Antimicrobials — Flashcards

Antimicrobials US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Antimicrobials with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Antimicrobials Flashcard Deck - 896 Cards

Flashcard 1: What is the common treatment for all rickettsial diseases?

Answer: doxycycline

Flashcard 2: aminoglycosides

Answer: CN 8 toxicity

Flashcard 3: tetracyclines

Answer: discolored teeth

Flashcard 4: antimycin A

Answer:

Extra: inhibits the electron transport chaininhibits oxidative phosphorylation

Flashcard 5: cyanide

Answer:

Extra: inhibits the electron transport systeminhibits oxidative phosphorylation

Flashcard 6: rotenone

Answer:

Extra: inhibits the electron transport systeminhibits oxidative phosphorylation

Flashcard 7: oligomycin

Answer:

Extra: blocks ATP synthaseinhibits oxidative phosphorylation

Flashcard 8: 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP)

Answer:

Extra: , increases permeability of the mitochondrial membrane ?inhibit oxidative phosphorylation

Flashcard 9: trimethroprim (TMP)

Answer:

Extra: inhibits prokaryotic dihydrofolate reductase

Flashcard 10: Hairy cell leukemia has an excellent response to _____, which is an adenosine deaminase inhibitor

Answer: cladribine (2-CDA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 11: What is the treatment for severe or resistant cases of Babesiosis? _____

Answer: Clindamycin and Quinine

Extra: Watch Babesia spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-babesia-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 12: Mycophenolate mofetil will increase cellular levels of _____

Answer: IMP

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 13: Cutaneous complications of 5-fluorouracil use include _____ and hyperpigmentation

Answer: photosensitivity

Extra: Watch Methotrexate, leucovorin, 5 fluorouracil, hydroxyurea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-methotrexate-leucovorin-5-fluorouracil-hydroxyurea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 14: Sulfonamides, methotrexate, IV acyclovir, and triameterene are agents that can _____ in renal tubules, causing renal failure

Answer: precipitate

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/antivirals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 15: Which gout drug prevents renal excretion of drugs (e.g. penicillin; cidofovir)? _____

Answer: Probenecid

Extra: Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 16: Inhibition of _____ (e.g. immunosuppression, drugs) results in lack of granuloma formation and resultant reactivation of tuberculosis

Answer: TNF-a

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 17: Which topoisomerase I inhibitor is indicated in ovarian and small cell lung cancer? _____

Answer: topotecan

Extra: Watch Etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, irinotecan [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-dna-and-cellular-division-etoposide-teniposide-topotecan-irinotecan?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 18: Ifosfamide can cause neurotoxicity due to buildup of its metabolite _____, which can be treated with methylene blue

Answer: chloroacetaldehyde (CAA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 19: Which urinary antiseptic is used for uncomplicated UTIs in pregnancy? _____

Answer: Nitrofurantoin

Extra: Watch Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-other-antibiotics-trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 20: What class of antimicrobials displace unconjugated bilirubin from serum albumin in the blood? _____

Answer: Sulfonamides

Flashcard 21: 6-mercaptopurine is bioactivated into its active metabolites via the enzyme _____

Answer: HGPRT

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 22: One treatment for cyanide poisoning is vitamin _____ which may bind cyanide

Answer: (hydroxycobalamin) B12

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki Cobalt in B12 binds cyanide

Flashcard 23: Treatment of IBD (Crohn's, UC) may involve TNF-α inhibitors, such as _____ and adalimumab

Answer: infliximab

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 24: Vinca Alkaloids are particularly useful for Lymphomas, in particular _ for Hodgkin lymphoma and _ for non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer: vinblastine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 25: Phase _____ drug metabolism usually yields very polar, water-soluble metabolites (inactive)

Answer: II

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 26: Safer drugs have a(n) _____ therapeutic index value

Answer: higher

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 27: The P-glycoprotein is a(n) ATP-dependent _____ pump that tumors can produce to generate chemotherapeutic resistance

Answer: efflux

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 28: Sulfasalazine is a combination drug that may be used to treat _ and _

Answer: ulcerative colitis

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: GI https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 29: Loa loa is treated with _____ or albendazole

Answer: diethylcarbamazine

Extra: Watch Dracunculus medinensis, Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus, Toxocara canis, Loa loa (tissue nematodes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-nematodes-dracunculus-medinensis-wuchereria-bancrofti-onchocerca-volvulus-toxocara-canis-loa-loa-tissue-nematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 30: Which anti-scabies/louse therapy blocks GABA channels? _____

Answer: Lindane

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 31: How is Giardiasis treated? _____

Answer: Metronidazole

Extra: Watch Giardia lamblia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-giardia-lamblia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 32: Drugs that are more _____ and have a higher volume of distribution are preferentially processed by the liver

Answer: lipophilic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 33: The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is that it can cause _____ at the site of the injection

Answer: keloids

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 34: Which of the alkylating agents are nitrogen mustards? _____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 35: Cyclophosphamide has a potent _____ effect; hence it can be used for a variety of autoimmune conditions

Answer: immunosuppressive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 36: What drugs are used in prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii)? _____

Answer: TMP/SMX

Extra: Watch Toxoplasma gondii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-cns-toxoplasma-gondii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 37: Ifosfamide use can result in _, with the bladder toxicity arising from the metabolite _

Answer: hemorrhagic cystitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 38: Sulfasalazine can cause a hemolytic anemia in patients with _____ deficiency

Answer: G6PD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 39: Mycophenolate mofetil use is associated with _____-glycemia

Answer: hyper

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 40: Paromomycin is used as a luminal agent against _____ of the GI tract

Answer: parasites

Extra: Watch Aminoglycosides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-inhibitors-of-bacterial-protein-synthesis-aminoglycosides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 41: Taxanes work by preventing the _____ of microtubules

Answer: disassembly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 42: _____ inhibits thymidylate synthase, which catalyzes conversion of dUMP to dTMP (pyrimidine synthesis)

Answer: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 43: Because _ are a cell population that proliferate rapidly, Azathioprine / 6MP work especially well for the treatment of _ mediated inflammatory diseases

Answer: Lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 44: Topoisomerase I inhibitors are antineoplastic agents (commonly with the suffix -otecan) that work by preventing cell cycle progression at the _ and _ phases

Answer: S

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 45: Which commonly used disinfectant causes free radical production which oxidizes cellular components? _____

Answer: H2O2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 46: Patients typically get chronically exposed to Alkylating agents when they are being given _____

Answer: oncologic chemotherapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 47: Patients who are slow _____ have increased side effects from certain drugs due to decreased rate of metabolism

Answer: acetylators

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 48: Azathioprine/6MP are metabolized by the enzyme _____, thus inhibitors of that enzyme can boost serum levels of these drugs

Answer: xanthine oxidase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 49: What drug is used to avoid marrow suppression during treatment of Toxoplasmosis? _____

Answer: Leucovorin

Flashcard 50: Colchicine is primarily used for treatment of diseases that involve dysfunction of _____

Answer: neutrophils

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 51: Dornase Alfa is an aerolized medication used in the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis that is a recombinant _____

Answer: DNase I

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 52: Mycophenolate mofetil is a powerful inhibitor of _____ proliferation

Answer: lymphocyte (B and T cell)

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 53: Cetuximab is an antitumor monoclonal antibody that targets _____

Answer: EGFR

Extra: Watch Rituximab, cetuximab, bevacizumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-kinase-inhibitors-and-monoclonal-antibodies-rituximab-cetuximab-bevacizumab-alemtuzumab-trastuzumab?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 54: Which type of anemia can result from cytarabine use? _____

Answer: Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia

Extra: Watch Cladribine, cytarabine, gemcitabine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-cladribine-cytarabine-gemcitabine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 55: Which antibiotics are used for prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia? _____

Answer: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 56: Etanercept works by complexing with TNF-a and inducing _____ of the complex

Answer: phagocytosis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 57: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) are used for prophylaxis and treatment of _____ pneumonia

Answer: Pneumocystis jirovecii

Flashcard 58: Acute tubular necrosis caused by _____ is due to toxic substances

Answer: nephrotoxicity

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 59: Methotrexate can cause _____, resulting in restrictive lung disease

Answer: pulmonary fibrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 60: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with immunosuppression? _____

Answer: Carboplatin

Extra: Watch Cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, amifostine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-dna-and-cellular-division-cisplatin-carboplatin-oxaliplatin-amifostine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 61: Is the conjugate vaccine or the polysaccharide vaccine the only meningococcal vaccine indicated for people older than 55? _____

Answer: *Conjugate

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 62: Paclitaxel (taxanes) can result in _____

Answer: alopecia

Extra: Watch Vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-dna-and-cellular-division-vincristine-vinblastine-paclitaxel?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 63: Drugs that cause acute interstitial nephritis may be remembered with the 5 "P's" _____ Pain-free (NSAIDs) Penicillins (and cephalosporins) Proton pump inhibitors RifamPin

Answer: Pee (diuretics)

Extra: * Sulfonamides mislabeled (should point to kid holding sulfer eggs) Watch Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-tubulointerstitial-nephritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: NSAIDs, Penicillin: sketchy videos kidney tube with random stuff in it

Flashcard 64: Gemcitabine is active against hematologic malignancies and _____ tumors

Answer: solid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 65: Methotrexate is a(n) _____ analog

Answer: folate

Flashcard 66: What vaccine is available for Rubella? _____

Answer: MMR (live, attenuated)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 67: Platinum based agents, especially _____, can result in myelosuppression

Answer: carboplatin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 68: Which phase of the cell cycle does hydroxyurea act at? _____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 69: The bone marrow toxicity effects of Trimethoprim treatment may be avoided with coadminstration of _____

Answer: folinic acid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 70: Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) treat both _ malignancies and _ tumors

Answer: hematologic

Extra: Watch Bleomycin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, actinomycin D [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-dna-and-cellular-division-bleomycin-doxorubicin-daunorubicin-actinomycin-d?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=19] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 71: Iodoquinol and Paromomycin can be used to treat _____

Answer: Entamoeba Histolytica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 72: Cladribine is an antineoplastic purine nucleoside analog that prevents cell cycle progression at the _____ phase

Answer: S*

Flashcard 73: 5-fluorouracil is known to cause _____ (palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia)

Answer: hand-foot syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 74: Ifosfamide attaches an alkyl group to the _____ of guanine

Answer: seventh nitrogen (N-7)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 75: Irinotecan, a(n) Topoisomerase I inhibitor, is used to treat _____ Cancer

Answer: Colon

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 76: Vinblastine and Vincristine treat both _ and _ malignancies

Answer: hematologic

Flashcard 77: Because methotrexate affects all rapidly dividing cells, this can affect the oral mucosa resulting in a(n) _____

Answer: mucositis

Flashcard 78: Acetaminophen exerts its effects via _____ inhibition of cyclooxygenase

Answer: reversible

Extra: Watch NSAIDs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-nsaids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: Bendazoles are antihelminthic agents that work by inhibiting _____

Answer: microtubules

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 80: What substance distributes into the blood, urine, breath, sweat? _____

Answer: Ethanol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 81: Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy? _____

Answer: Methotrexate

Extra: Watch Gestational Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-gestational-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Methotrexate, leucovorin, 5 fluorouracil, hydroxyurea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-methotrexate-leucovorin-5-fluorouracil-hydroxyurea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 82: What type of vaccine is the Hib vaccine? _____

Answer: Subunit

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 83: Nitrosureas are able to penetrate the _____, making them especially useful for tumors of the Central Nervous System

Answer: Blood Brain Barrier

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 84: Fluoroquinolones cannot be taken with _____ as they inhibit the absorption of these drugs

Answer: antacids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: Which phase of the cell cycle does 6-mercaptopurine act at? _____

Answer: S phase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 86: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used to treat hairy cell leukemia? _____

Answer: Cladribine

Flashcard 87: What enzyme is inhibited by 5-fluorouracil? _____

Answer: thymidylate synthase

Flashcard 88: What is the treatment for mild-to-moderate cases of Babesiosis? _____

Answer: Atovaquone and Azithromycin

Flashcard 89: Since methotrexate is a(n) weak acid, a methotrexate overdose can be treated with _ in order to _ urine

Answer: Bicarbonate

Flashcard 90: Alkylating agents are a carcinogen associated with what types of cancer? _____

Answer: Leukemia / Lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 91: What drug is used to reverse methotrexate toxicity? _____

Answer: Leucovorin

Flashcard 92: Patients taking 5FU intravenously can experience _____ syndrome

Answer: Hand-Foot

Flashcard 93: Isoniazid is administered with _____ in patients at risk for peripheral neuropathy as well as those who are pregnant, breastfeeding or have epilepsy

Answer: pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Extra: Watch Leprae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-mycobacteria-mycobacterium-leprae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: Cyclophosphamide can result in _____-suppression with resultant -cytopenias

Answer: myelo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 95: What drug combination is used prophylactically in travelers to prevent malarial infection? _____

Answer: Atovaquone and Proguanil

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 96: Which alkylating agent can result in hyperpigmentation? _____

Answer: Busulfan

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 97: Which phase of the cell cycle does irinotecan act at? _____

Answer: S and G2 phase

Flashcard 98: What are common side-effects of mycophenolate mofetil use? _____

Answer: GI upset (nausea, diarrhea, cramping)

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 99: Cetuximab therapy is associated with cutaneous _____

