Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications) US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications) with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications) Flashcard Deck - 7 Cards
Flashcard 11: What is the anti-hormonal mechanism/effect of Spironolactone?
Answer: Antiandrogen
Extra: Used for hirsutism in PCOS. Side effects: Gynecomastia (men), amenorrhea (women). Mechanism: Inhibits steroid binding to androgen receptors.
Flashcard 12: What is the classification and mechanism of Ethinyl Estradiol?
Answer: Synthetic estrogen (Estrogen receptor agonist)
Extra: Uses: Hypogonadism, ovarian failure, menstrual abnormalities, HRT in postmenopausal women, androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
Contraindications: Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, history of DVT.
Mechanism: Binds to estrogen receptors.
Side Effects: Increased risk of endometrial cancer (if used without progestin), postmenopausal vaginal bleeding.
Flashcard 13: Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Drug class and classic cancer association?
Answer: Synthetic (nonsteroidal) estrogen; associated with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters exposed in utero.
Extra: Indications (historical): Hypogonadism, HRT, prostate cancer.
Side effects: Increased risk of endometrial cancer, vaginal bleeding.
Classic complication: DES exposure in utero is a major risk factor for clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina.
Flashcard 14: Hormonal changes in exogenous testosterone (anabolic steroid) use:
Answer: Testosterone: Increased
LH: Decreased
Extra: Exogenous testosterone (anabolic steroids) inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis via negative feedback, leading to decreased GnRH and LH secretion. This results in testicular atrophy and decreased endogenous testosterone production, although total measured testosterone levels are high due to the exogenous source.
Flashcard 15: bromocriptine
Answer: ergot dopamine agonist
Extra: Parkinson's disease dopamine agonist
Flashcard 16: Where is oxytocin synthesized and stored?
Answer: Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (produced) and Posterior pituitary (stored/released)
Extra: Oxytocin is synthesized primarily in the paraventricular nucleus (and some in the supraoptic nucleus) of the hypothalamus. It is then transported to the posterior pituitary for storage and release.
Flashcard 17: What are the clinical uses of Vitamin A / ATRA (All-Trans Retinoic Acid)?
Answer: Used in: Measles, APML (M3), Acne vulgaris, Keratosis pilaris, Wrinkles.
Extra: Important note: Retinoids are highly teratogenic. Patients must have a negative pregnancy test and use reliable contraception (often two forms) before and during prescription (e.g., Isotretinoin iPLEDGE program).
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