Neoplasia — Flashcards

Neoplasia US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Neoplasia with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Neoplasia Flashcard Deck - 1689 Cards

Flashcard 1: fibroma

Answer:

Extra: pulling sensation in groinbundles of spindle-shaped fiibroblasts

Flashcard 2: Brenner tumor

Answer:

Extra: "coffee bean" nuclei on H&E Solid tumor, tan-yellow color, appears encapsulated. Looks like bladderbenign

Flashcard 3: mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

Answer:

Extra: malignant

Flashcard 4: mucinous cystadenoma

Answer:

Extra: multilocular cyst with mucous secreting epitheliumbenign

Flashcard 5: teratoma

Answer:

Extra: cystic growths fillled with fat, teeth, hair, bone, cartilagemature (dermoid cyst) - usually benign immature - aggressively malignant

Flashcard 6: yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)

Answer: germ cell tumor

Extra: increased AFPSchiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli)yellow, friable solid massyoung children

Flashcard 7: choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)

Answer: malignancy of trophoblast, germ cell tumor

Extra: gynecomastiaincreased: hCGmalignant, early mets to lungsassociated with theca-lutein cysts

Flashcard 8: dysgerminoma

Answer: germ cell tumor

Extra: increased: hCG, LDHsheets of uniform cellsmalignantTurner syndrome (XO)

Flashcard 9: leiomyosarcoma

Answer:

Extra: areas of necrosis and hemorrhagebulky, irregluar shape, may protrude from cervixblack race, middle age

Flashcard 10: squamous cell carcinoma (penis)

Answer:

Extra: uncircumsized men; Asia, Africa, South America

Flashcard 11: sarcoma botyroides

Answer:

Extra: spindle shaped tumor cells, desmin +girls < 4 y/o

Flashcard 12: Sertoli cell tumor

Answer: androblastoma from sex cord stroma

Extra:

Flashcard 13: Leydig cell tumor

Answer:

Extra: gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boysReinke crystals

Flashcard 14: Testicular germ cell tumors account for _% while testicular non-germ cell tumors account for _% of all tumors.

Answer: 95

Flashcard 15: Testicular germ cell tumors are usually _ while testicular non-germ cell tumors are usually _.

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 16: embryonal carcinoma (testicle)

Answer:

Extra: painful testicular massoften glandular/papillary; often mixed with other tumor cell typesmalignantembryonal carcinoma

Flashcard 17: seminoma (testicle)

Answer:

Extra: painless, homogenous testicular enlargementincreased: placental alk phos (PLAP)large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasn and fried egg appearranceradiotherapymalignant, but excellent overall prognosis15-35 y/o

Flashcard 18: Prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise from the _____ lobe of the prostate.

Answer: posterior

Flashcard 19: prostatic adenocarcinoma

Answer:

Extra: increased: total PSA decreased: free/total PSA ratio men > 50 y/omets to bone

Flashcard 20: Paget's disease of the breast

Answer:

Extra: eczematous patches on areola or nipplePaget cells - large cells in epidermis with clear halo suggests underlying DCIS

Flashcard 21: clear cell adenocarcinoma

Answer:

Extra: exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero

Flashcard 22: inflammatory carcinoma (breast)

Answer:

Extra: dermal lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma - blockage of lymphaticsorange peel breastpoor

Flashcard 23: medullary carcinoma (breast)

Answer:

Extra: fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrategood

Flashcard 24: invasive lobular carcinoma (breast)

Answer:

Extra: orderly rows of cells in "Indian file"

Flashcard 25: _____ is the worst and most common of all breast cancers.

Answer: Invasive ductal carcinoma

Flashcard 26: invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)

Answer:

Extra: firm, fibrous, "rock-hard" breast masssharp margins; small glandular duct-like cells; stellate morphologypoor; very invasive

Flashcard 27: comedocarcinoma

Answer:

Extra: noninvasive ductal carcinoma with central caseous necrosis

Flashcard 28: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Answer: arises from ductal hyperplasia

Extra: no basement penetration

Flashcard 29: Malignant breast tumors are most often located in the _____ quadrant of the breast.

Answer: upper-outer

Flashcard 30: Some breast cancers overexpress ___, _, and ___ receptors.

Answer: estrogen

Flashcard 31: The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is _____.

Answer: axillary lymph node involvement

Flashcard 32: malignant breast tumor (general)

Answer: usually

Extra: estrogen exposure: total number of menstrual cycles, early puberty, late first birth, obesity, BRCA1, BRCA2usually postmenopauseusually arise from terminal duct lobular unit

Flashcard 33: phyllodes tumor

Answer:

Extra: large, bulky breast mass; "leaf-life" projections> 60 y/o

Flashcard 34: intraductal papilloma

Answer:

Extra: small breast mass beneath areola, serous or bloody nipple dischargeslight increase in risk for carcinoma

Flashcard 35: fibroademona

Answer:

Extra: small, mobile, firm breast mass with sharp edges. Increase in size and tenderness with menstruation and pregnancy.<35 y/o

Flashcard 36: glioblastoma multiforme

Answer:

Extra: headachebutterfly tumor crossing corpus callosum, extending into both lateral ventricles; ring enhancingGFAP+; pleomorphic, pseudopalisading tumor cells bordering areas of necrosis <1 year; very malignantadults

Flashcard 37: medulloblastoma

Answer:

Extra: cerebellar tumor; compressed 4th ventricle, hydrocephalusHomer-Wright rosettes poor, highly malignantchildren

Flashcard 38: craniopharyngioma

Answer:

Extra: bitemporal hemianopiacalcified tumor in cerebrumbenignchildrenremnants of Rathke's pouch

Flashcard 39: What kinds of genes are most associated with loss of heterozygosity?

Answer: tumor suppressors

Flashcard 40: familial adenomatous polyposis

Answer:

Extra: thousands of polyps on endoscopyresection of colonADAPC

Flashcard 41: Tumor suppressors p53 and Rb normally inhibit progression between which cell cycle stages?

Answer: G1 to S

Flashcard 42: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma may metastasize to the _ node or the _ area

Answer: left supraclavicular lymph

Extra: Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 43: What type of ovarian neoplasm is often described as a yellow, friable (hemorrhagic) solid mass? _____

Answer: Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

Flashcard 44: Do meningiomas typically invade the cortex? _____

Answer: No (external to brain parenchyma)

Flashcard 45: The following image represents the _____ carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma:

Answer: tubular

Flashcard 46: What is the precursor lesion of a vaginal squamous cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 47: Which bone tumor is characterized by small, round blue cells that resemble lymphocytes? _____

Answer: Ewing sarcoma

Flashcard 48: Arsenic is associated with _____ of the liver

Answer: angiosarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 49: Thyroid _____ carcinoma is an undifferentiated malignant tumor of thyroid

Answer: anaplastic

Flashcard 50: Turcot syndrome is a combination of _____ with malignant CNS tumors (e.g. medulloblastoma, glioma)

Answer: familial adenomatous polyposis

Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Medulloblastoma T2-weighted cranial MRI (axial view) of a 7-year-old boy: isodense round lesion with hyperintense sections in the fourth ventricle (green overlay); grossly diminished gyration of the cerebellum (C). (P = poorly demarcated pons region; B = basilar artery, CS = external CSF space) Medulloblastoma T1-weighed cranial MRI of a 6-year-old child presenting with features of increased intracranial pressure (midsagittal section with contrast) There is a large hypointense mass occupying the third (upper yellow overlay) and fourth (lower yellow overlay) ventricles that is causing obstructive hydrocephalus (pink overlay). The pink overlay also highlights the leakage of CSF into the periventricular space (transependymal edema) and into the occipital lobe due to the increased intraventricular pressure. This appearance of a fourth ventricular mass in a child is characteristic of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Cranial MRI (T1-weighted, with contrast) There is a mass in the posterior cranial fossa. It features solid parts (green overlay) and cystic parts (red overlay). Location and appearance are typical of a medulloblastoma. (D: diencephalon; P: pons; C: cerebellum; yellow outline: cerebellar tentorium) Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Densely packed, small, blue anaplastic cells are present throughout the specimen. The cells have pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei. On the right, a vessel (its lumen mostly obstructed by eosinophilic material) can be seen. These are typical histopathological findings of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Numerous small, blue, round cells with scant cytoplasm can be seen throughout the specimen (classic examples: arrows, green overlay). Their nuclei vary in size and structure (nuclear pleomorphism) and many cells feature distinctly hyperchromatic nuclei. The majority of the cells are arranged in concentric clusters around lighter central areas consisting of neuropil (examples: dashed outlines and yellow overlay, magnified area). These clusters are referred to as Homer Wright rosettes. These histopathological features, particularly the Homer Wright rosettes, are characteristic of a medulloblastoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 51: _____ is a malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

Answer: Melanoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 52: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?: _____ Lymphomas (ex. Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma) Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Primary CNS Lymphoma (in AIDS) Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

Answer: EBV

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 53: Bronchial carcinoid tumor classically forms a polyp-like mass in the _____

Answer: bronchus

Extra: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 54: How many cellular divisions occur before the earliest clinical symptoms of cancer arise? _____

Answer: About 30

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 55: During carcinogenesis, DNA mutations eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for tumor _____ and progression

Answer: promotion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 56: Letterer-Siwe disease is a(n) _____ proliferation of Langerhans cells

Answer: malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 57: _____ tumors are fixed to surrounding tissues

Answer: Malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 58: _____ results in white patches in the oral cavity that cannot be scraped away

Answer: Leukoplakia

Extra: Watch Candida albicans [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-candida-albicans?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 59: Which type(s) of cells line the fibrovascular projections of a papillary carcinoma of the breast? _____

Answer: Only epithelial cells; no myoepithelial cells

Flashcard 60: Horseshoe kidney is rarely associated with renal _____

Answer: cancer

Extra: Watch Congenital & Cystic Kidney Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-congenital-and-cystic-kidney-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 61: What endocrine pathology is a risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 62: Lynch syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Crohn's disease, and FAP are risk factors for small bowel _____