Answer: acneiform skin rash

Flashcard 100: 5-fluorouracil can cause damage to the rapidly dividing cells of the GI tract, with resultant _____

Answer: diarrhea

Flashcard 101: Proton pump inhibitors decrease the absorption of _____, which require an acidic environment

Answer: divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+)

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Gastroesophageal Refund) Watch H2 receptor blockers, PPIs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-h2-receptor-blockers-ppis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 102: Which two alkylating agents must be activated by CYP450 in the liver? _____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 103: Etoposide and teniposide have activity against both _ and _ malignancies

Answer: hematological

Flashcard 104: Onchocerca volvulus is treated with _____

Answer: ivermectin

Flashcard 105: Which enzyme is inhibited by irinotecan? _____

Answer: topoisomerase I

Extra: Watch DNA Replication [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, irinotecan [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-dna-and-cellular-division-etoposide-teniposide-topotecan-irinotecan?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 106: Mycophenolate mofetil can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 107: What type of vaccine is used for Smallpox? What is its name? _____

Answer: Live, attenuated; Vaccinia

Extra: Watch Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus, Molluscum contagiosum virus (Poxviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-smallpox-virus-cowpox-virus-molluscum-contagiosum-virus-poxviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 108: What class of drugs does actinomycin D belong to? _____

Answer: Antitumor antibiotics

Flashcard 109: Which phase of the cell cycle does etoposide act at? _____

Answer: S and G2 phase

Flashcard 110: The BCG vaccine is a(n) _____ vaccine

Answer: live attenuated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: Which calcineurin inhibitor is associated with an even greater risk for diabetes vs the other calcineurin inhibitors? _____

Answer: Tacrolimus

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 112: Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody against _____ used to treat psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis

Answer: IL-12/IL-23

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Immunology Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 113: Nowadays, patients typically can get chronically exposed to Arsenic in a couple of different situations, including: (1) - _____ smoke (2) - Herbicides used in vineyards (3) - metal smelting

Answer: cigarette

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: Upon bioactivation, 5FU (now 5-FdUMP) covalently complexes with _____ and folic acid, reducing DNA synthesis

Answer: thymidylate synthase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 115: Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors work by targeting downstream signaling pathways involved in growth - the most important being: - _____ leads to increased Bcl-2 expression (anti-apoptosis) - JAK/STAT which would've led to increased cell proliferation - Ras/MAPK which would've led to increased cell growth - Src/FAK which would've led to increased cell motility (invasion) and decreased cell adhesion (migration)

Answer: PI3K/Akt

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 116: Rituximab can be used to treat _____ leukemia

Answer: chronic lymphocytic

Extra: Watch Rituximab, cetuximab, bevacizumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-kinase-inhibitors-and-monoclonal-antibodies-rituximab-cetuximab-bevacizumab-alemtuzumab-trastuzumab?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 117: Which aminoglycoside is a GI intraluminal agent active against parasites? _____

Answer: Paromomycin

Flashcard 118: Prior to a bone marrow transplant, Busulfan can be used as a(n) _____ agent

Answer: conditioning

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 119: Which calcineurin inhibitor binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP)? _____

Answer: Tacrolimus (FK506)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 120: Which phase of the cell cycle does methotrexate act at? _____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 121: The following drugs are what class of antimicrobial? _____

Answer: β-Lactamase Inhibitors

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 122: Sulfasalazine is activated by _____

Answer: colonic bacteria

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: GI https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 123: Which antimicrobial can result in a metallic taste in mouth? _____

Answer: Metronidazole

Extra: Watch Metronidazole [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-other-antibiotics-metronidazole?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 124: Imatinib specifically inhibits the Bcr-Abl fusion protein by blocking the _____ portion

Answer: Abl

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 125: Which antitumor antibiotic drug solely intercalates into DNA? _____

Answer: Actinomycin D

Flashcard 126: What is the treatment for Clonorchis sinensis? _____

Answer: Praziquantel

Extra: Watch Trematodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-trematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 127: What type of vaccine are the Meningococcal vaccines? _____

Answer: Subunit

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 128: _ and _ Anemia are rare hematological complications of propylthiouracil and methimazole use

Answer: Agranulocytosis

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Endocrine https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki patient's on these drugs that develop a sore throat and fever should have their WBC count checked

Flashcard 129: Ifosfamide is _____ by CYP450 in the liver

Answer: activated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 130: Which enzyme is inhibited by cytarabine? _____

Answer: DNA polymerase (α and β)

Extra: Watch DNA Replication [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cladribine, cytarabine, gemcitabine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-cladribine-cytarabine-gemcitabine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 131: Sargramostim is a recombinant form of _____

Answer: GM-CSF

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Immunology Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 132: Quinolines are drugs that cause a build-up of _____ intracellularly, which is toxic to Plasmodium spp.

Answer: heme

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 133: What toxic intermediate is formed in small amounts by metabolism of acetaminophen? _____

Answer: NAPQI

Flashcard 134: What class of drugs does lomustine belong to? _____

Answer: Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 135: A toxoid is an inactivated bacterial _____-toxin used for vaccination

Answer: exo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 136: What antimicrobial is similar to sulfonamides, inhibiting dihydropteroate synthase? _____

Answer: Dapsone

Flashcard 137: Anthracyclines act as antineoplastics by producing _____ and causing DNA intercalation

Answer: free radicals

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 138: What drug elimination is characterized by a constant fraction of drug eliminated per unit time? _____

Answer: First-order elimination

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 139: One adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is increased risk for _____ infection (2-3x increased risk)

Answer: Clostridioides difficile

Flashcard 140: Which of the alkylating agents can cause neurotoxicity (convulsions, dizziness, ataxia)? _____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 141: Mycophenolate mofetil works by inhibiting the proliferation of _____

Answer: lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 142: Because the bone marrow is a rapidly proliferating population, use of 6-mercaptopurine (and thus azathioprine) is associated with _____

Answer: Myelosuppression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 143: Metronidazole is a(n) antimicrobial that contains a(n) _ group allowing it to act as a(n) _ sink

Answer: nitro

Flashcard 144: Metronidazole is used as treatment for which intestinal parasites? _____

Answer: Giardia; Entamoeba histolytica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 145: Sodium stibogluconate is used to treat all forms of _____

Answer: Leishmaniasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 146: Nifurtimox and Benznidazole are used to treat _____

Answer: Trypanosoma cruzi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 147: Patients should not consume _____ while taking Metronidazole

Answer: alcohol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 148: Dapsone can be used to treat the blistering skin disorder _____

Answer: Dermatitis Herpetiformis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 149: Mycophenolate mofetil is used prophylactically to reduce _____

Answer: transplant rejection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 150: In first-order kinetics, a drug infused at a constant rate takes _ - _ half-lives to reach steady state

Answer: 4

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 151: In the process of bioactivating -phosphamides, a highly cytotoxic side product known as _____ is released which can cause Hemorrhagic Cystititis

Answer: Acrolein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 152: What drug inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa? _____

Answer: Pyrimethamine

Flashcard 153: Which phase of the cell cycle does bleomycin act at? _____

Answer: G2

Flashcard 154: _____ is an mTOR inhibitor that binds FKBP

Answer: Sirolimus (rapamycin)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 155: How long do SSRIs and SNRIs take to achieve maximum effect? _____

Answer: 1 - 2 months

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch SSRIs, SNRIs, cyproheptadine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-antidepressants-and-anxiolytics-ssris-snris-cyproheptadine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/pharmacology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 156: What treatments are used to boost granulocyte production and thus decrease risk of infection in neutropenic patients? _____

Answer: GM-CSF or G-CSF

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 157: What is the clinical use for tramadol? _____

Answer: Chronic pain relief

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Opiates, naloxone, naltrexone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-anesthetics-and-analgesics-opiates-naloxone-naltrexone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/substance-misuse?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 158: Paclitaxel can result in _____-suppression

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 159: Strep pneumoniae conjugate vaccine for children produces an Ig_____ response

Answer: G

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki (Children are given 13 valent vaccine conjugated to a protein (diphtheria toxin), whereas adults are given 23 valent polysaccharide vaccine) - children on the ground

Flashcard 160: What class of drugs does paclitaxel belong to? _____

Answer: Taxanes (cytotoxic plant alkaloids)

Flashcard 161: Golimumab is a monoclonal antibody against _____

Answer: TNF-α

Flashcard 162: Vincristine and vinblastine can result in _____

Answer: alopecia

Flashcard 163: Azathioprine/6MP are used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases that are refractory to _____

Answer: corticosteroids

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 164: An _____ refers to adverse actions that occur due to known pharmacologic actions of the drug but at a lower dose than expected

Answer: exaggerated drug sensitivity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 165: Cytarabine is a cytotoxic _____ analog

Answer: pyrimidine

Flashcard 166: What drugs are used to treat toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii)? _____

Answer: Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine

Flashcard 167: Cladribine is a DNA polymerase inhibitor that treats _____ leukemia

Answer: hairy cell

Flashcard 168: Nitazoxanide can be used to treat _____

Answer: Cryptosporidium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 169: Taxanes can cause a peripheral sensory neuropathy as well as induce _____ reactions

Answer: hypersensitivity

Flashcard 170: Because Cytarabine targets lymphocytes, it is indicated for _____ as well as non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Answer: leukemias

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 171: Which chemotherapeutic drugs are associated with nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy? _____

Answer: Platinum analogs

Flashcard 172: Cladribine is a cytotoxic _____ analog

Answer: purine

Flashcard 173: Which phase of the cell cycle do alkylating agents act at? _____

Answer: act throughout the cell cycle

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 174: Erlotinib is a first-line treatment of _____ cancer

Answer: non-small cell lung

Flashcard 175: Nitazoxanide is an antiprotozoal used *exclusively in _____ hosts to treat Cryptosporidium

Answer: immunocompetent

Extra: Watch Cryptosporidium spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-cryptosporidium-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 176: What morning sickness drug (no longer used) inadvertently prevents binding of homeodomain proteins to enhancers, thus causing limb abnormalities? _____

Answer: Thalidomide

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/embryonic-period-weeks-3-8?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 177: Which DNA polymerase inhibiting pyrimidine analog is used to treat hematologic malignancies only? _____

Answer: Cytarabine

Flashcard 178: _____ is a cephalosporin that can be used for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent S. aureus wound infections

Answer: Cefazolin

Extra: Watch Cephalosporins [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-cell-wall-and-membrane-active-antibiotics-cephalosporins?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 179: What drug is an inhibitor of both prokaryotic AND eukaryotic RNA polymerase? _____

Answer: Actinomycin D

Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 180: Hydroxyurea can also be used to treat malignant _____

Answer: melanoma

Flashcard 181: Gemcitabine is a cytotoxic _____ analog

Answer: pyrimidine

Flashcard 182: What is the first-line treatment for Entamoeba histolytica? _____

Answer: Metronidazole

Extra: Watch Entamoeba histolytica [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-entamoeba-histolytica?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 183: To calculate bioavailability using graphs of plasma concentration vs time utilizing nonintravenous vs intravenous administration, what is the formula? _____

Answer: F = (AUC oral x dose IV) / (AUC IV x dose oral)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 184: -Posides (aka Topoisomerase II inhibitors) act as antineoplastics by preventing _____

Answer: helicase unwinding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 185: Resistance to Chloroquine is developed due to _____

Answer: membrane pumps

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 186: Cyclophosphamide is known to cause _____ in men

Answer: infertility

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 187: Bleomycin and Anthracyclines generate free radicals by generating a pseudoenzyme using bound _____ ions to react with oxygen

Answer: iron

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 188: Metastatic or unresectable melanoma in patients with BRAF _____ mutations may benefit from vemurafenib, a BRAF kinase inhibitor

Answer: V600E

Extra: Watch Malignant Melanoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 189: Taxanes (-taxel) are antineoplastics that prevent cell cycle progression at the _____-Phase

Answer: M

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 190: Irinotecan and topotecan can result in _____-suppression

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 191: What is the method of administration of the salk vaccine? _____

Answer: Parenteral (injection)

Extra: Watch Poliovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-poliovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 192: What type of vaccine is used for Corynebacterium diphtheriae? _____

Answer: Toxoid

Extra: Watch Corynebacterium diphtheriae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-corynebacterium-diphtheriae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 193: Microsporidium is treated with _ for diarrhea or _ for keratoconjunctivitis

Answer: albendazole

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 194: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium is chloroquine used to treat? _____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax/ovale; Plasmodium malariae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 195: What is the treatment of late (CNS) Trypanosoma brucei infection? _____

Answer: Melarsoprol

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma brucei [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-cns-trypanosoma-brucei?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 196: What formula is used to calculate half-life in first-order elimination kinetics? _____

Answer:

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 197: Pyrimethamine + Dapsone is used as a second line option to prevent _____ in patients with HIV/AIDS

Answer: Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 198: What drug class does vilazodone belong to? _____

Answer: Atypical antidepressants

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Bupropion, mirtazapine, trazodone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-antidepressants-and-anxiolytics-bupropion-mirtazapine-trazodone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/pharmacology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 199: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody targets CD20 of B-cells? _____

Answer: Rituximab

Flashcard 200: Etoposide and teniposide inhibit the _____ of double stranded breaks caused by topoisomerase II

Answer: religation

Flashcard 201: What chemotherapeutic agent may cause acute tubular necrosis? _____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 202: Which phase of drug metabolism is lost first in geriatric patients? _____

