gene

Answer: homeobox (HOX)

Flashcard 7: ADP-ribosylation of histones is associated with _____ and is carried out by vitamin B3

Answer: DNA repair

Flashcard 8: Lac Operon: In the presence of _____, there is increased adenylyl cyclase activity, leading to an increase in cAMP

Answer: low glucose

Flashcard 9: Lac Operon: In the presence of _____, the repressor protein is unbound from the operator site, leading to increased transcription

Answer: high lactose

Flashcard 10: In eukaryotes, _____ may be inhibited by -amanitin

Answer: RNA polymerase II

Flashcard 11: In the final step of alternative splicing, the _____ is released to precisely remove the intron and join two exons

Answer: lariat

Flashcard 12: BRCA_____ is located on chromosome 17.

Answer: 1

Flashcard 13: Histone _____ usually reversibly represses DNA transcription

Answer: methylation

Flashcard 14: Cloning: After cDNA is produced, cDNA fragments are inserted into _____, which contain antibiotic resistance genes

Answer: bacterial plasmids

Flashcard 15: The MYCL1 _____ encodes for the nuclear regulator L-myc, which stimulates cell cycle progression

Answer: proto-oncogene

Flashcard 16: In Homologous Recombination, dsDNA breaks are recognized by the _____ protein and the FA Core Complex, which activate BRCA1/2 to recruit enzymes to repair the break

Answer: ATM

Flashcard 17: Homologous Recombination occurs _____ S phase of the cell cycle, using a sister chromatid as a template

Answer: after

Flashcard 18: One post-transcriptional modification is the _____ of introns

Answer: splicing out

Flashcard 19: A _____ blot is used to analyze RNA

Answer: Northern

Flashcard 20: Shiga toxin binds to the _____, inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer: 60s subunit of ribosomes

Flashcard 21: Phosphorylation of histone _____ is associated with the condensation of chromosomes during the replication cycle.

Answer: H1

Flashcard 22: The promoter is an AT-rich upstream sequence with _____ and CAAT boxes

Answer: TATA

Flashcard 23: In Nonhomologous End Joining (NHEJ), dsDNA breaks are recognized by _____, recruiting the MRN complex which then recruits the Artemis protein and various others to help repair the damage

Answer: ATM

Flashcard 24: The CFTR gene encodes an _____-gated Cl- channel

Answer: ATP

Flashcard 25: Pre-miRNA undergoes trimming by the enzyme complex _____ into mature single-stranded miRNA in the cytoplasm

Answer: DICER

Flashcard 26: In the second step of PCR, _____ anneal to specific sequences on each DNA strand to be amplified

Answer: DNA primers

Flashcard 27: The _____ stain enters cells and stains nucleic acids

Answer: Giemsa

Flashcard 28: Which forms of DNA repair repairs double-stranded breaks (due to ionizing radiation)?_____ and homologous recombination

Answer: Nonhomologous end joining

Flashcard 29: _____ is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a transcription factor which regulates urogenital development

Answer: WT1

Flashcard 30: Proto-oncogenes are essential for cell _____ and differentiation

Answer: growth

Flashcard 31: HDAC inhibitors prevent histones from being _____ resulting in genes such as tumor suppressors being transcribed

Answer: deacetylated

Flashcard 32: At its core, CRISPR/Cas9 utilizes an endonuclease (_____) and a guide RNA that binds to a complementary target DNA sequence

Answer: Cas9

Flashcard 33: In epigenetics, when a histone is _____ by an HDAC (an "eraser"), the histone winds the DNA to make it unavailable for transcription

Answer: deacetylated

Flashcard 34: An _____ is a chromosome with two copies of one arm and no copies of the other

Answer: isochromosome

Flashcard 35: p53 restricts the cell cycle to G1 by engendering the inhibition of _____, maintaining the hypophosphorylated state of Rb

Answer: CDK4

Flashcard 36: _____ mosaicism occurs when a mutation arises from mitotic errors after fertilization and propagates through multiple tissues or organs

Answer: Somatic

Flashcard 37: In epigenetics, when a histone is _____, the histone unwinds the DNA to make it available for transcription

Answer: acetylated

Flashcard 38: Translocation of the ribosome during translation moves peptidyl tRNA from the _____ site to the P site

Answer: A

Flashcard 39: BRCA_____ is located on chromosome 13.

Answer: 2

Flashcard 40: HLA complex of genes is located on the short arm of chromosome _____

Answer: 6 (chromosome 6p21).

Flashcard 41: What gene sequence mutations are the most common cause of 0-thalassemia?_____

Answer: Chain terminator sequences

Flashcard 42: _____ refers to a rearrangement that involves two breaks within a single chromosome with reincorporation of the inverted, intervening segment.