Answer: adenocarcinoma

Extra: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 63: What is the percent chance of reversal back to normal cervical epithelium in carcinoma in situ? _____

Answer: Not possible

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 64: Overexpression of Bcl2 in the follicle of a lymph node results in a lack of apoptosis of _____ during somatic hypermutation

Answer: B-cells

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 65: _____ are benign tumors of nasal mucosa composed of large blood vessels and fibrous tissues

Answer: Angiofibromas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 66: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is subclassified into _-ALL and _-ALL based on surface markers

Answer: B

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 67: HER2 (c-erbB2) is a(n) _____ receptor found in certain types of breast and gallbladder carcinoma

Answer: epidermal growth factor

Extra: Watch Rituximab, cetuximab, bevacizumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-kinase-inhibitors-and-monoclonal-antibodies-rituximab-cetuximab-bevacizumab-alemtuzumab-trastuzumab?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/transplant-rejection?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 68: Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma is most common in _____

Answer: African-American males

Flashcard 69: Osteolytic bone metastases are most common where? _____

Answer: Areas of active hematopoiesis (vertebrae, sternum)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 70: Tumors that cause a(n) paraneoplastic polycythemia can be remembered with the mnemonic: Paraneoplastic rise to high hematocrit levels P_____ Renal cell carcinoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hemangioblastoma Leiomyoma

Answer: heochromocytoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 71: Does transitional cell carcinoma via the papillary pathway develop as a high-grade or low-grade tumor? _____

Answer: Low-grade tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 72: The most common type of thyroid adenoma is _____ adenoma

Answer: follicular

Flashcard 73: What is the most common skin malignancy in immunocompromised states and/or those with a chronic scar? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 74: The tumor cells in carcinoid tumors contain secretory granules that stain positive for _____, synaptophysin, as well as other neuroendocrine markers

Answer: chromogranin A

Extra: Refer to endocrine section: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 75: Osteoblastoma is benign tumor of osteoblasts, typically _____ 2 cm

Answer: >

Extra: Watch Benign Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-benign-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/bone-tumors/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 76: Does hairy cell leukemia typically present with lymphadenopathy? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 77: Epithelial tumors that grow exophytically are known as _ when benign and _ when malignant

Answer: papillomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 78: One complication associated with lung cancer is _____, which is classically seen with adenocarcinoma

Answer: pleural effusion

Extra: * due to regional tumor spread to pleura and pericardium Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: Metastasis to bone may be bone forming (blastic), bone destructive (_____), or mixed

Answer: lytic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 80: Which thyroid malignancy forms nests of polygonal-shaped or spindle-shaped cells? _____

Answer: Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Flashcard 81: Hand-Schüller-Christian disease is a(n) _____ proliferation of Langerhans cells

Answer: malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 82: Melanoma is associated with sunlight exposure and _____ nevi

Answer: dysplastic

Extra: Watch Malignant Melanoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 83: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast) is _____ carcinoma, which is characterized by large, high-grade malignant cells growing in sheets with lymphocytic infiltrate

Answer: medullary

Extra: * "MID-JULY - MEDULLARY breast carcinoma" Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 84: Is the African form of Kaposi sarcoma associated with immunodeficiency? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: Is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma typically aggressive or indolent? _____

Answer: Aggressive

Extra: * Aggressive archer Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 86: Which oncogene is associated with Neuroblastoma? _____

Answer: N-myc overexpression

Extra: * located on chromosome 2 Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 87: Letterer-Siwe disease is often seen in _____

Answer: infants < 2 years old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 88: On histology, the stromal proliferation in fibroadenomas compresses the _____

Answer: ducts

Flashcard 89: Do benign tumors have metastatic potential? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 90: T-cell ALL is caused by a mutation in a pre-T-cell in the _ B-cell ALL is caused by a mutation in a pre-B-cell in the _

Answer: thymus

Extra: * ALL= Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 91: Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is seen in the image below? _____

Answer: Nodular sclerosis - Lymph node divided by bands of sclerosis

Flashcard 92: VHL is a tumor suppressor gene whose product inhibits _____

Answer: hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 93: Craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor of Rathke's pouch that is filled with _____ crystals and calcifications

Answer: cholesterol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: Thyroid papillary carcinoma may have _____ bodies on biopsy, which are characterized by concentric layers of calcification

Answer: psammoma

Flashcard 95: _____ is a benign neoplasm of melanocytes

Answer: Nevus (mole)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki differentiate with melanoma (below compares melanoma vs nevus) Atlas:

Flashcard 96: Inflammatory breast cancer metastasizes early due to _____

Answer: early invasion of the lymphatic system

Extra: Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 97: Actinic keratosis is strongly associated with a mutation in the _____ tumor suppressor gene

Answer: p53

Extra: * UV exposure -> DNA damage to p53 gene -> unregulated keratinocyte proliferation Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 98: What demographic is most commonly associated with the mucinous carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Elderly women (average 70)

Flashcard 99: What is the most common cause of death from skin cancer? _____

Answer: Melanoma

Flashcard 100: Lobular carcinoma in situ is treated with _____ to reduce risk of subsequent carcinoma

Answer: anti-estrogenic drugs (e.g. tamoxifen)

Flashcard 101: Li-Fraumeni syndrome is characterized by multiple malignancies at a(n) _____ age

Answer: early

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 102: Tumor cells commonly produce _____ factors (ex. FGF / VEGF), which are necessary for tumor survival and growth

Answer: angiogenic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 103: _____ tumors are well circumscribed

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 104: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often presents in _____ as an enlarging lymph node or an extranodal mass

Answer: late adulthood

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 105: Gross examination of a renal cell carcinoma reveals a(n) _____ mass

Answer: golden-yellow

Extra: Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 106: B-ALL is usually characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express CD-___, CD-_, and CD-___

Answer: 10

Flashcard 107: What regions are most commonly affected by adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma? _____, West Africa, and the Caribbean

Answer: Japan

Extra: * this knight has just rode in from the foreign territories of Japan, Carribean, & West Africa Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 108: Which renal tumor is characterized by large eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria, but without perinuclear clearing? _____

Answer: Renal oncocytoma

Flashcard 109: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by _____ of normal lymph node architecture

Answer: disruption

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 110: Which disease presents with starry sky appearance on histology, large jaw lesion and swelling assoc. with EBV? _____

Answer: Endemic (African) Burkitt Lymphoma

Extra: 1 https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: Osteochondroma is a(n) slow growing bone tumor commonly found at the _____

Answer: distal femur (near the knee)

Flashcard 112: Is transitional cell carcinoma via the papillary pathway associated with early p53 mutations? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 113: On x-ray, Ewing sarcoma displays a "_____" appearance due to small areas of lucency in medullary cavity

Answer: moth-eaten

Extra: * Xray: Ewing's sarcoma in diaphysis of the femur; Notice ill-defined zone of transition (blue arrow) and aggressive type of periosteal reaction (red arrows) Watch Malignant Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-malignant-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: Neurofibromatosis type II is associated with mutations in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome _____

Answer: 22

Extra: Watch Neurofibromatosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-neurofibromatosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 115: The overlying cartilage in osteochondroma rarely transforms to _____

Answer: chondrosarcoma

Flashcard 116: The most common heart tumor is a(n) _____

Answer: metastasis

Extra: Watch Malignant Melanoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 117: Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma are _-nucleate with prominent nucleoi ("_")

Answer: bi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 118: Abnormal expression of miRNAs contributes to certain _____ (e.g. by silencing an mRNA from a tumor suppressor gene)

Answer: malignancies

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 119: Histologically, the nuclei of benign tumors are _, whereas the nuclei of malignant tumors are _ and hyperchromatic

Answer: uniform

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 120: Small (oat) cell carcinoma is commonly associated with amplification of the _____ oncogene

Answer: myc

Extra: *imagine mice in the small cell Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 121: Hepatic adenomas are subcapsular tumors and grow with exposure to _____

Answer: estrogen

Extra: * whereas cavernous hemangiomas/ FNH may grow with exposure to estrogen Watch Liver Tumors & Hepatocellular Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-liver-tumors-and-hepatocellular-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 122: Thyroid follicular adenoma is a benign tumor of follicles surrounded by a(n) _____

Answer: fibrous capsule

Flashcard 123: Sheets of small blue round cells organized around a central space "Homer-Wright rosettes" characterizes histology of _____

Answer: neuroblastomas

Extra: * described as "Homer-Wright" rosettes Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 124: Renal cell carcinoma is associated with loss of the _____ tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p

Answer: VHL

Flashcard 125: Which salivary gland tumor is associated with a high rate of recurrence following resection? _____

Answer: Pleomorphic adenoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Pleomorphic adenoma T2-weighted axial MRI: There is a sharply demarcated, hyperintense, partially lobulated mass arising from the left retromandibular fossa, filling the entire left parapharyngeal space. The lesion is surrounded by a hypointense capsule. This finding is a pleomorphic adenoma. Differential diagnoses include other tumors of the parotid gland. Pleomorphic adenoma Oral cavity of a patient, ventral view: A protrusion of the left lateral wall of the pharynx can be seen. Further diagnostics performed on the patient confirmed a pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland, which expanded into the parapharyngeal space. Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland Photomicrograph of parotid gland tissue (H&E stain) On the left, there is a hypercellular area made up of round epithelial cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and narrow, spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells with flattened nuclei. On the right, there is a paucicellular area predominantly made up of hyalinized stroma (pink acellular material). This mixed pattern of epithelial (epithelial and myoepithelial cells) and mesenchymal (stroma) components within a salivary gland tumor is pathognomonic for pleomorphic adenoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 126: What is the most useful factor in determining prognosis of breast cancer? _____

Answer: Spread to axillary lymph nodes

Flashcard 127: Which type of lymphoma is associated with masses composed of lymphoid cells? _____

Answer: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 128: Can moles (nevi) transform into melanoma? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch Malignant Melanoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 129: Squamous carcinoma in situ is also called _____