Answer: Phase I

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 203: Hydroxyurea is an antimetabolite that inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting _____, thus blocking Thymidine synthesis

Answer: Ribonucleotide Reductase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 204: Which enzyme is inhibited by cladribine? _____

Answer: DNA polymerase (α and β)

Flashcard 205: The important coverage of Metronidazole can be remembered with the mnemonic: "GET GAP on the Metro with metronidazole" - G_____ - Entamoeba histolytica - Trichomonas vaginalis - Gardnerella vaginalis - Anaerobes - Helicobacter Pylori triple therapy replacement

Answer: iardia lamblia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 206: Long term use / high-doses of Chloroquine can cause an irreversible _____pathy

Answer: retino

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 207: Which antimalarials can cause hemolysis in G6PD deficiency? _____, Artesunate, Dapsone, Quinidine

Answer: Primaquine

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 208: How should maintenance dose be adjusted in patients with renal or liver disease? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 209: Toxoid vaccines result in the production of anti-_____ antibodies

Answer: toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/vaccines/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 210: What type of vaccine is used for Bordetella pertussis in infants and children? _____

Answer: Acellular (DTaP)

Extra: Watch Bordetella pertussis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-bordetella-pertussis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 211: Methotrexate can result in _____

Answer: alopecia

Flashcard 212: Testing for "_____" in adenocarcinoma of the lung guides systemic therapy in advanced disease

Answer: driver mutations

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 213: The BCG vaccine is primarily used to prevent _____, as well as an alternative treatment for superficial bladder cancer

Answer: tuberculosis

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 214: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used to wean patients off steroids in chronic disease? _____

Answer: Azathioprine/6-MP

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 215: Pembrolizumab is indicated for the treatment of _____ that bear a(n) PD-L1 mutation

Answer: all solid tumors

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 216: Canakinumab is a biologic that binds and prevents the activity of IL-_____

Answer: 1B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 217: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody targets epidermal growth factor receptor? _____

Answer: Cetuximab

Flashcard 218: What is the effect of glucocorticoids on blood lymphocyte levels? _____

Answer: Decreased (especially T-helper cells)

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Glucocorticoids [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-glucocorticoids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 219: Cisplatin targets the _ cells within the _, resulting in tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss

Answer: outer hair

Flashcard 220: Anthracyclines (-rubicin) bind _____ to cause cleavage of DNA

Answer: topoisomerase II

Flashcard 221: "Busulfan Lung" is the term for the _____ pattern of lung damage which can be caused by Busulfan

Answer: fibrotic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 222: Busulfan is associated with _____ toxicity

Answer: lung

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 223: As a result of 5FU targeting rapidly dividing cells, it can affect the gut mucosa resulting in _____

Answer: diarrhea

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 224: What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine? _____

Answer: Live, attenuated

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 225: Quinoline derivatives are anti-_____ drugs that typically have the suffix -quine

Answer: malarial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 226: What enzyme is inhibited by Hydroxyurea? _____

Answer: Ribonucleotide reductase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 227: Patients taking Colchicine can develop _____cytosis

Answer: agranulo

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 228: Vitamin C excess may cause _____ nephrolithiasis

Answer: calcium oxalate

Extra: Watch Vitamin C [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-c?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 229: What is an advantage of inactivated vaccines compared to live attenuated? _____

Answer: Inactivated vaccines are safer

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 230: Busulfan mediated alkylation of DNA leads to _____ of strands, which DNA repair mechanisms cannot fix

Answer: cross-linking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 231: Side effects of Topoisomerase II inhibitors include _____ and myelosuppression

Answer: alopecia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 232: Which chemotherapeutic drug is known to result in muddy brown casts found in urine? _____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 233: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with nephrotoxicity? _____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 234: PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin is useful for the treatment of _____

Answer: Kaposi Sarcoma

Flashcard 235: What enzyme is blocked by the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil? _____

Answer: IMP dehydrogenase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 236: Sulfonamides increase the risk of _____ when taken along with Warfarin

Answer: bleeding

Flashcard 237: Antimetabolites (Methotrexate, 5FU, Hydroxyurea) blocks the progression of _____ phase

Answer: S

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 238: Which anti-epileptic is most associated with DRESS syndrome (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms)? _____

Answer: Phenytoin

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/seizures?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 239: Cladribine can result in _____ with increased risk for infection

Answer: immunosuppression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 240: There is increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients taking _____ and rituximab

Answer: natalizumab

Extra: Watch JC polyomavirus, BK polyomavirus (Polyomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-jc-polyomavirus-bk-polyomavirus-polyomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 241: Platinum analogs are associated with _-toxicity and _-toxicity

Answer: nephro

Flashcard 242: Anions such as _____, pertechnetate, and thiocyanate competively inhibit the sodium-iodide transporter

Answer: perchlorate

Extra: Watch Propylthiouracil, methimazole, levothyroxine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 243: Esophagitis may occur with medications such as _____, tetracyclines, NSAIDs, iron, and potassium chloride

Answer: bisphosphonates

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 244: Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine is the 1st line treatment for _____

Answer: Toxoplasmosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 245: Cladribine is activated primarily in _____, and works by inhibiting the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA)

Answer: lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 246: Lung cancers with a EML4-ALK fusion protein are typically EGFR _ / KRAS _ *bonus: treat with..?

Answer: negative

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 247: Actinomycin D (aka Dactinomycin) is an antineoplastic antibiotic that works by preventing _____ through the process of DNA intercalation

Answer: transcription

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 248: What class of antimicrobials are the following drugs? _____

Answer: Macrolides

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 249: Which enzyme is inhibited by etoposide? _____

Answer: topoisomerase II

Extra: Watch DNA Replication [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, irinotecan [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 250: Etoposide and teniposide can result in _-suppression and _-suppression

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 251: Anthracyclines are used to treat _____ blood cell neoplasias

Answer: white

Flashcard 252: Proteasomal inhibitors work best in cancers that mark _____ proteins to be targeted for degradation too quickly

Answer: pro-apoptotic

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 253: What drugs are characterized by binding to an ulcer base and providing physical protection? _____

Answer: Bismuth, sucralfate

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: GI (Antacids) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 254: _____ inhibits the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which normally catalyzes the formation of orotic acid from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate (pyrimidine synthesis)

Answer: Leflunomide

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 255: Valproic acid is a(n) _____ spectrum anti-epileptic

Answer: broad

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Valproate, topiramate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-mood-stabilizers-and-antiepileptic-drugs-valproate-topiramate-lamotrigine-levetiracetam-brivaracetam?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/seizures?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 256: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody targets HER2 (c-erbB2)? _____

Answer: trastuzumab (herceptin)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 257: Which phase of the cell cycle does cladribine act at? _____

Answer: S phase**

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 258: Carbamazepine is associated with _____ toxicity as an adverse effect

Answer: liver

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/seizures?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/seizures/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 259: Quaternary amines work by _____ of cell membranes

Answer: impairing permeability

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 260: Which phase of the cell cycle does azathioprine act at? _____

Answer: S phase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 261: Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab are monoclonal antibodies that work by downregulating _____ mechanisms *bonus: their respective targets:

Answer: immune tolerance

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 262: The suffix _____ is associated with the Carbapenem class of antimicrobials

Answer: -penem

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 263: Which of the topoisomerase inhibitors are associated with severe diarrhea? _____

Answer: irinotecan, topotecan

Flashcard 264: Erlotinib therapy is associated with _____ and diarrhea (adverse effects)

Answer: acneiform skin rash

Flashcard 265: _____ inhibits the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Answer: Disulfiram

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and is used as an aversive agent that discourages drinking by causing an unpleasant physiologic reaction when alcohol is consumed. Candidates for disulfiram must be abstinent and highly motivated.

Flashcard 266: Which of the vinca alkaloids is more commonly associated with areflexia and peripheral neuritis? _____

Answer: Vincristine

Flashcard 267: Drugs that act on microtubules may be remembered with the mnemonic "Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly": M: _____ G: Griseofulvin (antifungal) C: Colchicine (antigout) V: Vincristine/Vinblastine (anticancer) P: Palcitaxel (anticancer)

Answer: Mebendazole (antihelminthic)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 268: Which alkylating agent is used to treat both hematologic malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma) and solid tumors? _____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 269: Which chemotherapeutic drug is first-line in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: Methotrexate

Flashcard 270: Strongyloides stercoralis is treated with _____ or ivermectin

Answer: albendazole

Extra: Watch Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichinella spiralis (intestinal nematodes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-nematodes-enterobius-vermicularis-ancylostoma-duodenale-necator-americanus-ascaris-lumbricoides-strongyloides-stercoralis-trichinella-spiralis-intestinal-nematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 271: _____ is an immunostimulant that works by targeting the PD-1 receptor

Answer: Pembrolizumab

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 272: Alkylating agents donate a(n) _ group that _ DNA, resulting in cell apoptosis

Answer: alkyl

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 273: What class of drugs does carmustine belong to? _____

Answer: Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 274: What are the treatments for arsenic and mercury poisoning? _____

Answer: Dimercaprol and succimer (aka DMSA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 275: What drug used to treat Mycobacteria leprae may present with Heinz bodies and bite cells (degmacytes)? _____

Answer: Dapsone

Extra: Watch Leprosy drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-antimycobacterials-leprosy-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/antimycobacterials/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 276: In the treatment of Crohn's Disease, Natalizumab works by preventing adhesion of autoreactive gut homing _____ cells

Answer: Th17

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 277: Praziquantel is used as an anti-helminthic agent that works by increasing helminth permeability to _____

Answer: calcium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 278: Bleomycin has a(n) _ binding region and a(n) _ binding region

Answer: DNA

Flashcard 279: Metronidazole is used to treat anaerobic infections _____ the diaphragm

Answer: below

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 280: What is the treatment for Schistosoma spp.? _____

Answer: Praziquantel

Flashcard 281: Which commonly used disinfectants (2) are not sporocidal? _____

Answer: Alcohol, Chlorhexidine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 282: Which of the alkylating agents can be used to treat glioblastoma multiforme? _____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 283: Drugs that end in -platin (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) are cytotoxic _____ analogs

Answer: platinum

Flashcard 284: Cytarabine and Gemcitabine are examples of _____ nucleoside analogs that block cell cycle progression at S phase

Answer: pyrimidine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 285: As a topical cream, 5FU can be used to treat _____ carcinoma

Answer: basal cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 286: Which type of bladder cancer is cyclophosphamide known to cause? _____

Answer: Transitional cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 287: Paclitaxel and other taxanes can be used to treat _ and _ carcinoma

Answer: ovarian

Flashcard 288: Cyclophosphamide use can result in _, with the bladder toxicity arising from the metabolite _

Answer: hemorrhagic cystitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 289: Valproic acid causes _ appetite and weight _

Answer: increased

Flashcard 290: Does ramelteon have addictive potential? _____

Answer: No

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, melatonin, ramelteon [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-sedative-hypnotics-nonbenzodiazepine-hypnotics-melatonin-ramelteon?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 291: Side-effects of Dapsone include _____ and hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency

Answer: agranulocytosis

Flashcard 292: Azathioprine / 6MP can cause _____, thus must monitor liver function tests

Answer: Hepatitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 293: Which topoisomerase I inhibitor is indicated in colon cancer? _____

Answer: irinotecan

Flashcard 294: Cryptosporidium can be treated with the macrolide antibiotic _____

Answer: spiramycin

Flashcard 295: Ifosfamide can cause a generalized reabsorptive defect in the _____ tubule

Answer: proximal convoluted

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 296: Which chemotherapeutic drugs form free radicals and also intercalate into DNA? _____

Answer: Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin)

Flashcard 297: Which phase of the cell cycle does topotecan act at? _____

Answer: S and G2 phase

Flashcard 298: Chimeric monoclonal antibodies can sometimes cause a(n) _____ within 7-10 days of administration

Answer: serum sickness

Flashcard 299: _____ and secukinumab are monoclonal antibodies against IL-17A used to treat psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Answer: Ixekizumab

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki IL-23 stimulates Th17 cells which leads to Crohns, UC, and psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis. IL-23 also leads to stimulation of gamma-delta T cells which is important for the development of psoriatic arthritis. Newly approved treatment for UC. IL-23 is considered the central cytokine in Crohn's and possibly UC (blocked by tildrakizumab)

Flashcard 300: Eribulin is a chemotherapeutic that works by inhibiting microtubule _____ and sequestering tubulin into nonfunctional aggregates

Answer: assembly

Flashcard 301: Rituximab is an antitumor monoclonal antibody that targets _____ of B-cells

Answer: CD20

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 302: Can Chloroquine be used to treat Plasmodium Falciparum? _____

Answer: Yes*

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Targets of antimalarial drugs Illustration depicting the stages of malaria parasite within a human host - Top left: exoerythrocytic cycle (within the liver) - Bottom left: erythrocytic cycle (within blood) - Right: legend of antimalarial drugs and their targets The four main targets of antimalarial drugs are the tissue schizont, hypnozoite, blood schizont, and gametocyte, which are the asexual developmental stages of malaria parasites that occur within the liver and blood of an infected human host. Most antimalarial drugs act on the erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite, especially the blood schizonts. Primaquin is the only antimalarial that attacks the hypnozoites, which are the dormant stages of stages of P. vivax and P. ovale, responsible for relapses of malaria.