Answer: Inversion

Flashcard 43: Which genomic test would be helpful in evaluating suspected DiGeorge Syndrome?_____

Answer: FISH

Flashcard 44: Blue-white assay used in the screening of recombinant vectors for inserted DNA fragments, is based on the principle of _____

Answer: complementation

Flashcard 45: Acetylation and Deacetylation of _____ histones is associated with the activation or inactivation of gene transcription.

Answer: H3 and H4

Flashcard 46: A _____ chromosome is an aberrant chromosome whose ends have fused together, often formed  due to break at both ends of the chromosome.

Answer: ring

Flashcard 47: Which codon codes for methionine in mitochondria?_____

Answer: AUA

Flashcard 48: Nuclear proteins such as transcription factor _____ are used as limbal stem cell markers

Answer: p63

Flashcard 49: Mature single-stranded miRNA is associated with a multiprotein aggregate called _____.

Answer: RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

Flashcard 50: The total number of standard aminoacids encoded by triplet codons in the human genetic code is _____.

Answer: 20

Flashcard 51: Chimeric DNA (also known a recombinant DNA) is used in _____

Answer: organ transplantation

Flashcard 52: _____ promote the expression of several genes whose products increase longevity

Answer: Sirtuins

Flashcard 53: In the RISC complex, miRNAs can modulate mRNA function by promoting mRNA _____ directly, in case of perfect complimentarity

Answer: degradation

Flashcard 54: Increased incidence of cancer in old age is due to _____ reactivation.

Answer: telomerase

Flashcard 55: The centromere is an _____ rich region containing repeated DNA sequence.

Answer: AT (base pair)

Flashcard 56: CDKN1B gene is present on chromosome _____

Answer: 12

Flashcard 57: _____ histones stabilize 30 nm chromatin fibre made up of six to seven supercoiled nucleosomes.

Answer: H1

Flashcard 58: _____ is the branch of molecular biology that deals with the study of heritable changes in gene function not involving changes in the DNA sequence.

Answer: Epigenetics

Flashcard 59: _____ assay is used in the screening of recombinant vectors for inserted DNA fragments

Answer: Blue-white

Flashcard 60: What is the mechansim of action of toxalbumin?_____

Answer: inhibiting protein synthesis

Flashcard 61: In situ hybridization uses a _____ probe for gene localization.

Answer: radioactive

Flashcard 62: Which eIFs bind to newly dissociated 40s ribosomal subunit and hence delays the association of 40s and 60s?_____

Answer: eIF3 & eIF1A

Flashcard 63: Which eIF is involved in the hydrolysis of GTP bound to eIF2?_____

Answer: eIF5

Flashcard 64: Which transcriptional factors are important for cardiac hypertrophy?_____

Answer: GATA4, NFAT and MEF2

Flashcard 65: A PCR reaction that continues for 30 cycles will produce approximately _____ PCR products from a single template DNA molecule

Answer: 1 billion

Flashcard 66: The human genome is made up of _____ billion base pairs

Answer: 3.2

Flashcard 67: The gene regulating ovarian and mullerian duct development is _____

Answer: WNT4

Flashcard 68: _____ is a plasmid into which the DNA sequences from bacteriophage lambda ( cos sites) have been inserted.

Answer: Cosmid

Flashcard 69: The loss of miR-_____ leads to upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2.

Answer: 15 and 16

Flashcard 70: _____ histone tetramer has a central role in the formation of the nucleosome

Answer: (H3H4)2

Flashcard 71: _____ is a method that is used for analysis of mRNA expression and its amplification.

Answer: RT-PCR

Flashcard 72: RET proto-oncogene is present on chromosome _____

Answer: 10

Flashcard 73: First step of initiation of mRNA synthesis involves _____ of the ribosome

Answer: dissociation

Flashcard 74: A _____ is bacteria with plasmids containing DNA fragments representing the majority of the genetic information from a plant or animal.

Answer: genomic library

Flashcard 75: _____ is a universal stem cell marker

Answer: ABCG2

Flashcard 76: _____, the 21st amino acid, is coded by the _____ codon by co-translational modification.

Answer: Selenocysteine; UGA

Flashcard 77: The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is turned _____ whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium.

Answer: off

Flashcard 78: H1 is _____ tightly bound to chromatin and can be removed by adding salt solution.

Answer: least

Flashcard 79: Immunoglobulin isotype switching, and it occurs due to _____ gene recombination.

Answer: VDJ

Flashcard 80: HLA genes are _____, located on chromsome _____ inherited from each parent.

Answer: codominant::Expression; 6