Answer: Bowen's disease

Extra: Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 130: Meningioma is a(n) _____ tumor of arachnoid cells

Answer: benign

Flashcard 131: A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that there is is an increased _ to _ ratio

Answer: nuclear

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 132: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with colon cancer? _____

Answer: DCC

Flashcard 133: _____ nevi are flat macules, most commonly seen in children

Answer: Junctional

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 134: Progression of colonic adenoma to carcinoma occurs with mutations in the _____ or loss of heterozygosity in the region that encodes for SMAD 2 / 4

Answer: p53

Flashcard 135: What demographic is associated with giant cell tumor of bone? _____

Answer: Young adults (20 - 40 years old)

Flashcard 136: Invasive moles are diagnosed by histologic evidence of villi invading the _____ on a hysterectomy specimen

Answer: myometrium

Extra: * seen in 15-20% of complete hydatidiform moles Watch Hydatidiform Mole & Choriocarcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-hydatidiform-mole-and-choriocarcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 137: In invasive carcinoma, cell-cell contacts are lost by inactivation of _____

Answer: E-cadherin

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 138: Which type of cancer tends to metastasize via the lymphatics to regional lymph nodes? _____

Answer: Carcinomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 139: What is the most important factor in determining prognosis of breast cancer? _____

Answer: Metastasis

Flashcard 140: What is the most common benign neoplasm of breast? _____

Answer: Fibroadenoma

Flashcard 141: Tumors of Connective Tissue are known as _ when benign and _ when malignant

Answer: Fibromas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 142: The classic location for basal cell carcinoma is the _____ lip

Answer: upper

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 143: Are extragonadal germ cell tumors in the retroperitoneum and mediastinum regions most commonly associated with adults or infants / young children? _____

Answer: Adults

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 144: _____ of the esophagus is a malignant proliferation of squamous cells

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 145: _____ tumors have no metastatic potential

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 146: _____ is a precursor lesion of squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: Actinic keratosis

Flashcard 147: A(n) _____ is a tumor of pancreatic delta cells

Answer: somatostatinoma

Extra: Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 148: Vestibular Schwannomas are encapsulated tumors of neoplastic Schwann cells with alternating areas of hypercellularity [_] & hypocellularity [_]

Answer: Antoni A

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 149: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is classically seen in _____ children

Answer: African

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 150: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a stain for ER can be used to identify malignancies of _____ epithelium

Answer: breast

Flashcard 151: A(n) _____ is detected with FISH as fluorescence outside the original chromosome

Answer: translocation

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 152: CDKN2A is a(n) _____

Answer: tumor suppressor gene

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 153: A pheochromocytoma is a tumor of _____ cells

Answer: chromaffin

Extra: *Also known as pheochromocytes- A group of neuroendocrine cells found in the adrenal medulla and other ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system; Release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 154: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast) is _____ carcinoma, which is characterized by an erythematous and swollen breast that does not resolve with antibiotics

Answer: inflammatory

Flashcard 155: What are the associated tumors (3) that result from point mutation of the RET oncogene? _____

Answer: MEN2A; MEN2B; medullary thyroid carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 156: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is due to an inherited mutation in the _____ gene on chromosome 5q

Answer: APC

Flashcard 157: _____ radiation is associated with chronic myelocytic leukemia

Answer: Ionizing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 158: A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that they become _____morphic

Answer: pleo

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 159: Cancers that are detected late by screening tend to have a(n) _____ prognosis

Answer: poor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 160: Which thyroid malignancy is usually solid with prominent areas of necrosis and hemorrhage? _____

Answer: Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Flashcard 161: _____ tumors are mobile

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 162: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease? _____

Answer: VHL

Extra: * follows "2 hit" model https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 163: Follicular thyroid carcinoma is most common in _____ and is the second most common thyroid malignancy

Answer: older women

Flashcard 164: _____ tumors usually display nuclear pleomorphism

Answer: Malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 165: Invasive carcinoma cells first bind to basement membrane via _____

Answer: laminin

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 166: The classic finding on gross exam for a pheochromocytoma is a(n) _____ tumor

Answer: brown

Flashcard 167: What is the most common malignant tumor of the ear canal? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 168: Burkitt lymphoma classically presents as an extranodal mass in a(n) _ or _

Answer: child

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 169: Mycosis fungoides typically presents in adults with _____ patches/plaques

Answer: skin

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 170: Which architectural growth pattern of endometrial hyperplasia has higher risk of progression to carcinoma? _____

Answer: Complex

Extra: Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub-and-endometriosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/endometrial-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 171: The adenoma-carcinoma sequence begins with _____ gene mutations

Answer: APC

Flashcard 172: Polycythemia vera may cause proliferation of RBCs, platelets and _____

Answer: granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)

Flashcard 173: _____ commonly arise from the proximal femur, pelvis and hip

Answer: Chondrosarcomas

Flashcard 174: The typical ratio of kappa to lambda immunoglobulin light chain phenotypes is _:_

Answer: 3

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 175: Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of skin include _____ therapy, arsenic poisoning, and chronic inflammation (e.g. draining sinus tract)

Answer: immunosuppressive

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 176: A malignant plasma cell neoplasm is defined by production of _____

Answer: monoclonal immunoglobin ("M protein")

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 177: Which type(s) of cells line the fibrovascular projections of an intraductal papilloma of the breast? _____

Answer: Both epithelial (luminal) and myoepithelial cells

Flashcard 178: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and colorectal cancer? _____

Answer: APC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 179: B-ALL with t(12;21) has a(n) _____ prognosis and is more commonly seen in children

Answer: good

Flashcard 180: What is the most common variant of melanoma? _____

Answer: Superficial spreading

Flashcard 181: What type of lymphoma is usually the cause of testicular cancer in older men? _____

Answer: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (aggressive)

Extra: The dude has diffusely large balls https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 182: In MGUS, bone marrow biopsy displays _____% monoclonal plasma cells in relation to bone marrow cells

Answer: < 10

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 183: Thyroid _____ carcinoma often invades local structures leading to dysphagia or respiratory compromise

Answer: anaplastic

Flashcard 184: In LymphoPlasmacytic Lymphoma, monoclonal plasma cells secrete _____

Answer: IgM

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 185: Is bronchioloalveolar carcinoma related to smoking? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma Chest x-ray (PA view) Diffuse consolidation in the lower zones of the lung that can resemble pneumonia. This finding indicates advanced disease.

Flashcard 186: Kaposi sarcoma has a(n) _____ infiltrate, which distinguishes it from bacillary angiomatosis

Answer: lymphocytic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 187: The Knudson two-hit hypothesis states that _____ copy/copies of a tumor suppressor gene must be knocked out for tumor formation

Answer: both

Flashcard 188: Surface alveolar growth is also called _____

Answer: lepidic growth pattern

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 189: The histology image shows a whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles with well-dermarcated borders, which is characteristic of _____

Answer: leiomyoma (fibroid)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/endometrial-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Green overlay: leiomyoma tissue; transverse section White overlay: leiomyoma tissue; longitudinal section Black arrows: mitotic figure White arrows: blood vessels Uterine leiomyoma Limited assessment possible as only one image is accessible: This image is of a transvaginal ultrasound, whereby the transducer is positioned near the cervix and the sound waves are sent cranially, resulting in a sagittal section of the uterine corpus (D) and cervix (C). The endometrium (A) lies central in the uterus and is termed endometrial stripe in ultrasound. There are three suspected myomas (B) in the myometrium, with both cranially located myomas heterogeneous and hypoechoic and the myoma at the bottom of the image demonstrating calcifications.

Flashcard 190: How much of the epithelium do cells that are severely dysplastic or have become carcinoma in situ involve? _____

Answer: Entire thickness*

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 191: The most common body cavity seeded by a tumor is the _____

Answer: peritoneal cavity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 192: What demographic is associated with osteochondroma? _____

Answer: Males < 25 years old

Flashcard 193: Which ovarian neoplasm is most commonly associated with an increased AFP? _____

Answer: Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

Flashcard 194: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with breast, prostate and endometrial cancer? _____

Answer: PTEN

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 195: _____ is a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

Answer: Rhabdomyosarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 196: In Lymphoma, which is monoclonal, the kappa to lambda light chain ratio _____ or is inverted

Answer: increases to > 6:1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki "Can get as high as 20:1"

Flashcard 197: In LymphoPlasmacytic Lymphoma, bone marrow biopsy displays _____% monoclonal plasma cells in relation to bone marrow cells

Answer: > 10

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 198: Lymphomas are malignancies of _ leukocytes, whereas Leukemias are malignancies of _ leukocytes

Answer: mature

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 199: Vinyl Chloride is a carcinogen associated with what type of cancer? _____

Answer: Angiosarcoma of the Liver

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 200: Borderline tumors have _ prognosis than clearly malignant tumors, but still carry _ potential

Answer: better

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 201: Viruses such as EBV, HHV-8, HBV/HCV, etc are said to be _____ viruses due to them causing cancer

Answer: oncogenic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 202: Tumor cells can evade apoptosis / immune surveillance by downregulating expression of _____ or alternative splicing of the Fas receptor

Answer: MHC class I

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 203: Is myelofibrosis associated with JAK2 mutations? _____

Answer: Yes (30-50%)

Flashcard 204: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by lack of _____ in germinal centers

Answer: tingible body macrophages

Flashcard 205: Biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma usually reveals pleomorphic _____-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes

Answer: keratin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 206: What is the most common salivary gland tumor? _____

Answer: Pleomorphic adenoma

Flashcard 207: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is associated with the serum tumor markers _____ and CEA (less specific)

Answer: CA 19-9

Flashcard 208: Breast Cancer Assessment: The following is an immunohistochemical stain for the _____ receptor, which is located on the cell membrane

Answer: HER-2 (c-erbB2)

Flashcard 209: Seborrheic keratosis is characterized histologically by _____

Answer: keratin pseudocysts (horn cysts)