Flashcard 303: What type of anemia results from methotrexate use? _____

Answer: Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia

Flashcard 304: Nitrosureas are chemotherapeutics which can be recognized by the suffixes _____ and -zotocin

Answer: -mustine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 305: 6-mercaptopurine is used to treat _____ malignancies

Answer: hematologic (e.g. ALL)

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 306: What drug treats the dormant hypnozoites of P. vivax and P. ovale? _____

Answer: Primaquine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 307: What drugs should be used to treat Toxoplasmosis? _____

Answer: Pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 308: Cystinuria may be treated with _____ agents, such as penicillamine

Answer: chelating

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 309: What can be used in H. pylori triple therapy for those with a penicillin allergy? _____

Answer: Metronidazole

Extra: Watch Helicobacter pylori [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 310: In the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei, Suramin is used for _____ disease

Answer: Blood-borne

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 311: Cytarabine can result in _____ with increased risk for infection

Answer: immunosuppression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 312: Probenecid may increase the risk of forming renal stones due to increased uric acid _____

Answer: excretion

Flashcard 313: Etoposide and teniposide can result in _____

Answer: alopecia

Flashcard 314: Oral isotretinoin (vitamin A) is used to treat severe cystic _____

Answer: acne

Extra: Watch Vitamin A [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-a?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 315: Because the oral mucosa contains rapidly dividing cells, patients taking bleomycin/anthracyclines can experience _ and _

Answer: mucositis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 316: What enzyme is inhibited by Methotrexate? _____

Answer: Dihydrofolate reductase (eukaryotic)

Flashcard 317: Eteplirsen is a antisense drug used to treat _ by allowing the generation of a partially functional _ protein

Answer: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 318: Which commonly used disinfectant causes halogenation of proteins and nucleic acids? _____

Answer: Iodine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 319: Stevens-Johnson syndrome typically arises as an adverse _____ reaction

Answer: drug

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki Toxic epidermal necrolysis/Stevens-Johnson syndrome This 6-month-old patient presents with toxic epidermal necrolysis, the severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Smallpox vaccination can trigger toxic epidermal necrolysis. Stevens-Johnson syndrome following sulfonamide treatment Blistering of skin and epidermal detachment involving the conjunctiva are visible, resembling a superficial burn.

Flashcard 320: Rituximab and Cetuximab are _____ monoclonal antibodies

Answer: Chimeric

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 321: Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) form _ which cause breaks in _

Answer: free radicals

Flashcard 322: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a non-absorbable sugar that acts as a(n) _____ laxative

Answer: osmotic

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Relaxatives) Watch Laxatives & antidiarrheal agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-laxatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 323: P-glycoprotein is normally found in the _____ and renal tubular epithelial cells to eliminate foreign compounds from the body

Answer: intestinal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 324: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody targets CD52 of lymphocytes? _____

Answer: Alemtuzumab

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 325: Levetiracetam is a(n) _____ spectrum anti-epileptic

Answer: broad

Flashcard 326: Intravenous _____ and/or quinidine is used for severe malaria infections

Answer: artesunate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 327: Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis? _____

Answer: Methotrexate

Flashcard 328: Azathioprine is converted to _____, a cytotoxic purine analog

Answer: 6-mercaptopurine

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 329: _____ is a urinary antiseptic that can trigger hemolysis in G6PD deficiency patients

Answer: Nitrofurantoin

Extra: Watch Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-cell-wall-and-membrane-active-antibiotics-penicillin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 330: What hematologic adverse effect is associated with sirolimus (rapamycin)? _____

Answer: Pancytopenia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 331: Platinum analogs are known to cause _____ in a stocking-glove distribution

Answer: peripheral neuropathy

Flashcard 332: Methotrexate can cause _____, which results in increased ALT and AST levels

Answer: hepatotoxicity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 333: Gemcitabine can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 334: You can remember the treatment for Nocardia vs Actinomyces in a SNAP: (S_ - Nocardia, Actinomyces - P_)

Answer: ulfonamides

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 335: Which form(s) of cyclooxygenase synthesize prostaglandins that induce fever? _____

Answer: COX-2

Flashcard 336: Because the EGF receptor is expressed at the epidermis, Patients taking Erlotinib are at risk of _____ Syndrome

Answer: Stevens-Johnson

Extra: Watch Imatinib, erlotinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, vemurafenib [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-kinase-inhibitors-and-monoclonal-antibodies-imatinib-erlotinib-sorafenib-sunitinib-vemurafenib?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Toxic epidermal necrolysis/Stevens-Johnson syndrome This 6-month-old patient presents with toxic epidermal necrolysis, the severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Smallpox vaccination can trigger toxic epidermal necrolysis. Stevens-Johnson syndrome following sulfonamide treatment Blistering of skin and epidermal detachment involving the conjunctiva are visible, resembling a superficial burn.

Flashcard 337: Sulfonylureas are _____ drugs and thus may cause adverse reactions in allergic patients

Answer: sulfa

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Endocrine (diabetes) Watch Insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, GLP 1 agonists, DPP 4 inhibitors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-diabetes-insulin-sulfonylureas-meglitinides-glp-1-agonists-dpp-4-inhibitors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 338: Platinum based antineoplastics (suffix -platin) work by forming _____

Answer: intrastrand adducts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 339: What class of alkylating agents require bioactivation via non-enzymatic hydroxylation in the liver? _____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 340: Busulfan's use as an antineoplastic comes from its ability to be a(n) _____ agent

Answer: alkylating

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 341: Hydrogen peroxide works via a(n) _____ mechanism

Answer: free radical oxidation

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 342: P-glycoprotein is encoded for by the _____

Answer: MDR1 gene

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 343: What two drug classes are associated with methemoglobinemia? _____

Answer: Nitrates (and nitrites) & Sulfa drugs

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 344: Cladribine can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 345: Diphyllobothrium latum is treated with _____ or niclosamide

Answer: praziquantel

Extra: Watch Cestodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-cestodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 346: What formula is used to calculate clearance? _____

Answer:

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 347: Helicobacter pylori triple therapy includes a(n) _____, amoxicillin/metronidazole, and clarithromycin

Answer: PPI

Flashcard 348: Which two solid tumors specifically can etoposide and teniposide (topoisomerase II inhibitors) be used to treat? _____, Small cell lung carcinoma

Answer: Testicular carcinoma

Flashcard 349: Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against the cell surface marker CD52, which is expressed by _____

Answer: Lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 350: Myelosuppression induced by Methotrexate / overdose can be reserved using the drug _____

Answer: Leucovorin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 351: For life threatening Malaria, use _____ or artesunate

Answer: quinidine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 352: Which enzyme is inhibited by teniposide? _____

Answer: topoisomerase II

Extra: Watch DNA Replication [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, irinotecan [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 353: Azathioprine/6-MP can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 354: Once methotrexate enters the target cell, it undergoes _____, preventing the movement of MTX out of the cell

Answer: polyglutamation

Flashcard 355: The amino acid _____ is essential for rapidly dividing tumor cells

Answer: asparagine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 356: _____ inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa (pyrimidine synthesis)

Answer: Pyrimethamine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 357: Mycophenolate mofetil can result in the hematological side effect of _____

Answer: myelosuppression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 358: Bleomycin acts as an antineoplastic by inducing _____ in DNA

Answer: single and double strand breaks

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 359: Metronidazole is a(n) _____ of CYP-450

Answer: inhibitor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 360: Vemurafenib and dabrafenib work as _____ inhibitors

Answer: BRAF kinase

Flashcard 361: Paclitaxel (taxanes) inhibits mitotic spindle breakdown, which occurs in _____ of mitosis

Answer: anaphase*

Flashcard 362: What drug elimination is characterized by a constant amount of drug eliminated per unit time? _____

Answer: Zero-order elimination

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 363: _____ and arsenic are particularly mutagenic carcinogens found in cigarette smoke

Answer: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Extra: Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 364: Because the highly proliferative cell population at the bone marrow is very dependent on DNA synthesis, all antimetabolites (ex MTX, 5FU, Hydroxyurea) can cause _____

Answer: myelosuppression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 365: A common side effect of all alkylating agents is _____

Answer: myelosuppression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 366: Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody against _____

Answer: TNF-α

Flashcard 367: 5-fluorouracil is a prodrug that is converted to its active form _____

Answer: 5-fdUMP

Flashcard 368: Toxocara canis is treated with _____

Answer: albendazole

Flashcard 369: Cyclophosphamide is _____ by CYP450 in the liver

Answer: activated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 370: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with myelosuppression? _____

Answer: Carboplatin

Flashcard 371: Which enzyme is inhibited by gemcitabine? _____

Answer: DNA polymerase (α and β)

Flashcard 372: What compartment is the majority of a drug with high Vd found in? _____

Answer: All tissues including fat

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 373: Rituximab is associated with _____ and has been known to reactivate hepatitis B

Answer: immunosuppression

Flashcard 374: Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus) are treated with _____ or albendazole

Answer: pyrantel pamoate

Flashcard 375: Metronidazole is an antimicrobial that acts as an electron sink, creating _ which disrupt _ synthesis

Answer: free radicals

Flashcard 376: Which NSAID is a sulfa drug? _____

Answer: Celecoxib

Flashcard 377: _ and _ directly inhibit PRPP amidotransferase, which normally catalyzes conversion of PRPP to 5-phosphoribosylamine (purine synthesis)

Answer: 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 378: As two classes of antineoplastic agents that modulate microtubule structure, the distinction lies in that vinca-alkaloids prevent microtubule _ whereas taxanes prevent microtubule _

Answer: assembly

Flashcard 379: Cyclophosphamide attaches an alkyl group to the _____ of guanine

Answer: seventh nitrogen (N-7)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 380: One treatment for cyanide poisoning is _____, which helps restore rhodanese-mediated metabolism of cyanide to thiocyanate

Answer: sodium thiosulfate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 381: Palbociclib is a small molecular inhibitor of the _____ enzymes

Answer: CDK 4/6

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 382: Vemurafenib treats _____ positive malignant melanoma

Answer: V600E BRAF

Flashcard 383: Which phase of the cell cycle does cytarabine act at? _____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 384: By interfering with tubulin function, Colchicine disrupts the cytoskeleton of _____

Answer: neutrophils

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 385: Which chemotherapeutic drug is known to cause SIADH? _____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 386: Which of the vinca alkaloids is more commonly associated with myelosuppression? _____

Answer: Vinblastine

Flashcard 387: _ and _ are used to inhibit xanthine oxidase in the management of Chronic Gout

Answer: Allopurinol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 388: Patients are at much greater risk of developing ototoxicity while taking Aminoglycosides if they are used with a(n) _____

Answer: Loop Diuretic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 389: Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) is treated with _____

Answer: albendazole

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 390: Pyrantel pamoate is an antihelminthic that works by causing _____ paralysis of helminths

Answer: spastic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 391: Because _____ induces CYP450 less than other drugs in its class (i.e. Rifampin), it is used in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients

Answer: Rifabutin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/antimycobacterials/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 392: Taxanes are used to treat for _ and _ carcinomas

Answer: breast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 393: Which of the antimetabolite chemo drugs can cause neurotoxicity? _____

Answer: Cladribine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 394: Can Allopurinol cause sloughing of skin at the dermal-epidermal junction? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 395: Which chemotherapeutic drug is the most widely-used treatment of colorectal cancer? _____

Answer: 5-fluorouracil

Flashcard 396: Panobinostat is used to treat _____ that is refractory to bortezomib + dexamethasone

Answer: multiple myeloma

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 397: _____ can be used to treat Leishmaniasis

Answer: Sodium stibogluconate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 398: What serious adverse effect may be caused by vigabatrin use? _____

Answer: Permanent vision loss (black box warning)

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 399: Alcohols and Chlorhexidine work by _____ proteins and disrupting cell membranes

Answer: denaturing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 400: What type of vaccine is the acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine? _____

Answer: Subunit

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 401: Lindane is an anti-scabies/louse therapy that works by inhibiting the _____ channel in scabies/lice

Answer: GABA-A

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 402: Choriocarcinomas and Trophoblastic Tumors can be treated with _____

Answer: Methotrexate

Extra: * especially if dilation and curettage does not work and levels of β-hCG persist https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 403: Rituximab is indicated for disorders of _____ lymphocytes

Answer: B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 404: Interferon gamma may be used to treat _____

Answer: chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Hepatitis) Watch Interferon a, b, y [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-immunology-interferon-a-b-g?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 405: Which antimalarial can result in retinopathy (bull's eye maculopathy)? _____

Answer: Chloroquine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 406: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is treated with _____ or albendazole

Answer: pyrantel pamoate

Flashcard 407: Which types of vaccines usually requires booster shots? _____

Answer: Killed/inactivated vaccine

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 408: Which chemotherapeutic drug can cause hand-foot syndrome (palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia)? _____

Answer: 5-fluorouracil

Flashcard 409: Mesalamine (5ASA) works by inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory _____ and cytokines

Answer: eicosanoids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 410: Which antimalarial can result in pruritus (esp. in dark-skinned patients)? _____

Answer: Chloroquine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 411: Which ulcerative colitis drug is associated with reversible oligospermia? _____

Answer: Sulfasalazine

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: GI https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki

Flashcard 412: Which commonly used disinfectant causes coagulation of cytoplasm? _____

Answer: Chlorhexidine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 413: What class of drugs does ifosfamide belong to? _____

Answer: Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 414: Which phase of the cell cycle do platinum analogs act at? _____

Answer: act throughout the cell cycle

Flashcard 415: Does cyclophosphamide cause peripheral neuropathy? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 416: DTaP vaccine and anaphylaxis or unstable neurologic disorders or encephalopathy are contraindications for getting the _____ part of the vaccine

Answer: pertussis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 417: Hairy cell leukemia = _____ or pentostatin

Answer: cladribine (2-CDA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 418: Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are calcineurin inhibitors that block T cell activation by preventing _____ transcription

Answer: IL-2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 419: Botulinism is managed with _____

Answer: anti-toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 420: The drugs used to treat babesiosis are atovaquone and _____

Answer: azithromycin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 421: What is lindane indicated to treat? (2) _____

Answer: Scabies Lice

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 422: Maculopapular rash following drug administration is a(n) _____

Answer: fixed drug eruption

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 423: Acute promyelocytic leukemia is treated with _____, a vitamin A derivative

Answer: all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 424: What is the first-line treatment for symptomatic chronic lymphocytic leukemia? _____

Answer: Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 425: Terminology when chemo disrupts growth, producing thin fragile hairs that shed with light touch, effectively skipping from anagen to exogen: _____

Answer: Anagen-effluvium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/alopecia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 426: What drug class do montelukast and zafirlukast belong to? _____

Answer: Leukotriene D4-receptor antagonists (LTRAs)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 427: _____ and carbamazepine are two anti-epileptics associated with DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms)

Answer: Phenytoin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 428: Valproic acid is an anti-epileptic that rarely causes a fatal _____

Answer: hepatotoxicity

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Flashcard 429: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with a morbilliform rash and eosinophilia 8 weeks after starting allopurinol? _____

Answer: DRESS syndrome

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Flashcard 430: Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis CD4 < 100 and toxo IgG (+) is _ Toxoplasmosis treatment is _

Answer: TMP-SMX

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Flashcard 431: Echinococcus granulosis (hydatid cysts) = _____

Answer: albendazole

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Flashcard 432: Topiramate is an anti-epileptic associated with weight _____

Answer: loss

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Flashcard 433: The main complication of silver nitrate is _____

Answer: electrolyte abnormalities

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Flashcard 434: What neurological side effect is associated with vincristine use? _____

Answer: Peripheral neuropathy

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Flashcard 435: The sequential PCV13 vaccine and PPSV23 vaccine should be given at least _____ apart

Answer: 8 weeks

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Flashcard 436: Gardnerella vaginalis is treated with _____

Answer: metronidazole

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Flashcard 437: What can be used for prophylaxis against PCP? _____

Answer: TMP-SMX or Dapsone

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Flashcard 438: Acetaminophen overdose = _____

Answer: N-acetylcysteine

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Flashcard 439: EDTA is also known as _____

Answer: calcium disodium edetate

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Flashcard 440: Overdose of acetaminophen causes gastroenteritis within hours; _____ within 1-2 days

Answer: hepatotoxicity

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Flashcard 441: _____ vaccines are contraindicated in those taking TNF-α antagonists

Answer: Live-attenuated

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Flashcard 442: CML = _____

Answer: imatinib (Tyrosine kinase inhibitor)

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Flashcard 443: Quadruple therapy = _____

Answer: PPI or an H2-receptor antagonist, bismuth, tetracycline and metronidazole

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 444: Metronidazole can cause a(n) _____ reaction with alcohol and leave a metallic taste in the mouth

Answer: disulfiram-like

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Flashcard 445: _ toxicity = skin symptoms _ poisoning = GI symptoms

Answer: Arsenic

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Flashcard 446: On standard urine drug screen, hemp-containing foods may be a false positive for _____

Answer: cannabis

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Flashcard 447: What is the main adverse effect of Ethambutol? _____

Answer: Optic neuropathy (↓ visual acuity, red-green color blindness, central scotoma)

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Flashcard 448: MOA: Alemtuzumab _____

Answer: anti-CD52

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Flashcard 449: _____ → chemical conjunctivitis

Answer: Silver nitrate

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Flashcard 450: What drug can be used for toxoplasmosis prophylaxis in HIV patients? _____

Answer: TMP-SMX

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Flashcard 451: _____ (anti-CD20 antibody) can be used to treat diffuse large B-cell and follicular lymphoma

Answer: Rituximab

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Flashcard 452: Which antimycobacterial agent may precipitate gout attacks? _____

Answer: Pyrazinamide

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Flashcard 453: DPP-4 inhibitors can increase risk of _____ tract infection

Answer: upper respiratory

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Flashcard 454: Dimercaprol, calcium disodium EDTA, and DMSA are used to treat _____ poisoning

Answer: lead

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Flashcard 455: _____ = ↑ insulin sensitivity (via PPAR-γ)

Answer: Thiazolidinediones

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Flashcard 456: _____ = hemorrhagic cystitis

Answer: Cyclophosphamide

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Flashcard 457: Gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil are chemotherapeutic agents used for palliative therapy in _____ pancreatic carcinoma

Answer: nonresectable

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Flashcard 458: What is the management for a patient with mild poison ivy dermatitis? _____

Answer: Topical calamine

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Flashcard 459: _____ = reversed with leucovorin "rescue"

Answer: Methotrexate

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Flashcard 460: One adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is increased risk for _____ infection (2-3x increased risk)

Answer: Clostridioides difficile

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Flashcard 461: What is the recommended treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis? (3) _____

Answer: Pyrimethamine Sulfadiazine Folate

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Flashcard 462: Lice or scabies treatment is managed with topical _____ or oral ivermectin

Answer: permethrin

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Flashcard 463: Acetaminophen toxicity results from overproduction of the toxic metabolite _, which leads to hepatic necrosis; treated with _ and activated charcoal

Answer: NAPQI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/toxic-ingestion/acquire?ref=anki normally safely detoxified through glucuronidation in the liver; process may be impaired by chronic alcohol use, which depletes glutathione; N-acetylcysteine regenerates glutathione

Flashcard 464: Transdermal fentanyl patch is used as _____-term pain management

Answer: long

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Flashcard 465: _____ can be used in prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without sulfa drug allergies

Answer: TMP-SMX (Bactrim)

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Flashcard 466: Methotrexate is not indicated for transplant rejection prophylaxis _____

Answer: T

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Flashcard 467: _____ is also known as DMSA (Dimercaptosuccinic acid)

Answer: Succimer

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Flashcard 468: Bull's eye maculopathy = _____

Answer: chloroquine maculopathy

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Flashcard 469: Valproic acid is an anti-epileptic that rarely causes a fatal _____

Answer: hepatotoxicity

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Flashcard 470: What is the initial DMARD of choice in patients with moderate-severe rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: Methotrexate

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Flashcard 471: Isoniazid can cause hepatotoxicity, which manifests as mild hepatic dysfunction or acute _____

Answer: hepatitis

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Flashcard 472: Tetanus and diphtheria = _____

Answer: toxoid vaccine (deactivated toxin)

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Flashcard 473: For deep partial-thickness burns (i.e. 2nd-degree burns), when is silver sulfadiazine cream not indicated? _____

Answer: If burns are periorbital

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Flashcard 474: What is the method of delivery of pentamidine? _____

Answer: IV

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Flashcard 475: Which burn treatment doesn't penetrate an eschar and can cause neutropenia? _____

Answer: Silver sulfadiazine

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Flashcard 476: Leflunomide inhibits _____ proliferation, which makes it especially useful for its main indication: Rheumatoid/Psoriatic Arthritis

Answer: T-cell

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Flashcard 477: What is the dose-limiting side effect of hydroxyurea? _____

Answer: Myelosuppression

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Flashcard 478: Which antimalarial can result in retinopathy (bull's eye maculopathy)? _____

Answer: Chloroquine

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Flashcard 479: Which type of anemia can result from cytarabine use?_____

Answer: Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia

Flashcard 480: Hairy cell leukemia has an excellent response to _____, which is an adenosine deaminase inhibitor

Answer: cladribine (2-CDA)

Flashcard 481: Treatment of cystic fibrosis includes aerosolized _____, which hydrolyzes DNA in mucus causing decreased viscosity

Answer: dornase alfa (DNase)

Flashcard 482: Treatment of follicular lymphoma is reserved for symptomatic patients and involves low-dose chemotherapy or _____ (anti-CD20 antibody)

Answer: rituximab

Flashcard 483: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody is used to treat SCC of the head and neck?_____

Answer: Cetuximab

Flashcard 484: What drug is used in the management of hyperuricemia in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?_____

Answer: Allopurinol

Flashcard 485: Hydroxyurea is useful in the treatment of sickle cell anemia because it increases levels of _____

Answer: HbF

Flashcard 486: Which of the alkylating agents can be used to treat glioblastoma multiforme?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Flashcard 487: Commonly associated drugs with DRESS syndrome include _____, carbamazepine, allopurinol, sulfonamides

Answer: phenytoin (anticonvulsant)

Flashcard 488: Golimumab is a monoclonal antibody against _____

Answer: TNF-

Flashcard 489: Filgrastim is a recombinant form of _____

Answer: G-CSF

Flashcard 490: Which antimicrobial can result in a metallic taste in mouth?_____

Answer: Metronidazole

Flashcard 491: _____ inhibits the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which normally catalyzes the formation of orotic acid from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate (pyrimidine synthesis)

Answer: Leflunomide

Flashcard 492: The _____ vaccine can result in a false positive PPD test

Answer: BCG

Flashcard 493: Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody against _____

Answer: TNF-

Flashcard 494: Rasburicase differs from Pegloticase as it is not _____ylated

Answer: PEG

Flashcard 495: Eculizumab is a monoclonal antibody for the _____ complement protein

Answer: C5

Flashcard 496: What is the treatment for overdose of drugs that act as weak acids (e.g. phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin)?_____

Answer: Bicarbonate (alkalinize urine)

Flashcard 497: Patients who are slow _____ have increased side effects from certain drugs due to decreased rate of metabolism

Answer: acetylators

Flashcard 498: How should maintenance dose be adjusted in patients with renal or liver disease? _____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 499: Rituximab is a chimeric, monoclonal, Ig_____ antibody

Answer: G

Flashcard 500: Which poisonous substance is characterized by a 'bitter almond' odor? _____

Answer: Cyanide

Flashcard 501: First Aid Pharmacology: One adverse effect of sulfasalazine is reversible _____

Answer: oligospermia

Flashcard 502: Rituximab is indicated for disorders of _____ lymphocytes

Answer: B

Flashcard 503: Certolizumab is a monoclonal antibody against _____

Answer: TNF-

Flashcard 504: Patients taking hydroxyurea can develop a _____ anemia

Answer: megaloblastic

Flashcard 505: Hydroxyurea is indicated for use in _____ disorders (CML, polycythemia vera, etc)

Answer: myeloproliferative

Flashcard 506: Rituximab binds CD20 of B-cells and tags it for natural killer cells via antibody-_____ cytotoxicity

Answer: dependent

Flashcard 507: Fomepizole works as an antidote for methanol/ethylene glycol poisoning by inhibiting _____

Answer: Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Flashcard 508: What is the most serious adverse effect associated with lamotrigine use?_____

Answer: Steven-Johnson syndrome

Flashcard 509: Etanercept is contraindicated in patients with an allergy to _____ drugs

Answer: sulfa

Flashcard 510: 6-mercaptopurine (and thus azathioprine) are degraded by the enzyme _____

Answer: xanthine oxidase

Flashcard 511: Mycophenolate mofetil is a powerful inhibitor of _____ proliferation (cell type)

Answer: lymphocyte (B and T cell)

Flashcard 512: In _____ order kinetics, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate (drug) concentration

Answer: first

Flashcard 513: What toxic intermediate is formed in small amounts by metabolism of acetaminophen? _____

Answer: NAPQI

Flashcard 514: Phase _____ of clinical trials uses a large number of patients randomly assigned either to a treatment under investigation or the best available treatment (or placebo)

Answer: III

Flashcard 515: Neutropenia may result from drug toxicity, especially _____

Answer: chemotherapy

Flashcard 516: Rituximab can lead to a depletion of what antibody type? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 517: What formula is used to calculate maintenance dose? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 518: 5-fluorouracil can be used topically to treat _____

Answer: basal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 519: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody is used to treat stage IV colorectal carcinoma (wild-type KRAS)?_____

Answer: Cetuximab

Flashcard 520: Cladribine is a DNA polymerase inhibitor that treats _____ leukemia

Answer: hairy cell

Flashcard 521: Ipilimumab is a checkpoint inhibitor that binds to _____ on T cells.