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 210: Is a Hamartoma neoplastic? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 211: Renal cell carcinoma may invade the renal vein, then IVC, before spreading _____

Answer: hematogenously

Flashcard 212: What is the prognosis of Acral Lentiginous melanomas? _____

Answer: Poor

Flashcard 213: Waldeyer's Ring is lymphoid tissue in the pharynx that is often involved in _____

Answer: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 214: Leydig cell tumor is a sex cord-stromal tumor associated with characteristic _____ (eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion) on histology

Answer: Reinke crystals

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Hedwig (Leydig) is made of rank crystals (reinke crystal)

Flashcard 215: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to Melanoma, Pancreatic Cancer, and Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome? _____

Answer: CDKN2A

Flashcard 216: _____ tumor is a testicular sex cord stromal tumor comprised of tubules, usually clinically silent

Answer: Sertoli cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 217: What microbe can increase the risk of gastric MALT lymphoma? _____

Answer: H pylori

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 218: What histological finding may be associated with mesothelioma? _____

Answer: Psammoma bodies

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 219: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with pancreatic cancer? _____

Answer: DPC4/SMAD4

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 220: Hodgkin lymphomas stem from a mutated _ in the germinal center or shortly after leaving the germinal center resulting in a proliferation of clonal _ cells

Answer: B lymphocyte

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 221: What type of oncogene is CDK4? _____

Answer: Cyclin dependent kinase (cell cycle regulator)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 222: What is the malignant potential of a mature cystic teratoma in females? _____

Answer: Benign

Extra: Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 223: The t(9;22) translocation generates a(n) _-_ fusion protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity

Answer: BCR

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan Audio: [sound:rec1567867621.mp3]

Flashcard 224: Exposure to benzene (plastics, rubber tire industries) is a risk factor for _____

Answer: acute myeloid leukemia

Extra: * Also ionizing radiation and chemotherapy Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 225: _____ infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males

Answer: Schistosoma haematobium

Flashcard 226: An EGFR "driver mutation" is especially common in _ female _ who have adenocarcinomas of the lung

Answer: Asian

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 227: _____ is the malignant proliferation of cells in the ducts of the breast with no invasion of the basement membrane

Answer: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Flashcard 228: Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce the anterior pituitary hormone _ leading to _

Answer: ACTH

Extra: *cushion is in front of the table --> anterior pituitary Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 229: _____ is the malignant proliferation of squamous cells of penile skin

Answer: Penile squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 230: Epstein-Barr Virus is associated with the _____ form of Burkitt’s lymphoma

Answer: endemic (African)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 231: EnChondromas develop in the _____ of the hand and feet bones

Answer: medullary cavity

Flashcard 232: What receptor is expressed by meningiomas? _____

Answer: Progesterone receptors

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/adult-primary-brain-tumors?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 233: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a(n) _____ stain can be used to identify neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas, retinoblastomas

Answer: Neurofilament

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 234: Which two serum markers are often elevated in prostatic adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: PSA and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase)

Extra: * not to be confused with ALP, which is a separate marker due to osteoblastic metastases Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 235: Up to 25% of cases of pheochromocytoma are associated with germline mutations, including _____, VHL, and RET (MEN2A/2B)

Answer: NF-1

Extra: * "2 MEN" sign = MEN 2A & 2B associated with pheochromocytoma Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 236: Rhabdomyoblasts are spindle-shaped cells that sometimes exhibit cytoplasmic _____

Answer: cross-striations

Extra: * rare malignant mesenchymal proliferation of immature skeletal muscle Watch Vulvar & Vaginal Lesions [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-vulvar-and-vaginal-lesions?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Sarcoma botryoides Photomicrograph of a section from a bladder tumor biopsy from a child (H&E stain; approx. 550x magnification) The spindle-shaped cell (yellow overlay) with transverse striations and two nuclei (red overlay) is a skeletal muscle cell. The surrounding hypercellular stroma and the numerous mitotic figures indicate that this tumor is malignant. Sarcoma botryoides is a type of rhabdomyosarcoma that almost exclusively affects the bladder and vagina of infants. The presence of skeletal muscle cells in a pediatric bladder tumor tissue is a common feature of sarcoma botryoides.

Flashcard 237: Which virus is strongly associated with the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted subtype of Hodgkin’s lymphoma? _____

Answer: Epstein-Barr Virus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 238: What type of thyroid carcinoma is illustrated in this histology slide? _____

Answer: Anaplastic carcinoma

Flashcard 239: Chondrosarcomas, Ewing sarcomas, and Osteosarcomas commonly metastasize to which location? _____

Answer: Lungs (hematogenously)

Flashcard 240: What is the most common malignant ovarian sex cord stromal tumor? _____

Answer: Granulosa cell tumor

Flashcard 241: Tumor _____ defines the degree of localization/spread

Answer: staging

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 242: _____ is a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that develops rapidly and regresses spontaneously

Answer: Keratoacanthoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 243: The most common type of metastases to the bone from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer are _____

Answer: lytic

Flashcard 244: Positive TRAP stain for diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia has been largely replaced with _____

Answer: flow cytometry

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 245: Cutaneous _____ is a malignant tumor associated with chronic lymphedema

Answer: angiosarcoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 246: CML is distinguished from a leukemoid reaction (benign neutrophilia) by a(n) negative _____ stain

Answer: leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki Other: helps distinguish CML from leukemoid reaction (high LAP)

Flashcard 247: Paragangliomas are associated with MEN _____

Answer: 2A/2B

Extra: Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 248: Is Warthin tumor typically a benign or malignant salivary gland tumor? _____

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 249: _____ is the most common type of primary lung carcinoma (40%)

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Extra: Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki typically presents as a solitary nodule with or without symptoms (e.g. weight loss, hemoptysis)

Flashcard 250: The _____ is a unique site of distant metastasis from lung cancer

Answer: adrenal gland

Flashcard 251: Which carcinogen is associated with the following types of cancer? _____ Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oropharynx and Upper Esophagus Pancreatic Carcinoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Answer: Ethanol

Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 252: Carcinogens are agents that damage cellular _____ of stem cells

Answer: DNA

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 253: Renal cell carcinoma often originates from the _____ cells of the nephron

Answer: PCT

Flashcard 254: On histology, what is seen in well-differentiated (organized) hepatocellular carcinoma? _____

Answer: Bile-containing pseudocanaliculi

Extra: * Unlabeled histology picture- Malignant hepatocytes growing in distorted versions of normal architecture, including dilated bile canaliculi and thickened hepatocyte trabeculae https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 255: Which of the following types of tumors invade locally and have the potential to metastasize? _____

Answer: Malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 256: Is medulloblastoma typically seen in adults or children? _____

Answer: Children

Extra: Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Medulloblastoma T2-weighted cranial MRI (axial view) of a 7-year-old boy: isodense round lesion with hyperintense sections in the fourth ventricle (green overlay); grossly diminished gyration of the cerebellum (C). (P = poorly demarcated pons region; B = basilar artery, CS = external CSF space) Medulloblastoma T1-weighed cranial MRI of a 6-year-old child presenting with features of increased intracranial pressure (midsagittal section with contrast) There is a large hypointense mass occupying the third (upper yellow overlay) and fourth (lower yellow overlay) ventricles that is causing obstructive hydrocephalus (pink overlay). The pink overlay also highlights the leakage of CSF into the periventricular space (transependymal edema) and into the occipital lobe due to the increased intraventricular pressure. This appearance of a fourth ventricular mass in a child is characteristic of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Cranial MRI (T1-weighted, with contrast) There is a mass in the posterior cranial fossa. It features solid parts (green overlay) and cystic parts (red overlay). Location and appearance are typical of a medulloblastoma. (D: diencephalon; P: pons; C: cerebellum; yellow outline: cerebellar tentorium) Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Densely packed, small, blue anaplastic cells are present throughout the specimen. The cells have pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei. On the right, a vessel (its lumen mostly obstructed by eosinophilic material) can be seen. These are typical histopathological findings of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Numerous small, blue, round cells with scant cytoplasm can be seen throughout the specimen (classic examples: arrows, green overlay). Their nuclei vary in size and structure (nuclear pleomorphism) and many cells feature distinctly hyperchromatic nuclei. The majority of the cells are arranged in concentric clusters around lighter central areas consisting of neuropil (examples: dashed outlines and yellow overlay, magnified area). These clusters are referred to as Homer Wright rosettes. These histopathological features, particularly the Homer Wright rosettes, are characteristic of a medulloblastoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 257: Embryonal carcinoma is a non-seminoma germ cell tumor and therefore has a relatively _____ prognosis

Answer: worse

Extra: ** far more common in testes than ovaries Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 258: _____ is a malignancy of the lung pleura that is highly associated with asbestosis

Answer: Mesothelioma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Left-sided pleural effusion in pleural mesothelioma (1/2) Chest x-ray (PA view) Extensive opacification is visible in the middle and lower lung fields of the left hemithorax with a meniscus-shaped margin. This is a typical finding of pleural effusion.