Answer: CTLA-4

Flashcard 522: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody targets HER2 (c-erbB2)?_____

Answer: trastuzumab (herceptin)

Flashcard 523: Carfilzomib and Bortezomib are examples of antineoplastics that work by inhibiting the _____

Answer: proteasome

Flashcard 524: Which enzyme is inhibited by azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine?_____

Answer: PRPP amidotransferase

Flashcard 525: Ascaris lumbricoides is treated with _____

Answer: albendazole

Flashcard 526: Sargramostim is a recombinant form of _____

Answer: GM-CSF

Flashcard 527: "Busulfan Lung" is the term for the _____ pattern of lung damage which can be caused by Busulfan

Answer: fibrotic

Flashcard 528: 6-mercaptopurine is bioactivated into its active metabolites via the enzyme _____

Answer: HGPRT

Flashcard 529: Administration of methotrexate results in a build-up of _____ in cells

Answer: DHF

Flashcard 530: Which chemotherapeutic drug is the most widely-used treatment of colorectal cancer?_____

Answer: 5-fluorouracil

Flashcard 531: Cladribine is a cytotoxic _____ analog

Answer: purine

Flashcard 532: Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) is treated with _____

Answer: albendazole

Flashcard 533: N-acetylcysteine helps restore _____ stores in the setting of acetaminophen toxicity

Answer: reduced glutathione

Flashcard 534: Rituximab is associated with _____ and has been known to reactivate hepatitis B

Answer: immunosuppression

Flashcard 535: Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab are monoclonal antibodies that work by downregulating _____ mechanisms*bonus: their respective targets:

Answer: immune tolerance

Flashcard 536: Which enzyme is inhibited by etoposide?_____

Answer: topoisomerase II

Flashcard 537: Which DNA polymerase inhibiting pyrimidine analog is used to treatboth hematologic malignancies and solid tumors?_____

Answer: Gemcitabine

Flashcard 538: Which two tyrosine kinase inhibitors are associated with hyperkeratosis and hemorrhage?_____

Answer: Sunitinib and sorafenib

Flashcard 539: In addition to increased ulcer healing, bismuth and sucralfate may be used to treat _____ diarrhea

Answer: travelers

Flashcard 540: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used in bone marrow ablation prior to marrow transplant?_____

Answer: Busulfan

Flashcard 541: Which phase of drug metabolism is lost first in geriatric patients? _____

Answer: Phase I

Flashcard 542: Iodoquinol and Paromomycin can be used to treat _____

Answer: Entamoeba Histolytica (which protozoa?)

Flashcard 543: Are NSAIDs useful as anti-inflammatory agents?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 544: In the setting of acute acetaminophen toxicity, _____ can be used to absorb acetaminopen

Answer: activated charcoal

Flashcard 545: Fluoroquinolone risk of tendon and cartilage damage is increased with concurrent _____ use

Answer: corticosteroid (ie: prednisone)

Flashcard 546: What neurological side effect is associated with danazol?_____

Answer: Pseudotumor cerebri

Flashcard 547: Azathioprine/6-MP can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 548: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with immunosuppression?_____

Answer: Carboplatin

Flashcard 549: Vincristine and vinblastine can result in _____ (hair pathology)

Answer: alopecia

Flashcard 550: Which types of vaccines usually requires booster shots?_____

Answer: Killed/inactivated vaccine

Flashcard 551: 5-fluorouracil is a prodrug that is converted to its active form _____

Answer: 5-fdUMP

Flashcard 552: Toxocara canis is treated with _____

Answer: albendazole

Flashcard 553: In patients taking ruxolitinib, an important side effect is _____toxicity

Answer: hepato

Flashcard 554: Paclitaxel (taxanes) inhibits mitotic spindle breakdown, which occurs in _____ of mitosis

Answer: anaphase*

Flashcard 555: Echinococcus granulosus can be treated with _____, but the more common method is surgery

Answer: albendazole

Flashcard 556: PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin is useful for the treatment of _____

Answer: Kaposi Sarcoma

Flashcard 557: Which anti-epileptic is eliminated via zero order kinetics? _____

Answer: Phenytoin

Flashcard 558: Myelosuppression due to methotrexate is reversible with _____

Answer: leucovorin

Flashcard 559: Doxorubicin has a _____ range of chemotherapeutic uses and is commonly used in clinical practice

Answer: broad

Flashcard 560: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with myelosuppression?_____

Answer: Carboplatin

Flashcard 561: Imatinib specifically inhibits the Bcr-Abl fusion protein by blocking the _____ portion

Answer: Bcr

Flashcard 562: Bleomycin can result in pulmonary fibrosis and ultimately _____ disease

Answer: restrictive lung

Flashcard 563: Cutaneous complications of 5-fluorouracil use include _____ and hyperpigmentation

Answer: photosensitivity

Flashcard 564: Anthracyclines (-rubicin) bind _____ to cause cleavage of DNA

Answer: topoisomerase II

Flashcard 565: Procarbazine is a chemotherapeutic _____ agent used to treat hodgkin lymphoma and brain tumors

Answer: alkylating

Flashcard 566: What renal tubular defect may be caused by nephrotoxins/drugs (e.g. ifosfamide, cisplatin, tenofovir, expired tetracyclines)?_____

Answer: Fanconi syndrome

Flashcard 567: Which drug is used instead of Rifampin in patients on HIV protease inhibitors?_____

Answer: Rifabutin

Flashcard 568: Paclitaxel can result in _____-suppression

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 569: Cetuximab is an antitumor monoclonal antibody that targets _____

Answer: EGFR

Flashcard 570: DPP-4 inhibitors can increase risk of _____ tract infection

Answer: upper respiratory

Flashcard 571: What is the mechanism of action by which lactulose treats hepatic encephalopathy? _____

Answer: Lactulose is metabolized into acidic metabolites, which convert NH3 to NH4+ (trapped in intestinal lumen and excreted)

Flashcard 572: Which of the vinca alkaloids is more commonly used in Hodgkin's lymphoma?_____

Answer: Vinblastine

Flashcard 573: What type of vaccine is the Tetanus vaccine? _____

Answer: Toxoid

Flashcard 574: What is the treatment for visceral leishmaniasis?_____

Answer: Amphotericin B

Flashcard 575: Vigabatrin and tiagabine are _____ spectrum anti-epileptics

Answer: narrow

Flashcard 576: Panobinostat is used to treat _____ that is refractory to bortezomib + dexamethasone

Answer: multiple myeloma

Flashcard 577: What enzyme is inhibited by Methotrexate?_____

Answer: Dihydrofolate reductase (eukaryotic)

Flashcard 578: Mycophenolate mofetil can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 579: Which phase of the cell cycle does azathioprine act at?_____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 580: Which antimicrobials displace unconjugated bilirubin from serum albumin in the blood?_____

Answer: Sulfonamides

Flashcard 581: Gemcitabine can result in _____ with increased risk for infection

Answer: immunosuppression

Flashcard 582: Nitrosureas requires bioactivation by _____ enzymes to be effective

Answer: cytochrome p450

Flashcard 583: Cyclophosphamide is selective for cells that express low / no levels of _____

Answer: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

Flashcard 584: Which drug elimination is characterized by a linear curve?_____

Answer: Zero-order elimination

Flashcard 585: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by heavy metals such as _____

Answer: lead

Flashcard 586: Examples of the beers criteria include drugs that increase the risk of _____ infections (PPI's)

Answer: C. difficile

Flashcard 587: Palbociclib is a small molecular inhibitor of the _____ enzymes

Answer: CDK 4/6

Flashcard 588: Which types of vaccine induce a relatively weak immune response? _____

Answer: Inactivated/killed vaccines and Subunit vaccine (2)

Flashcard 589: Which chemotherapeutic drug is associated with pancreatitis?_____

Answer: Azathioprine/6-MP

Flashcard 590: Cyclophosphamide can result in _____-suppression with resultant -cytopenias

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 591: Which antimalarial can result in retinopathy?_____

Answer: Chloroquine

Flashcard 592: Panobinostat and Vorinostat are antineoplastics that are nonselective _____ Inhibitors

Answer: Histone Deacetylase [HDAC]

Flashcard 593: Which topoisomerase I inhibitor is indicated in ovarian and small cell lung cancer?_____

Answer: topotecan

Flashcard 594: What can be used in H. pylori triple therapy for those with a penicillin allergy?_____

Answer: Metronidazole

Flashcard 595: Which chemotherapeutic drug is known to cause acute tubular necrosis?_____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 596: One adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is increased risk for _____ infection (2-3x increased risk)

Answer: Clostridium difficile

Flashcard 597: What osmotic laxative is used to treat hepatic encephalopathy? _____

Answer: Lactulose

Flashcard 598: Which alkylating agent is used to treat both hematologic malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma) and solid tumors?_____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide

Flashcard 599: Which form of immune hemolytic anemia (IgG or IgM) may be caused by drugs? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 600: What hematologic complication is associated with phenytoin? _____

Answer: Megaloblastic anemia

Flashcard 601: Treatment of acne vulgaris may include _____ and antibiotics, which are anti-microbrial

Answer: benzoyl peroxide

Flashcard 602: First Aid Pharmacology: GI (Antacids)Bismuth and sucralfate may be used to increase _____ healing

Answer: ulcer

Flashcard 603: What is the treatment for intestinal Taenia solium infection?_____

Answer: Praziquantel

Flashcard 604: Tamoxifen is used to treat and prevent recurrence of _____ positive breast cancer

Answer: ER/PR

Flashcard 605: What is the effect of glucocorticoids on blood lymphocyte levels? _____

Answer: Decreased (especially T-helper cells)

Flashcard 606: Which of the antimetabolite chemo drugs can cause neurotoxicity?_____

Answer: Cladribine

Flashcard 607: What formula is used to calculate clearance?_____

Answer:

Flashcard 608: What class of drugs does ifosfamide belong to?_____

Answer: Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)

Flashcard 609: Which drug elimination is characterized by an exponential curve?_____

Answer: First-order elimination

Flashcard 610: Patients taking Colchicine can develop _____cytosis

Answer: agranulo

Flashcard 611: Which topoisomerase I inhibitor is indicated in colon cancer?_____

Answer: irinotecan

Flashcard 612: In the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Natalizumab works by preventing extravasation of autoreactive _____ T Cells

Answer: CD8+ (CD4 or CD8?)

Flashcard 613: What is the treatment of late (CNS) Trypanosoma brucei infection?_____

Answer: Melarsoprol

Flashcard 614: Which phase of the cell cycle does bleomycin act at?_____

Answer: G2

Flashcard 615: Imatinib is a _____ inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein

Answer: competitive

Flashcard 616: What is the treatment for Paragonimus westermani?_____

Answer: Praziquantel

Flashcard 617: What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with valproic acid? _____

Answer: All three (partial, tonic-clonic, absence)

Flashcard 618: Monoclonal antibodies can sometimes cause a(n) _____ immediately upon IV administration

Answer: infusion reaction

Flashcard 619: What type of vaccine is the BCG vaccine? _____

Answer: Live attenuated

Flashcard 620: Palbociclib prevents cell cycle progression past the _____ restriction point

Answer: G1-->S

Flashcard 621: Etoposide and teniposide inhibit the _____ of double stranded breaks caused by topoisomerase II

Answer: religation

Flashcard 622: What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with gabapentin? _____

Answer: Partial

Flashcard 623: What drug class do fluticasone, budesonide, and beclomethasone belong to?_____

Answer: Inhaled corticosteroids

Flashcard 624: What formula is used to estimate volume of distribution (Vd)?_____

Answer: Vd=(F*dose)/Cp0F=bioavailabilityCp0=plasma concentration at time 0

Flashcard 625: What drug class do meloxicam and piroxicam belong to?_____

Answer: NSAIDs

Flashcard 626: Cyclophosphamide is _____ by CYP450 in the liver

Answer: activated

Flashcard 627: Cytarabine can result in _____ with increased risk for infection

Answer: immunosuppression

Flashcard 628: Which type of bladder cancer is cyclophosphamide known to cause?_____

Answer: Transitional cell carcinoma

Flashcard 629: What class of drugs does carmustine belong to?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)

Flashcard 630: Ifosfamide is _____ by CYP450 in the liver

Answer: activated

Flashcard 631: Methotrexate can result in _____ (hair pathology)

Answer: alopecia

Flashcard 632: Platinum analogs are known to cause _____ in a stocking-glove distribution

Answer: peripheral neuropathy

Flashcard 633: Azathioprine/6-MP can be used to treat _____ arthritis

Answer: rheumatoid

Flashcard 634: Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis?_____

Answer: Methotrexate

Flashcard 635: The capsular polysaccharide used in the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine is _____

Answer: polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)

Flashcard 636: 6-mercaptopurine is used to treat _____ malignancies

Answer: hematologic (ie: ALL)

Flashcard 637: What type of vaccine are the pneumococcal vaccines? _____

Answer: Subunit

Flashcard 638: Which phase of the cell cycle does cytarabine act at?_____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 639: Which class of alkylating agents require bioactivation via non-enzymatic hydroxylation in the liver?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Flashcard 640: Which form of poliovirus vaccine provides group immunity with person-to-person contact?_____

Answer: Sabin

Flashcard 641: What type of vaccine is the Diphtheriae vaccine? _____

Answer: Toxoid

Flashcard 642: What enzyme is inhibited by 5-fluorouracil?_____

Answer: thymidylate synthase

Flashcard 643: Which of the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitors is associated with hypersensitivity reaction?_____

Answer: Paclitaxel (taxanes)

Flashcard 644: The bone marrow toxicity effects of Trimethoprim treatment may be avoided with coadminstration of _____

Answer: folinic acid

Flashcard 645: Which chronic gout drug can cause anaphylaxis?_____

Answer: Pegloticase

Flashcard 646: Which alkylating agent can result in hyperpigmentation?_____

Answer: Busulfan

Flashcard 647: What is the first-line treatment for Entamoeba histolytica?_____

Answer: Metronidazole

Flashcard 648: Which phase of the cell cycle does gemcitabine act at?_____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 649: Which of the alkylating agents can cause convulsions, dizziness, ataxia?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Flashcard 650: _____ is a first line agent for treatment of acute gout via binding of intracellular beta-tubulin

Answer: Colchicine

Flashcard 651: What type of drug interaction is the effect of substance A and B together is equal to the sum of their individual products?_____

Answer: Additive (e.g. aspirin and acetaminophen)

Flashcard 652: Which phase of the cell cycle do platinum analogs act at?_____

Answer: act throughout the cell cycle

Flashcard 653: _____ is a chelating agent that may cause myopathy as an adverse effect.