Flashcard 259: Metastasis of medulloblastomas to the _____ is termed "drop metastasis"

Answer: spinal cord

Extra: * Medulloblastoma in 4th ventricle may send "drop metastasis" (cells "fall down" central canal in CSF) to spinal cord Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Medulloblastoma T2-weighted cranial MRI (axial view) of a 7-year-old boy: isodense round lesion with hyperintense sections in the fourth ventricle (green overlay); grossly diminished gyration of the cerebellum (C). (P = poorly demarcated pons region; B = basilar artery, CS = external CSF space) Medulloblastoma T1-weighed cranial MRI of a 6-year-old child presenting with features of increased intracranial pressure (midsagittal section with contrast) There is a large hypointense mass occupying the third (upper yellow overlay) and fourth (lower yellow overlay) ventricles that is causing obstructive hydrocephalus (pink overlay). The pink overlay also highlights the leakage of CSF into the periventricular space (transependymal edema) and into the occipital lobe due to the increased intraventricular pressure. This appearance of a fourth ventricular mass in a child is characteristic of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Cranial MRI (T1-weighted, with contrast) There is a mass in the posterior cranial fossa. It features solid parts (green overlay) and cystic parts (red overlay). Location and appearance are typical of a medulloblastoma. (D: diencephalon; P: pons; C: cerebellum; yellow outline: cerebellar tentorium) Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Densely packed, small, blue anaplastic cells are present throughout the specimen. The cells have pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei. On the right, a vessel (its lumen mostly obstructed by eosinophilic material) can be seen. These are typical histopathological findings of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Numerous small, blue, round cells with scant cytoplasm can be seen throughout the specimen (classic examples: arrows, green overlay). Their nuclei vary in size and structure (nuclear pleomorphism) and many cells feature distinctly hyperchromatic nuclei. The majority of the cells are arranged in concentric clusters around lighter central areas consisting of neuropil (examples: dashed outlines and yellow overlay, magnified area). These clusters are referred to as Homer Wright rosettes. These histopathological features, particularly the Homer Wright rosettes, are characteristic of a medulloblastoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 260: In addition to 'Orphan Annie eye' nuclei, thyroid papillary carcinoma may have cells with intranuclear _____ and inclusions

Answer: grooves

Extra: * nuclei with central clearing, sometimes described as "ground glass" nuclei Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 261: The t(15;17) translocation seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia results in disruption of the _____ receptor on chromosome 17

Answer: retinoic acid

Extra: Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 262: What is the major risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: UV-B light

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 263: What form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is seen in the image below? _____

Answer: Follicular lymphoma

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 264: The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) sits on chromosome _____

Answer: 14

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 265: Testicular germ cell tumors that are _ (43%) have variable responses to radiotherapy and metastasize _

Answer: non-seminomas

Extra: * e.g. teratomas & yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumors Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 266: Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is often discovered _____; does not produce mass or calcification

Answer: incidentally

Flashcard 267: Which type of stomach carcinoma are nitrosamines related to? _____

Answer: Intestinal type of Stomach Carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 268: What nonkeratinized squamous cell malignancy of the anus arises near the dentate/pectinate line? _____

Answer: Basaloid carcinoma

Extra: Watch Anorectal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-anorectal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 269: An exophytic mass with bleeding and ulcerations is the characteristic gross appearance of _____-type gastric adenocarcinoma

Answer: intestinal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 270: _____ is a malignant germ cell tumor composed of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and multinuclear syncytiotrophoblasts, but with absent villi

Answer: Choriocarcinoma

Extra: Watch Hydatidiform Mole & Choriocarcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-hydatidiform-mole-and-choriocarcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-hydatidiform-mole-and-choriocarcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 271: Striated muscle can give rise to a(n) _____ (benign) and rhabdomyosarcoma (malignant)

Answer: rhabdomyoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 272: Schwannoma is a(n) _____ tumor of Schwann cells

Answer: benign

Extra: * may also form in CNS Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/adult-primary-brain-tumors?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 273: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is most commonly a result of proliferation of _____

Answer: mature B lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 274: Mixed cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma is more common in _____ and is the second most common type overall

Answer: developing countries

Flashcard 275: Patients with neuroblastomas can have orbital metastases resulting in proptosis and / or _____

Answer: periorbital ecchymosis

Extra: * Proptosis - abnormal protrusion or displacement of an eye Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 276: Papillary carcinoma of the breast typically presents as a(n) _ nipple discharge in a(n) _-menopausal woman

Answer: bloody

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 277: The intermediate filament Desmin is found in _____ cells

Answer: muscle

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/cell-biology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 278: Hodgkin's lymphoma _____ type has the most Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer: mixed cellularity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 279: The cells of neuroendocrine tumors contain _____ (APUD)

Answer: amine precursor uptake decarboxylase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 280: Oligodendroglioma is a(n) _____ tumor of oligodendrocytes

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 281: Upregulation of _____ prevents chromosomal shortening and cell death in tumors

Answer: telomerase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 282: Hepatic adenomas are rare, benign tumors associated with _ and _ use; regress upon cessation of drug

Answer: OCP

Flashcard 283: Transitional (urothelial) cell carcinoma is a urinary tract cancer associated with _____ dyes

Answer: aniline (azo)

Flashcard 284: Which Herpesvirus is associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma? _____

Answer: EBV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 285: What viral manifestation is seen below? _____

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)

Flashcard 286: Patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis have an increased risk for _____; presents as an enlarging thyroid late in disease course

Answer: B-cell (marginal zone) lymphoma

Extra: * due to chronic inflammation with germinal centers Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 287: Endometrial hyperplasia is classified histologically based on _ (simple or complex) and the presence or absence of _

Answer: architectural growth pattern

Flashcard 288: One precursor lesion of _____ is Erythroplasia of Queyrat, which is the in situ carcinoma of the glans of the penis that presents as erythroplakia

Answer: penile SCC

Flashcard 289: What mutation is thyroid follicular carcinoma associated with? _____

Answer: RAS

Flashcard 290: Patients with hairy cell leukemia typically present with massive _____ due to expansion of the red pulp

Answer: splenomegaly

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 291: Schwannomas most frequently involve CN _____, but can involve any cranial or spinal nerve

Answer: VIII

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/adult-primary-brain-tumors?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 292: How does hepatocellular carcinoma spread? _____

Answer: Hematogenously

Extra: * Liver juice on lungs and right side of heart = HCC metastasizes to lungs & heart hematogenously Watch Liver Tumors & Hepatocellular Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-liver-tumors-and-hepatocellular-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 293: Warthin tumor is a cystic salivary gland tumor with abundant lymphocytes and _____

Answer: germinal centers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 294: Lynch syndrome progresses to _____ cancer in ~ 80% of patients

Answer: colorectal

Flashcard 295: Osteosarcoma is a malignant proliferation of _____

Answer: osteoblasts

Flashcard 296: Paragangliomas are tumors of _____

Answer: glomus cells

Extra: - These are analogous to chromaffin cells, except for the parasympathetic nervous system - these are not tumors of glomus bodies (aka glomus tumor found under the finger nails) Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 297: Categories of proto-oncogenes include: 1) _____ 2) Growth factor receptors 3) Signal transducers 4) Nuclear regulators 5) Cell cycle regulators

Answer: Growth factors

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 298: HPV has a predilection for what type of epithelium? _____

Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium

Extra: Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cervical Neoplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 299: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is caused by the _____ virus

Answer: HTLV-1

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 300: _____ is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to p53

Answer: E6

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 301: One hallmark of cancer is the ability to be _____ signal self-sufficient

Answer: growth

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 302: What is the only factor used to make an absolute diagnosis of benign or malignant? _____

Answer: Metastatic potential

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 303: Which of the following types of tumors remain localized and do not metastasize? _____

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 304: A higher score using the Gleason grading system (for prostatic adenocarcinoma) is associated with a(n) _____ prognosis

Answer: worse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 305: Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of mono-clonal _____ cells in the bone marrow

Answer: plasma

Extra: * M protein represents gamma globulins, most commonly IgG (55%) or IgA (25%) in multiple myeloma Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 306: _____ are pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that are associated with psammoma bodies

Answer: Somatostatinomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 307: _____% of ovarian endometrioid tumors are associated with an independent endometrial carcinoma

Answer: 15

Flashcard 308: _____ is used to characterize tumors that are difficult to classify on histology

Answer: Immunohistochemistry

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 309: The initial growth phase of melanoma is characterized by _____ growth horizontally along the epidermis and superficial dermis

Answer: radial

Flashcard 310: Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma has the best prognosis? _____

Answer: Lymphocyte-rich

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 311: Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) is rarely secondary to _____

Answer: Hodgkin lymphoma

Extra: Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Imagine a MINI size harry potter

Flashcard 312: Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the bladder that usually arises from a(n) _____ remnant

Answer: urachal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 313: Which cartilage tumor arises in the medulla of the small bones in the hands and feet? _____

Answer: Chondroma (benign)

Flashcard 314: Histologically, anaplastic tumors typically have the presence of _____ tumor cells

Answer: giant, multinucleated

Flashcard 315: Blood smear of essential _____ shows markedly increased number of platelets, which may be large or abnormally formed

Answer: thrombocythemia

Flashcard 316: What tumor suppressor gene does the E6 protein from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) bind to and inhibit? _____

Answer: p53

Flashcard 317: What is the prognosis of the medullary carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Good

Extra: * Happy farmer's market crowd in MID-JULY "MEDULLARY" Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 318: Patients with a sporadic Rb mutation will typically develop a(n) unilateral _____

Answer: Retinoblastoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 319: Do malignant tumors have metastatic potential? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 320: One precursor lesion of _____ is Bowenoid papulosis, which is an in situ carcinoma of the penis that presents as reddish papules

Answer: penile SCC

Flashcard 321: Osteoblastoma typically arises in _____

Answer: vertebrae

Flashcard 322: Which is more common, primary liver tumors or metastasis to the liver? _____

Answer: Metastasis

Flashcard 323: What infectious etiology other than high risk HPV increases the risk for penile squamous cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: HIV

Extra: Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 324: What complication of Epstein-Barr Virus can present with a large jaw lesion and swelling? _____

Answer: Endemic (African) Burkitt lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 325: Is this histology of this Cervical Epithelium normal, mildly dysplastic, moderately dysplastic, or severe dysplasia / carcinoma in situ? _____

Answer: Normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/female-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 326: Betel nuts are a risk factor for _____ due to irritant effect

Answer: esophageal squamous cell carincoma

Flashcard 327: Colloid cysts are a pathologically benign tumor usually found in the _____

Answer: 3rd ventricle

Flashcard 328: Which form of radiation is associated with the following types of cancer? _____ AML CML Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma

Answer: Ionizing Radiation

Extra: Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 329: Pituitary _____ is a benign tumor of the anterior pituitary cells

Answer: adenoma

Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=24] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 330: The Bcl-2 proto-oncogene becomes constitutively activated in _____ Lymphoma and diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma

Answer: Follicular

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 331: Which skin cancer presents as an ulcerative red lesion with frequent scale? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 332: In terms of bone tumors, are bone metastases or 1* bone tumors more common? _____

Answer: Metastases, significantly

Flashcard 333: What infection is associated with cancer of the tonsil, base of the tongue and oropharynx? _____

Answer: HPV

Flashcard 334: The most common variant of renal cell carcinoma exhibits _____ cytoplasm

Answer: clear cell

Extra: * due to high glycogen and lipid content in cytoplasm Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 335: Which type of esophageal cancer is associated with obesity, GERD and Barrett's esophagus? _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: may present with chest pain, weight loss, and dysphagia

Flashcard 336: _____ colonic polyps are due to a neoplastic proliferation of glands

Answer: Adenomatous

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 337: What type of cancer does vaginal adenosis increase risk for? _____

Answer: Clear cell adenocarcinoma

Extra: * also may have m√ºllerian abnormalities in females and increased risk of breast cancer in the mother Watch Vulvar & Vaginal Lesions [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-vulvar-and-vaginal-lesions?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 338: CML may transform to acute _____ leukemia (2/3rd of cases)

Answer: myeloid

Extra: * CML may transform to acute lymphoid leukemia (1/3rd of cases) Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 339: Which testicular neoplasm is characterized histologically by Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruloid-like structures)? _____

Answer: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

Extra: Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 340: Myelofibrosis causes increased risk of infection, thrombosis, and bleeding due to _____

Answer: pancytopenia

Flashcard 341: An intraductal papilloma is a proliferation of papillary cells that develop in _____ or cyst wall with a(n) fibrovascular core

Answer: ducts

Flashcard 342: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of small B cells (CD20+) that expands into the marginal zone

Answer: Marginal zone

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 343: Loss of copies of a tumor suppressor gene (knudson two-hit hypothesis) arise from _ (inherited) or _ (sporadic) mutations

Answer: germline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 344: Do the megakaryoblasts seen in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia typically contain myeloperoxidase (MPO)? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 345: What area of the body does the acral lentiginous subtype of melanoma typically arise? _____

Answer: Palms or soles

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 346: One subtype of AML is acute _____ leukemia, which presents with proliferation of monoblasts

Answer: monocytic

Flashcard 347: Does the vertical phase of melanoma growth have a high risk of metastasis? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 348: _____ is the microscopic assessment of differentiation in a cancer

Answer: Grading

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 349: Is neoplasia reversible? _____

Answer: No (irreversible)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 350: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with melanoma and pancreatic cancer? _____

Answer: CDKN2A

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 351: AML is a neoplastic accumulation of _____ (>20%) in the bone marrow

Answer: myeloblasts

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 352: Histologically, actinic keratosis displays hyperplastic keratinocytes with cytologic _ in the stratum _ layer

Answer: atypia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 353: What are the associated tumors (2) that result from gain of function of the Bcl-2 oncogene? _____

Answer: follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 354: What pediatric CNS tumor is composed of cells with long "hairlike" processes? _____

Answer: Pilocytic Astrocytomas

Flashcard 355: Neoplasia is new tissue growth which has three characteristics that distinguish it from hyperplasia and repair: 1 - It is _____ 2 - It is irreversible 3 - Generally speaking, it is monoclonal*

Answer: unregulated

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 356: In acute monocytic leukemia, blasts characteristically infiltrate the _____

Answer: gums

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 357: Which ovarian tumor is associated with cuboidal cells in a rosette pattern with an eosinophilic center or "coffee bean" nuclei? _____

Answer: Granulosa-theca tumors

Extra: * Notice the grooves between nuclei, thus giving it a characteristic "coffee bean" appearance Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 358: Where do mantle cell lymphomas occur? _____

Answer: Mantle zone of the lymph node

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 359: _____ is a squamous cell carcinoma usually arising from the epithelial lining of the vocal cord

Answer: Laryngeal carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 360: In regards to cervical epithelium, if the tissue sample on the left is normal, is the tissue sample on the right: mildly dysplastic, moderately dysplastic, or severely dysplastic / carcinoma in situ? _____ VS

Answer: Mildly Dysplastic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/female-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 361: _____ is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially platelets

Answer: Essential thrombocythemia (ET)

Flashcard 362: Acute lymphoblastic lymphoma is defined as a neoplastic proliferation of blasts ___ _% in the bone marrow ___ lymphoid mass

Answer: <

Extra: * common manifestation of T-cell ALL; whereas Acute lymphoblastic leukemia has > 25% blasts Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 363: Tumor _____ is the degree of localization / spread based on site and size of 1* lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, and presence of metastases

Answer: stage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 364: DCC gene is a tumor suppressor gene, and thus inactivating mutations are associated with _____ cancer

Answer: colon

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 365: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the ABL oncogene? _____

Answer: t(9;22) with BCR

Extra: * Philadelphia chromosome; rarely associated with ALL https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 366: Lung cancer often presents on CXR with a "_____-lesion" or on CT with a non-calcified nodule

Answer: coin

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 367: CML is distinguished from a leukemoid reaction (benign neutrophilia) by presence of increased _____

Answer: basophils

Extra: Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki presence of basophilia and less mature neutrophil precursors (myelocytes > metamyelocytes) favors diagnosis of CML > leukemoid reaction; think of metamyelocyte = more words = more mature Other:

Flashcard 368: The intermediate filament Vimentin is found in _____ tissue

Answer: mesenchymal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/cell-biology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 369: What is the most common malignancy in the small intestine? _____

Answer: Carcinoid tumor (neuroendocrine cells)

Flashcard 370: Which cutaneous manifestation, Kaposi sarcoma or Bacillary angiomatosis, is associated with lymphocytic infiltrate? _____

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 371: What is the associated tumor that results from translocation 8;14 of the c-MYC oncogene? _____

Answer: Burkitt lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 372: Prostatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by small glands that infiltrate normal tissue and nuclei that contain _____

Answer: dark nucleoli

Extra: Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 373: _____ implies the cancer is of mesenchymal origin

Answer: Sarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 374: The major risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma is _____

Answer: cigarette smoke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 375: Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to increased _____ transcription factor, which increases VEGF and PDGF

Answer: HIF

Flashcard 376: Agents that damage DNA are known as _____

Answer: carcinogens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 377: One benign cause of a 'coin-lesion' on CXR is _____, which is benign tumor of lung tissue and cartilage

Answer: bronchial hamartoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 378: EBV is associated with _____, the endemic/african form

Answer: Burkitt lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 379: Which precursor lesion to penile SCC is more commonly seen in younger patients (40s)? _____

Answer: Bowenoid papulosis

Extra: * however, bowenoid papulosis rarelly progresses to to SCC Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Linked to HPV, younger patients more likely to have unprotected sex and get HPV

Flashcard 380: A translocation of _____ from chromosome 8 to 14 results in overexpression and ultimately Burkitt lymphoma

Answer: c-MYC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 381: T-ALL is characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express markers ranging from CD-_ to CD-_

Answer: 2

Flashcard 382: HHV-8 induces _____, resulting in proliferation of vascular endothelial cells

Answer: VEGF

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 383: 2-Naphthylamine is a carcinogenic aromatic amine found in cigarette smoke associated with _____

Answer: Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Flashcard 384: Hydatidiform mole is an abnormal conception characterized by swollen and edematous chorionic _ with proliferation of _

Answer: villi

Flashcard 385: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by _____-clonality

Answer: mono

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 386: A germline P53 mutation predisposes you to what tumor syndrome? _____

Answer: Li-Fraumeni (SBLA) Syndrome

Flashcard 387: Well-differentiated cancers have a better _____ than poorly-differentiated cancers

Answer: prognosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 388: What type of oncogene is ALK? _____

Answer: Receptor tyrosine kinase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 389: The t(9;22) translocation (BCR-ABL) is also known as the _____ chromosome

Answer: Philadelphia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 390: Brain metastases are commonly seen as multiple _____ tumors at grey-white matter junction

Answer: well-circumscribed

Flashcard 391: _ and _ co-infection may cause primary effusion lymphoma, which presents in pleural, peritoneal or pericardial spaces

Answer: Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8)

Extra: * A form of Non-hodgkin lymphoma Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 392: Tumor staging is based on _ or _ findings

Answer: clinical

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 393: Do women's cells undergoing Neoplasia maintain a 1:1 ratio of G6PD isoforms? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 394: A(n) dysgerminoma is an ovarian germ cell tumor composed of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei; described as "_____" cells

Answer: fried egg

Extra: * Seminoma is the male counterpart that also has "fried egg" appearance on histology Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 395: _____ is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially red blood cells

Answer: Polycythemia vera

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki step 2: Other:

Flashcard 396: Adenocarcinoma of the bladder may arise from _____, which is a(n) columnar metaplasia in response to chronic inflammation

Answer: cystitis glandularis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 397: Which Herpesvirus is associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma? _____

Answer: EBV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 398: Carcinomas can also directly seed _____ structures

Answer: peritoneal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 399: Pheochromocytoma is the most common tumor of the _____ in adults

Answer: adrenal medulla

Extra: * composed of neoplastic chromaffin cells Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 400: Does HBV increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 401: What is the gross appearance of Ewing sarcoma? _____

Answer: Tan-white with spots of necrosis and hemorrhage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 402: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the c-MYC oncogene? _____

Answer: t(8;14) involving IgH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 403: _____ are soft friable brain tumors with areas of necrosis that may contain MYC amplifications

Answer: Medulloblastomas

Flashcard 404: _____ tumors usually display organized growth

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 405: Meningiomas are characterized histologically by presence of _____ bodies

Answer: psammoma

Flashcard 406: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast is _____ carcinoma, which is characterized by malignant cells floating in 'pools of mucus'

Answer: mucinous

Flashcard 407: Which liver mass is characterized by sheets of large hepatocytes full of glycogen on histology? _____

Answer: Hepatic adenomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 408: How do levels of plasma renin change in a renin-secreting tumor? _____

Answer: Increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 409: Which type of polyp has greater malignant potential, sessile or pedunculated? _____