Answer: Penicillamine

Flashcard 654: What adverse effect is associated with inhaled corticosteroids?_____

Answer: Oropharyngeal candidiasis

Flashcard 655: Which phase of the cell cycle does etoposide act at?_____

Answer: S and G2 phase

Flashcard 656: The _____ group of MESNA binds acrolein, preventing hemorrhagic cystitis due to cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide use

Answer: sulfhydryl

Flashcard 657: Which phase of the cell cycle does 6-mercaptopurine act at?_____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 658: Sulfasalazine can cause a hemolytic anemia in patients with _____ deficiency

Answer: G6PD

Flashcard 659: What is the mechanism of platinum analog cytotoxicity?_____

Answer: Cross-link DNA

Flashcard 660: Gemcitabine is a cytotoxic _____ analog

Answer: pyrimidine

Flashcard 661: What prodrug is metabolized to 6-mercaptopurine and thus inhibits de novo purine synthesis?_____

Answer: Azathioprine

Flashcard 662: Which drug treats the dormant hyponozoites of P. vivax and P. ovale?_____

Answer: Primaquine

Flashcard 663: The most common side effect of Filgrastim is _____ pain

Answer: bone

Flashcard 664: Which drug is used to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity?_____

Answer: Amifostine

Flashcard 665: Which chemotherapeutic drug is known to cause SIADH?_____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide

Flashcard 666: Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar that acts as an _____ laxative

Answer: osmotic

Flashcard 667: Dupilumab is indicated for _____

Answer: atopic dermatitis

Flashcard 668: Busulfan can result in _____-suppression with resultant -cytopenias

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 669: Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody against the _____ receptor alpha subunit

Answer: IL4

Flashcard 670: Which type of vaccine induces a strong, often lifelong immunity? _____

Answer: Live, attenuated vaccines

Flashcard 671: Thymidine synthesis inhibitor (MTX, 5-FU, hydroxyurea) use can result in increased risk for _____ due to immunosuppression

Answer: infection

Flashcard 672: Which phase of the cell cycle does irinotecan act at?_____

Answer: S and G2 phase

Flashcard 673: Fluoroquinolones are _____ due to them causing cartilage damage to the fetus

Answer: teratogenic

Flashcard 674: What vitamin is used topically for wrinkles and acne? _____

Answer: Vitamin A

Flashcard 675: Cladribine can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 676: Mesalamine is typically prescribed to be taken orally / rectally / as an enema for the treatment of _____

Answer: IBD

Flashcard 677: What is the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis?_____

Answer: Metronidazole

Flashcard 678: Cladribine can result in _____ with increased risk for infection

Answer: immunosuppression

Flashcard 679: Toxoid vaccines are composed of a denatured bacterial toxin with an intact _____

Answer: receptor binding site

Flashcard 680: Phase _____ drug metabolism usually yields slightly polar, water-soluble metabolites (often still active)

Answer: I

Flashcard 681: Which chemotherapeutic drug is first-line in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?_____

Answer: Methotrexate

Flashcard 682: Which phase of the cell cycle does paclitaxel (taxanes) act at?_____

Answer: M phase

Flashcard 683: Which phase of the cell cycle do vincristine and vinblastine act at?_____

Answer: M phase

Flashcard 684: Ruxolitinib is a _____ inhibitor

Answer: JAK1/2

Flashcard 685: Vancomycin, opioids, and _____ can cause IgE-independent mast cell degranulation.

Answer: radiocontrast dye

Flashcard 686: Cyclophosphamide is known to cause _____ in men

Answer: infertility

Flashcard 687: Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody against _____

Answer: TNF-

Flashcard 688: What are common side-effects of mycophenolate mofetil use?_____

Answer: GI upset (nausea, diarrhea, cramping)

Flashcard 689: Which chemotherapeutic drug is known to result in muddy brown casts found in urine?_____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 690: Which of the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitors enhance mitotic spindle formation?_____

Answer: Paclitaxel (taxanes)

Flashcard 691: What drug is used to avoid marrow suppression during treatment of Toxoplasmosis?_____

Answer: Leucovorin

Flashcard 692: Which type of vaccine is typically the most expensive?_____

Answer: Subunit

Flashcard 693: Which type of vaccine may require a booster?_____

Answer: Toxoid

Flashcard 694: What drugs should be used to treat Toxoplasmosis?_____

Answer: Pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine

Flashcard 695: Which of the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitors bind microtubules and inhibit their depolymerization?_____

Answer: Paclitaxel (taxanes)

Flashcard 696: Drugs that end in -platin (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) are cytotoxic _____ analogs

Answer: platinum

Flashcard 697: Which of the alkylating agents can cross the blood-brain barrier?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Flashcard 698: Which enzyme is inhibited by irinotecan?_____

Answer: topoisomerase I

Flashcard 699: Which of the vinca alkaloids is more commonly associated with myelosuppression?_____

Answer: Vinblastine

Flashcard 700: Increased cAMP via Pertussis Toxin results in impaired recruitment of _____

Answer: neutrophils

Flashcard 701: The major side effect of Palbociclib is _____

Answer: neutropenia

Flashcard 702: Acetaminophen toxicity results in depletion of hepatic _____ stores by NAPQI

Answer: glutathione

Flashcard 703: Sulfasalazine can cause a reversible _____

Answer: oligospermia

Flashcard 704: What type of vaccine is used for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?_____

Answer: Toxoid

Flashcard 705: Erlotinib is a first-line treatment of _____ cancer

Answer: non-small cell lung

Flashcard 706: What is the treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis?_____

Answer: Sodium stibogluconate

Flashcard 707: Chimeric biologics can be recognized as their names will include the infix -_____-)

Answer: xi

Flashcard 708: Platinum analogs are used to treat _____ malignancies

Answer: solid tumor

Flashcard 709: Which commonly used disinfectants (2) are not sporocidal?_____

Answer: Alcohol, Chlorhexidine

Flashcard 710: Rituximab targets B cells by binding _____ surface antigen

Answer: CD20

Flashcard 711: P-glycoprotein is encoded for by the _____

Answer: MDR1 gene

Flashcard 712: Methotrexate rarely causes a _____toxicity

Answer: nephro

Flashcard 713: Anaerobic infections below the diaphragm are treated with _____

Answer: metronidazole

Flashcard 714: What hematologic adverse effect is associated with sirolimus (rapamycin)?_____

Answer: Pancytopenia

Flashcard 715: Does administration of the Toxoid vaccine itself have any potential for causing disease?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 716: Stevens-Johnson syndrome typically arises as an adverse _____ reaction

Answer: drug

Flashcard 717: Dapsone can be used to treat the blistering skin disorder _____

Answer: Dermatitis Herpetiformis

Flashcard 718: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody targets CD20 of B-cells?_____

Answer: Rituximab

Flashcard 719: Quinoline derivatives are anti-_____ drugs that typically have the suffix -quine

Answer: malarial

Flashcard 720: Valproate is an _____ of CYP-450

Answer: inhibitor

Flashcard 721: Which gout drug disrupts leukocyte migration, phagocytosis and degranulation?_____

Answer: Colchicine

Flashcard 722: Which form of poliovirus vaccine forms IgG antibodies, only?_____

Answer: Salk

Flashcard 723: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)?_____

Answer: Rituximab

Flashcard 724: Which phase of the cell cycle does 5-fluorouracil act at?_____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 725: Hydroxyurea can also be used to treat malignant _____

Answer: melanoma

Flashcard 726: What chemotherapeutic agent may cause acute tubular necrosis? _____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 727: Metronidazole is administered to both patient and partner of _____ infection

Answer: Trichomonas vaginalis

Flashcard 728: Proton pump inhibitors decrease the absorption of _____, which require an acidic environment

Answer: divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+)

Flashcard 729: What drug intoxication presents as violence, psychomotor agitation, analgesia, and nystagmus? _____

Answer: Phencyclidine (PCP)

Flashcard 730: Praziquantel is an anti-helminthic agent that increases Ca2+ permeability and increases _____.

Answer: vacuolization

Flashcard 731: What class of drugs does busulfan belong to?_____

Answer: Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)

Flashcard 732: Valproic acid is a _____ spectrum anti-epileptic

Answer: broad

Flashcard 733: Azathioprine/6-MP use can result in increased risk for _____ due to immunosuppression

Answer: infection

Flashcard 734: Dapsone can be used for prophylaxis of _____

Answer: Pneumocystis Jirovecii

Flashcard 735: What chemotherapeutic drugs (2) inhibit eukaryotic topoisomerase II? _____

Answer: etoposide/teniposide

Flashcard 736: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used to treat pediatric (childhood) tumors?_____

Answer: Actinomycin D

Flashcard 737: Which phase of the cell cycle do alkylating agents act at?_____

Answer: act throughout the cell cycle

Flashcard 738: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used to wean patients off steroids in chronic disease?_____

Answer: Azathioprine/6-MP

Flashcard 739: Vorinostat is used to treat _____ lymphoma

Answer: cutaneous T cell

Flashcard 740: Dornase Alfa is an aerolized medication used in the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis that is a recombinant _____

Answer: DNase I

Flashcard 741: Chemotherapeutic drugs are effective against _____ dividing cells

Answer: rapidly

Flashcard 742: Which enzyme is inhibited by topotecan?_____

Answer: topoisomerase I

Flashcard 743: Which drug combination is used prophylactically in travelers to prevent malarial infection?_____

Answer: Atovaquone and Proguanil

Flashcard 744: In the setting of acute aspirin toxicity, _____ can be used to absorb aspirin

Answer: activated charcoal

Flashcard 745: Colchicine can cause _____ (GI symptom)

Answer: diarrhea

Flashcard 746: What is the effect of corticosteroids on neutrophil levels? _____

Answer: Increased (neutrophilia)

Flashcard 747: Which phase of the cell cycle does methotrexate act at?_____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 748: Cytarabine can result in _____-suppression (-cytopenias)

Answer: myelo

Flashcard 749: Onchocerca volvulus is treated with _____

Answer: ivermectin

Flashcard 750: What is the treatment for Schistosoma spp.?_____

Answer: Praziquantel

Flashcard 751: What drug inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa?_____

Answer: Pyrimethamine (not bacteria)

Flashcard 752: Mycophenolate mofetil will increase cellular levels of _____

Answer: IMP

Flashcard 753: Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used in the treatment of a hydatidiform mole?_____

Answer: Methotrexate

Flashcard 754: What treatments (2) are used to boost granulocyte production and thus decrease risk of infection in neutropenic patients? _____

Answer: GM-CSF or G-CSF

Flashcard 755: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are antimalarials that can be used to cause _____-suppression as well as retinopathy

Answer: immuno

Flashcard 756: What class of drugs do nitrosoureas belong to?_____

Answer: Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)

Flashcard 757: What type of vaccine is used for Yersinia pestis?_____

Answer: Inactivated/Killed

Flashcard 758: What treatment for hyperammonemia acts by acidifying the GI tract, thus trapping NH4+ for excretion? _____

Answer: Lactulose

Flashcard 759: Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used to raise fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels?_____

Answer: Hydroxyurea

Flashcard 760: Methotrexate can result in pulmonary fibrosis and ultimately _____ disease

Answer: restrictive lung

Flashcard 761: Isoniazid works to treat tuberculosis by inhibiting mycobacterial _____ production

Answer: cell wall

Flashcard 762: Methotrexate is a _____ analog

Answer: folate

Flashcard 763: Prior to a bone marrow transplant, Busulfan can be used as a _____ agent

Answer: conditioning

Flashcard 764: Colchicine can affect the muscle, resulting in a _____

Answer: myopathy

Flashcard 765: What class of drugs does lomustine belong to?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)

Flashcard 766: Sulfonamides, methotrexate, IV acyclovir, and triameterene are agents that can _____ in renal tubules, causing renal failure

Answer: precipitate

Flashcard 767: What class of drugs does streptozocin belong to?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)

Flashcard 768: Rituximab can be used to treat _____ leukemia

Answer: chronic lymphocytic

Flashcard 769: What type of vaccine is used for Bordetella pertussis in infants and children?_____

Answer: Acellular (DTaP)

Flashcard 770: Because gut mucosa are a population of rapidly proliferating cells, people taking Leflunomide can experience _____

Answer: diarrhea

Flashcard 771: Methotrexate is associated with pulmonary and _____-toxicity (organ)

Answer: hepato

Flashcard 772: What class of drugs does paclitaxel belong to?_____

Answer: Taxanes (cytotoxic plant alkaloids)

Flashcard 773: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) are used for prophylaxis and treatment of _____ pneumonia

Answer: Pneumocystis jirovecii

Flashcard 774: Nitazoxanide can be used to treat _____

Answer: Cryptosporidium (which protozoa?)