Answer: Sessile

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 410: _____ tumor may present with coughing and hemoptysis due to projection into large bronchi

Answer: Bronchial carcinoid

Flashcard 411: What is seen on histology of Intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Glandular structures filled with mucin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 412: Advanced invasive ductal carcinoma tumors may result in dimpling of skin or _____ of the nipple

Answer: retraction

Extra: * due to tumor infiltration of suspensory [Cooper's] ligaments -> ligament fibrosis and shortnening -> pulls skin/nipple inward Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 413: Follicular lymphoma typically presents in _____

Answer: late adulthood

Extra: * Adult standing next to fire place with "falling" sash Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 414: Parathyroid adenomas display well-encapsulated _ of _ chief cells

Answer: sheets

Extra: * H&E of a parathyroid adenoma showing sheets of chief cells without any adipose tissue https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 415: _____ tumors are slow-growing

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 416: Metastatic bone tumors usually result in _____ lesions

Answer: osteolytic (punched-out)

Flashcard 417: In cells, expression of RNA polymerase I is restricted to the _____

Answer: nucleolus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 418: What bone tumor is characterized by a "sunburst" pattern and Codman triangle on X-ray? _____

Answer: Osteosarcoma

Flashcard 419: Do hamartomatous colonic polyps have significant risk of malignant transformation? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 420: What is the cause of Verruca (Warts)? _ infection of _

Answer: HPV 1-4

Flashcard 421: Risk factors for _____ carcinoma include aflatoxins derived from Aspergillus

Answer: hepatocellular

Flashcard 422: Hand-Schüller-Christian disease is often seen in _____

Answer: children > 3 years old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 423: Mammographic calcifications can be associated with benign conditions such as _ (fibrocystic change) and _

Answer: sclerosing adenosis

Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 424: The African form of Burkitt lymphoma typically involves the _____

Answer: jaw

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 425: Is large cell carcinoma related to smoking? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 426: Chronic myeloid leukemia is commonly caused by translocation of BCR-ABL from chromosome _ to chromosome _

Answer: 9

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 427: Erythroplakia is highly suggestive of squamous cell _____

Answer: dysplasia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 428: In LymphoPlasmacytic Lyphoma, neoplastic cells in the bone marrow are a combination plasma cells and _____ cells

Answer: *lymphoid

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 429: Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma via the flat pathway is associated with early _____ mutations

Answer: p53

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 430: Osteoid osteoma typically arises in the _____ of the diaphysis of long bones (e.g. femur)

Answer: cortex

Flashcard 431: What is the extent of epithelial involvement by immature dysplastic cells in CIN I? _____

Answer: Less than 1/3

Extra: Watch Cervical Neoplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-cervical-neoplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 432: Chronic myeloid leukemia is defined by the t(_;_) translocation

Answer: 9

Flashcard 433: Endodermal sinus tumors are characterized by what histological finding (50%)? _____

Answer: Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruloid-like structures)

Extra: * also called Yok Sac tumors https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 434: Diagnosis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is confirmed via bone marrow biopsy showing _____

Answer: > 10% clonal B cells

Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 435: Tumors that are _____ grade are well differentiated

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 436: _ differentiated tumors are often more aggressive, whereas _ differentiated tumors are often less aggressive

Answer: Poorly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 437: What neurotransmitter is often secreted by carcinoid tumors? _____

Answer: Serotonin

Extra: Refer to endocrine section: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 438: Gain of functions in the BRAF oncogene result in melanoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma and _____ leukemia

Answer: hairy cell

Extra: Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Malignant Melanoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Papillary thyroid carcinoma Micrograph image of thyroid tissue (H&E stain, 400x magnification) Green overlay: psammoma bodies White overlay: connective tissue core of papillae Black outline: epithelial cancer cells covering the papillae

Flashcard 439: The CCND1 proto-oncogene encodes for the cell cycle regulator _____, which stimulates cell cycle progression

Answer: Cyclin D1

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 440: Basal cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by nodules of basal cells with peripheral _____

Answer: palisading

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 441: Hodgkin's lymphoma consists of malignant "_____" cells surrounded by inflammatory cells

Answer: Reed-Sternberg

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 442: What is the most common cause of testicular cancer in older men (>60)? _____

Answer: Lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 443: Metastasis to the lung is most often from _____, colon, prostate, and bladder cancer

Answer: breast

Flashcard 444: What pathology is associated with increased telomerase activity? _____

Answer: Cancer

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 445: Translocations of the Abl proto-oncogene with the Breakpoint Cluster Region (BCR) on chromosome _____ are associated with: - Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia - adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Answer: 22

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 446: When examining a tumor, differentiation refers to the degree to which a tumor resembles its _____

Answer: tissue of origin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 447: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?: _____ Adult T-cell Leukemia / Lymphoma

Answer: HTLV-1

Extra: * human T-cell leukemia virus 1 Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 448: What is the associated tumor that results from overexpression of the PDGFB oncogene? _____

Answer: Astrocytoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 449: Lynch syndrome is associated with increased risk for _____, endometrial, ovarian, and skin cancers

Answer: colorectal

Extra: * minor risk for small bowel, hepatobiliary, & skin cancers Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 450: Pinealoma may cause _____ due to compression of the cerebral aqueduct

Answer: obstructive hydrocephalus

Extra: Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 451: What types of HPV encode for the proteins E6 and E7? _____

Answer: High Risk (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33)

Extra: Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cervical Neoplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 452: Which Langerhans cell histiocytosis presents as skin rash and cystic skeletal defects? _____

Answer: Letterer-Siwe disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 453: Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma are of _____-cell origin

Answer: B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 454: Melanoma is often driven by activating mutations in _____ kinase

Answer: BRAF

Flashcard 455: Laryngeal papillomas may have _____ change on biopsy

Answer: koilocytic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 456: What demographic is classically associated with the nodular sclerosis subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma? _____

Answer: Young adult females

Flashcard 457: What is the prognosis of the inflammatory carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Poor (50% survival at 5 years)

Flashcard 458: Myeloblasts may have crystal aggregates of MPO, which are seen on blood smear as _____

Answer: Auer rods

Flashcard 459: Endemic Burkitt lymphoma is associated with _____ infection

Answer: EBV

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 460: Basal cell carcinoma is associated with inactivating mutations in the _____ gene, which activates the Sonic Hedgehog pathway

Answer: Patched-1 (PTCH1)

Extra: * activation of sonic hedgehog regulatory pathway -> unchecked cell proliferation and development of BCC * PTCH1 = tumor suppressor gene Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 461: Which carcinoma has a tendency to seed body cavities (e.g. the peritoneum)? _____

Answer: Ovarian carcinoma

Extra: * thus, may present with ascites and bowel obstruction due to peritoneal/bowel seeding Watch Ovarian Cysts & Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-cysts-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 462: What is the most common route of metastasis for a thyroid follicular carcinoma? _____

Answer: Hematogenous

Flashcard 463: Follicular lymphoma may progress to _____ lymphoma, which presents as an enlarging lymph node

Answer: diffuse, large B-cell

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 464: Tumor staging utilizes the TNM system: T: _____ N: Spread to regional lymph nodes M: Metastasis

Answer: Tumor size and/or depth of invasion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 465: Histopathology of mesothelioma will show tumor cells with numerous, long slender _____ and abundant tonofilaments

Answer: microvilli

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 466: What is the most common benign soft tissue tumor in adults? _____

Answer: Lipoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 467: What is the most common cancer? _____

Answer: Skin cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 468: Which precursor lesion to penile SCC does not progress to invasive carcinoma? _____

Answer: Bowenoid papulosis

Extra: * Its a present, presents aren't cancer because thats mean; bowenoid papulosis=low risk of progression to SCC Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 469: A follicular lymphoma due to Bcl-2 overexpression results from a(n) _____ mutation

Answer: t(14;18)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 470: Inappropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ RBC mass

Answer: increased

Extra: * increased production of RBCs -> increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC count, and RBC mass Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 471: The pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphoma involves _____ infection

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 472: Loss of p53 is seen in >_____% of cancers

Answer: 50

Extra: Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 473: Essential thrombocythemia is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with an increased number of _____ in the bone marrow

Answer: megakaryocytes

Extra: * Platelets also seen on peripheral blood smear Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 474: The PDGFB proto-oncogene encodes for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, which upon binding to its receptor stimulates growth This is a(n) _ found commonly in _

Answer: growth factor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 475: What is the most common germ cell tumor in children (esp. male infants)? _____

Answer: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

Flashcard 476: The tumor suppressors encoded by the CDKN2A gene enforce the G1-->S restriction point by: (1) - inhibiting CDK_/_ (2) - relieving inhibition of P53

Answer: 4

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 477: Kaposi sarcoma presents with violaceous lesions on the lower extremities, face (especially the _), and _ mucosa

Answer: nose

Flashcard 478: What are the two single most important gene mutations associated with hereditary breast cancer? _____

Answer: BRCA1 and BRCA2

Flashcard 479: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with neurofibromatosis type 1? _____

Answer: NF1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 480: Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____ in children

Answer: Neuroblastoma

Extra: - Opsoclonus = rapid, unpredictable, involuntary multivectorial conjugate fast eye movements; these do NOT have intersaccadic eye intervals Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 481: Tumor _____ is the degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology

Answer: grade

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 482: Ewing sarcoma is a malignant proliferation of poorly-differentiated cells derived from _____

Answer: neuroectoderm

Extra: * Tx- chemotherapy followed by surgical excision with or without radiation Watch Malignant Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-malignant-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/bone-tumors/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 483: Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder arises in a background of _____ metaplasia

Answer: squamous

Flashcard 484: What vascular tumor is a benign capillary hemangioma seen in infants? _____

Answer: Strawberry hemangioma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 485: _____ can transform into acute myelogenous leukemia

Answer: Polycythemia vera

Extra: * results in proliferation of myeloblasts Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 486: What demographic is associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder? _____