Flashcard 775: Which phase of the cell cycle does topotecan act at?_____

Answer: S and G2 phase

Flashcard 776: Treatment of acne vulgaris may include vitamin _____ derivatives, which reduces hyperkeratinzation and sebum production

Answer: A

Flashcard 777: What intoxicant causes spasms of the sphincter of oddi and has a direct toxic effect on acinar cells of the pancreas?_____

Answer: Ethanol

Flashcard 778: Some killed vaccines are conjugated to a _____ to elicit a stronger immune response (e.g. immunologic memory)

Answer: protein

Flashcard 779: Which phase of the cell cycle does hydroxyurea act at?_____

Answer: S phase

Flashcard 780: Paclitaxel (taxanes) can result in _____ (hair pathology)

Answer: alopecia

Flashcard 781: What drug is used to reverse methotrexate toxicity?_____

Answer: Leucovorin

Flashcard 782: _____ is an alkylating agent that also acts as a weak MAO inhibitor.

Answer: Procarbazine

Flashcard 783: Methotrexate is associated with _____ (oral pathology)

Answer: mucositis

Flashcard 784: _____ is used to treat anaerobic infections below the diaphragm

Answer: Metronidazole

Flashcard 785: What enzyme is necessary for activation of 6-mercaptopurine?_____

Answer: HGPRT

Flashcard 786: Vemurafenib is used to treat metastatic melanoma that has a BRAF _____ mutation

Answer: V600E or V600K (2 mutations #)

Flashcard 787: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium is primaquine used to treat?_____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax/ovale

Flashcard 788: Vemurafenib is an inhibitor of the _____ oncogene

Answer: BRAF

Flashcard 789: Which ulcerative colitis drug is associated with reversible oligospermia?_____

Answer: Sulfasalazine

Flashcard 790: Administration of 5-fluorouracil results in a build-up of _____ in cells

Answer: dUMP

Flashcard 791: What treatment may be used for refractory cases of cystine kidney stones? _____

Answer: Chelating agents (e.g. penicillamine)

Flashcard 792: Nitrosoureas cross the blood-brain barrier and can thus treat brain tumors (ie: _____)

Answer: glioblastoma multiforme

Flashcard 793: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with otoxicity?_____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 794: What type of drugs are penicillamine and trientine?_____

Answer: Copper chelators

Flashcard 795: The _____ is given to children under 5 years and adults over 65 to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.

Answer: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)

Flashcard 796: Periodic Fever Syndromes can be treated with _____

Answer: Canakinumab

Flashcard 797: Which gout drug prevents renal excretion of drugs (ie: penicillin; cidofovir)?_____

Answer: Probenecid

Flashcard 798: How should loading dose be adjusted in patients with renal or liver disease? _____

Answer: Unchanged

Flashcard 799: _____, tetracyclines, and vitamin A may cause idiopathic intracranial hypertension as an adverse effect.

Answer: Growth hormone

Flashcard 800: Which single drug is used prophylactically in travelers to prevent malarial infection?_____

Answer: Mefloquine

Flashcard 801: 5-fluorouracil is known to cause _____ (palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia)*other drugs?

Answer: hand-foot syndrome

Flashcard 802: Which chemotherapeutic drug can cause hand-foot syndrome (palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia)?_____

Answer: 5-fluorouracil

Flashcard 803: Which antimalarial has activity against Plasmodium hypnozoites?_____

Answer: Primaquine

Flashcard 804: Which of the antitumor antibiotics (3) are associated with myelosuppression?_____

Answer: Doxorubicin, daunorubicin, actinomycin D

Flashcard 805: What drugs are used in prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii)?_____

Answer: TMP/SMX

Flashcard 806: Which enzyme is inhibited by mycophenolate mofetil?_____

Answer: IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase

Flashcard 807: Which chemotherapeutic drugs are associated with nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy?_____

Answer: Platinum analogs

Flashcard 808: Which kinase inhibitor can inhibit the c-kit tyrosine kinase that causes GIST?_____

Answer: imatinib

Flashcard 809: Anakinra is used to treat _____

Answer: Rheumatoid Arthritis

Flashcard 810: Sorafenib has the ability to induce _____, which helps suppress tumor growth but can also cause drug resistance

Answer: autophagy

Flashcard 811: Which anti-scabies/louse therapy inhibits Na+ channel deactivation?_____

Answer: Permethrin

Flashcard 812: Chronic opioid use can cause opioid-induced _____, which is abnormal pain sensitivity

Answer: hyperalgesia

Flashcard 813: What cell type is affected most by chemotherapy?_____

Answer: Labile (gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles, etc)

Flashcard 814: Busulfan is used to treat _____ Leukemia

Answer: Chronic Myelogenous

Flashcard 815: _____ is folinic acid and does not require DHF reductase for the synthesis of thymidine

Answer: Leucovorin

Flashcard 816: What type of vaccine is the acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine? _____

Answer: Subunit

Flashcard 817: Which of the vinca alkaloids is more commonly associated with neurotoxicity?_____

Answer: Vincristine

Flashcard 818: What drugs (2) are used to treat toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii)?_____

Answer: Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine

Flashcard 819: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used to treat hairy cell leukemia?_____

Answer: Cladribine

Flashcard 820: Which type of vaccine is a pathogen that has been inactivated by heat or chemicals? _____

Answer: Inactivated/killed vaccine

Flashcard 821: Which two alkylating agents must be activated by CYP450 in the liver?_____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide

Flashcard 822: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy?_____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 823: What type of anemia results from methotrexate use?_____

Answer: Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia

Flashcard 824: Bleomycin is associated with skin toxicity, such as rash and _____

Answer: hyperpigmentation

Flashcard 825: In addition to cladribine (2-CDA), hairy cell leukemia may also be treated with _____

Answer: pentostatin

Flashcard 826: What is an advantage of inactivated vaccines compared to live attenuated? _____

Answer: Inactivated vaccines are safer

Flashcard 827: Which of the alkylating agents can cause neurotoxicity?_____

Answer: Nitrosoureas

Flashcard 828: Which anti-scabies/louse therapy blocks GABA channels?_____

Answer: Lindane

Flashcard 829: Wuchereria bancrofti is treated with _____

Answer: diethylcarbamazine

Flashcard 830: _____ is an ER antagonist at breast and an agonist at bone and uterus

Answer: Tamoxifen

Flashcard 831: Lamotrigine is a _____ spectrum anti-epileptic

Answer: broad

Flashcard 832: 5-fluorouracil is a _____ analog

Answer: pyrimidine

Flashcard 833: Which enzyme is inhibited by cladribine?_____

Answer: DNA polymerase ( and )

Flashcard 834: Is the conjugate vaccine or the polysaccharide vaccine the only meningococcal vaccine indicated for people older than 55?_____

Answer: Polysaccharide

Flashcard 835: Which of the antitumor antibiotics can cause alopecia?_____

Answer: All of them*

Flashcard 836: What enzyme is inhibited by Hydroxyurea?_____

Answer: Ribonucleotide reductase

Flashcard 837: Azathioprine/6-MP is associated with pancreatitis and _____-toxicity (organ)

Answer: hepato

Flashcard 838: Once methotrexate enters the target cell, it undergoes _____, preventing the movement of MTX out of the cell

Answer: polyglutamation

Flashcard 839: The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is that it can cause _____ at the site of the injection

Answer: keloids

Flashcard 840: Which type of drug, ionized or uncharged, is cleared more quickly?_____

Answer: Ionized (trapped in urine)

Flashcard 841: What is the treatment of early (blood-borne) Trypanosoma brucei infection?_____

Answer: Suramin

Flashcard 842: Alemtuzumab is an antitumor monoclonal antibody that targets _____ of lymphocytes

Answer: CD52

Flashcard 843: Which anti-scabies/louse therapy causes neuronal membrane depolarization?_____

Answer: Permethrin

Flashcard 844: Toxoid vaccines result in the production of anti-_____ antibodies

Answer: toxin

Flashcard 845: Which chemotherapeutic drug is associated with invasive CMV infection?_____

Answer: mycophenolate mofetil

Flashcard 846: Iodine and iodophors work by _____ of DNA, RNA and proteins

Answer: halogenation

Flashcard 847: Which of the vinca alkaloids is more commonly used in Non-hodgkin's lymphoma?_____

Answer: Vincristine

Flashcard 848: Which enzyme is inhibited by gemcitabine?_____

Answer: DNA polymerase ( and )

Flashcard 849: What drug is used to treat ALS? _____

Answer: Riluzole

Flashcard 850: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium are artemisins used to treat?_____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 851: Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are metabolized by _____ (enzyme)

Answer: xanthine oxidase

Flashcard 852: What is the treatment of choice for Naegleria fowleri?_____

Answer: Amphotericin B

Flashcard 853: Which of the alkylating agents are nitrogen mustards?_____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide

Flashcard 854: Azathioprine/6-MP have an _____ effect, hence why they are useful in the treatment of graft rejection, SLE, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, etc.

Answer: immunosuppressive

Flashcard 855: Which kinase inhibitor can be used to treat malignant melanoma due to V600E BRAF kinase overexpression?_____

Answer: Vemurafenib

Flashcard 856: In addition to increased risk for C. difficile infection, patients on proton pump inhibitors are also at increased risk for _____

Answer: pneumonia

Flashcard 857: What type of vaccine is used for Clostridium tetani?_____

Answer: Toxoid

Flashcard 858: What antimicrobial is similar to sulfonamides, inhibiting dihydropteroate synthase?_____

Answer: Dapsone

Flashcard 859: Anti-_____ drugs, such as primaquine, may induce oxidative stress and are thus contraindicated in patients with G6PD deficiency

Answer: malarial

Flashcard 860: Phase _____ of clinical trials is the postmarketing surveillance of patients after a treatment is approved

Answer: IV

Flashcard 861: Alemtuzumab can be used to treat _____ leukemia

Answer: chronic lymphocytic

Flashcard 862: How is Giardiasis treated?_____

Answer: Metronidazole

Flashcard 863: Which type of vaccine has the lowest chance of adverse reactions?_____

Answer: Subunit

Flashcard 864: 5-fluorouracil can cause damage to the rapidly dividing cells of the GI tract, with resultant _____

Answer: diarrhea

Flashcard 865: Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used in the treatment of choriocarcinoma?_____

Answer: Methotrexate

Flashcard 866: Cetuximab therapy is associated with cutaneous _____

Answer: acneiform skin rash

Flashcard 867: Rituximab can be used to treat CD20+ _____ lymphoma

Answer: non-hodgkin's (ie: follicular)

Flashcard 868: What class of drugs does cyclophosphamide belong to?_____

Answer: Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)

Flashcard 869: Alkylating agents are a carcinogen associated with what types of cancer? _____

Answer: Leukemia / Lymphoma

Flashcard 870: Which enzyme is inhibited by teniposide?_____

Answer: topoisomerase II

Flashcard 871: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody targets CD52 of lymphocytes?_____

Answer: Alemtuzumab

Flashcard 872: Trichinella spiralis is treated with _____

Answer: albendazole

Flashcard 873: Which antimalarial can result in pruritus (esp. in dark-skinned patients)?_____

Answer: Chloroquine

Flashcard 874: Which antitumor monoclonal antibody has an increased risk of bleeding and thromboembolism?_____

Answer: bevacizumab

Flashcard 875: Which commonly used disinfectant causes free radical production which oxidizes cellular components?_____

Answer: H2O2

Flashcard 876: What is the treatment for Clonorchis sinensis?_____

Answer: Praziquantel

Flashcard 877: What vitamin deficiency results from methotrexate use?_____

Answer: Folate (B9)

Flashcard 878: Cyclophosphamide is known to cause _____ in women

Answer: premature menopause

Flashcard 879: Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia?_____

Answer: Hydroxyurea

Flashcard 880: All-trans-retinoic acid binds the altered retinoic acid receptor in APL and causes blasts to _____

Answer: mature

Flashcard 881: Which of the platinum analogs is most commonly associated with nephrotoxicity?_____

Answer: Cisplatin

Flashcard 882: Quaternary amines work by _____ of cell membranes

Answer: impairing permeability

Flashcard 883: Taxanes work by preventing the _____ of microtubules

Answer: disassembly

Flashcard 884: Levetiracetam is a _____ spectrum anti-epileptic

Answer: broad

Flashcard 885: What class of drugs are contraindicated in patients with G6PD deficiency? _____

Answer: Sulfa drugs

Flashcard 886: What is the treatment for Taenia saginata infection?_____

Answer: Praziquantel

Flashcard 887: Which phase of the cell cycle does teniposide act at?_____

Answer: S and G2 phase

Flashcard 888: Chronic myeloid leukemia* responds well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as _____

Answer: imatinib

Flashcard 889: One cause of folate deficiency is _____, such as folate antagonists

Answer: drugs

Flashcard 890: _____ is a thyroid medication that can produce an ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Answer: Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Flashcard 891: What formula is used to calculate half-life in first-order elimination kinetics? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 892: Which chemotherapeutic drug is known to cause bladder cancer?_____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide

Flashcard 893: Which kinase inhibitor can be used to treat CML due to t(9;22) of BCR-ABL?_____

Answer: imatinib

Flashcard 894: Which drug elimination is characterized by a constant amount of drug eliminated per unit time?_____

Answer: Zero-order elimination

Flashcard 895: Which type of vaccine is used for Hepatitis B?_____

Answer: Subunit (recombinant HBsAg)

Flashcard 896: Wilson's disease may be treated with oral _______ or chelating agents (e.g. penicillamine, trientine)

Answer: Zinc

Keywords: Antimicrobials flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

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Antimicrobials — Flashcards

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