Answer: Older adults

Extra: * Notice our guy in the window is an older adult Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 487: What is the most common subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma (70%)? _____

Answer: Nodular sclerosis

Extra: * Mixed-cellularity is 2nd most common type Watch Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 488: _____ tumors are poorly circumscribed

Answer: Malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 489: The aggregates of neoplastic cells in the epidermis seen with mycosis fungoides are called _____

Answer: Pautrier microabscesses

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 490: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the HER2/neu (c-erbB2) oncogene? _____

Answer: Amplification

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 491: Chondrosarcomas usually occur in _____

Answer: adults > 20 (most commonly >50 years)

Flashcard 492: Which thyroid malignancy may arise sporadically or from progression of papillary or follicular carcinoma? _____

Answer: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Extra: *May arise from papillary or follicular carcinoma via p53 gene mutations Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 493: Females with BRCA1 mutations have increased risk for which types of cancer? _____

Answer: Breast, ovarian, and fallopian tube

Extra: - These are involved in mediating dsDNA repair; BRCA 1 & 2 MCC familial pancreatic adenocarcinoma Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/ovarian-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 494: A mesenchymal tumor is a(n) _____

Answer: sarcoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/embryonic-period-weeks-3-8?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 495: In the treatment of Giant Cell Tumor Of Bone, Denosumab works by binding _____ expressed on multinucleated Giant Cells

Answer: RANKL

Extra: Watch Bisphosphonates, raloxifene, denosumab, calcitonin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-bisphosphonates-raloxifene-denosumab-calcitonin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Antineoplastics: Cancer Immunotherapy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-bisphosphonates-raloxifene-denosumab-calcitonin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 496: Is polycythemia vera associated with JAK2 mutations? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: * V617F is the most common mutation Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 497: The MYCC _____ encodes for the nuclear regulator c-myc, which stimulates cell cycle progression

Answer: proto-oncogene

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 498: Cervical carcinoma is an invasive carcinoma that arises from the cervical epithelium and invades through the _____

Answer: basement membrane

Flashcard 499: Giant cell tumor is a locally aggressive _____ tumor

Answer: benign

Flashcard 500: What is the prognosis of medulloblastoma? _____

Answer: Poor

Flashcard 501: In regards to lung neoplasias; adenocarcinoma in situ is _____ located

Answer: peripherally

Extra: courtyard = peripheral; prison cells are central Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 502: _____ tumors have features in between benign and malignant

Answer: Borderline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 503: Renal cell carcinoma commonly invades into the _____ (blood vessel)

Answer: renal vein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 504: Which tumor suppressor genes are associated with breast, ovarian, fallopian and pancreatic cancer? _____

Answer: BRCA1/BRCA2

Extra: - These are involved in mediating dsDNA repair; BRCA 1 & 2 MCC familial pancreatic adenocarcinoma https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 505: Which cancer is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection? _____

Answer: Cholangiocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 506: Multiple myeloma presents with _____ bone lesions and hypercalcemia

Answer: lytic (punched-out)

Extra: Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 507: In regards to cervical epithelium, if the tissue sample on the left is normal, is the tissue sample on the right: mildly dysplastic, moderately dysplastic, or severely dysplastic / carcinoma in situ? _____ VS

Answer: Severely Dysplastic / Carcinoma in Situ

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/female-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 508: Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with _____ infection

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 509: _____ is a serological antigen from EBV that contributes to Hodgkin's or Burkitt's Lymphoma

Answer: Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 510: The microsatellite instability pathway of colorectal cancer is characterized by mutations or methylation of _____ genes

Answer: mismatch repair

Extra: * (Lynch Syndrome) Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Colorectal carcinogenesis pathways Top: Chromosomal instability pathway (adenoma-carcinoma sequence) - Loss of the tumor suppressor gene, APC, results in hyperproliferative epithelium due to a loss of cellular adhesion and increased cellular proliferation. A mutation in KRAS results in unregulated cellular signaling and cellular proliferation, leading to the formation of an adenoma. Loss of the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and DCC results in the malignant transformation of an adenoma to carcinoma. The chromosomal instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in FAP (loss of APC) as well as in most cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Bottom: Microsatellite instability pathway - Acquired or inherited mutations in the mismatch repair genes (esp. MLH1 and MSH2) result in abnormal proliferation and the formation of adenoma and carcinoma. The microsatellite instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) and a few cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 511: What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor? _____

Answer: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 512: The following image represents the _____ carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast): hint: the circled area is lymphatics

Answer: inflammatory

Flashcard 513: What is the cancer risk associated with HPV18? _____

Answer: High

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 514: Which subtype of melanoma presents with darkly pigmented nodules? _____

Answer: Nodular melanoma

Flashcard 515: _____ neoplastic tumors remain localized and do not metastasize

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 516: _____ is a proliferation of clonal mature B lymphocytes with some that differentiate into monoclonal plasma cells

Answer: LymphoPlasmacytic Lymphoma (LPL)

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 517: Presence or absence of which three receptors or genes are most important in predicting response to treatment of breast cancer? _____

Answer: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Her2/neu amplification

Flashcard 518: _____ nevi are raised papules, most commonly seen in adults

Answer: Intradermal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 519: What cell type is characteristic of a liposarcoma? _____

Answer: Lipoblast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 520: What type of gene is the APC gene? _____

Answer: Tumor suppressor gene

Flashcard 521: Thymoma is a benign neoplasm of thymus associated with _____, SVC syndrome, pure red cell aplasia and Good syndrome

Answer: myasthenia gravis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neuromuscular-junction-nmj?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Thymoma in myasthenia gravis Chest CT (axial section; IV contrast) A large, hypointense anterior mediastinal mass (B), which is likely a thymoma, is visible adjacent to the pulmonary artery (C). A: ascending aorta; D: left main bronchus; E: descending aorta Space-occupying lesion in the anterior mediastinum, suspected thymoma Chest CT scan in soft tissue window at the aortopulmonary window level after IV contrast medium administration: A heterogeneous tumor, demonstrating ring-shaped contrast enhancement (red border), can be seen in the anterior mediastinum directly ventral of the ascending aorta (AA). The central region of the tumor shows marked hypodensity (green striped area), which most likely indicates central necrosis with a differential diagnosis of cystic regions. The lesion is primarily sharply demarcated and there is no infiltration into neighboring organs. The tumor is, however, not well-defined on the left side (arrow tipes). These findings most likely indicate a thymoma. The undiluted remnants of contrast medium can be seen in the superior vena cava (SVC). (DA = descending aorta, RPA = right pulmonary artery, PT = pulmonary trunk) Atlas:

Flashcard 522: Renal _____ is a benign epithelial cell tumor arising from the collecting ducts

Answer: oncocytoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 523: What is the most common benign tumor of bone? _____

Answer: Osteochondroma

Flashcard 524: Seborrheic keratoses are _____ squamous neoplasms, typically seen on the head, trunk, and extremities in the elderly

Answer: benign

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 525: A mantle cell lymphoma is a lymphoma of _____-cells

Answer: B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 526: Is chronic myeloid leukemia associated with JAK2 mutations? _____

Answer: No (associated with Philadelphia chromosome)

Extra: Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 527: Tumors are classified as either _ or _

Answer: benign

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 528: Hodgkins Lymphoma can be classified as Classical or more rarely, _____

Answer: Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant

Flashcard 529: What is the key risk factor for carcinoma of urothelium (epithelium of bladder, kidney)? _____

Answer: Cigarette smoke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 530: _____ radiation is associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer: Ionizing

Extra: * children https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 531: Which skin cancer typically presents as an elevated nodule with telangiectasias, rolled borders, central crusting, and/or ulcerations? _____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma (nodular type)

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 532: Detection of a RET oncogene mutation warrants prophylactic _____

Answer: thyroidectomy

Flashcard 533: Which type of UV light increases risk of skin cancer? _____

Answer: Both UVA and UVB :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 534: _____ is a benign papillary tumor of the vocal cord

Answer: Laryngeal papilloma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 535: Transformation of CLL into diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma presents clinically as a(n) _____ lymph node or spleen

Answer: enlarging

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 536: Polycythemia vera is a form of _____ polycythemia

Answer: primary

Extra: Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 537: Ependymomas are CNS tumors characterized histologically by _____

Answer: perivascular pseudorosettes

Extra: * rod-shaped blepharoblasts (basal ciliary bodies) also found near nucleus Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Ependymal pseudorosette Photomicrograph of brain tissue (H&E stain) Tumor cells (cylindrical epithelium) are arranged in a radial manner around several vessels. This pattern is called a perivascular pseudorosette. Perivascular pseudorosettes are a hallmark of ependymoma. Ependymoma Photomicrograph of ependymal tissue (H&E stain) There is an abnormally high number of cells with round nuclei and abundant cytoplasms. Some cells are arranged in a spoke-and-wheel pattern, surrounding an empty central lumen. Such patterns are called ependymal rosettes (example indicated by green overlay). Other cells are arranged concentrically around vessels, producing a similar appearance (perivascular pseudorosettes; example indicated yellow overlay). Ependymoma Cranial MRI (FLAIR-sequence, sagittal view) A hyperintense, heterogeneous, extended mass is visible on the roof of the 4th ventricle (white outline). At the superior aspect of the tumor, multiple cysts are present (white arrows). As a result of an obstructed circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, the 3rd ventricle appears widened. This is a typical radiologic presentation and location of ependymoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 538: CML may transform to acute _____ leukemia (1/3rd of transformations)

Answer: lymphoid

Flashcard 539: The blasts seen in acute leukemia are large, immature cells, often with "punched out" _____

Answer: nucleoli

Flashcard 540: The following image represents the _____ carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma:

Answer: mucinous

Flashcard 541: In Burkitt lymphoma, the _____ B cells are due to a product of gene translocation

Answer: aggressive

Extra: * translocation between chromosome 8 & 14 https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 542: Ovarian _____ is a malignant tumor composed of complex cysts with a shaggy lining of epithelium and invasion into the connective tissue

Answer: cystadenocarcinoma

Flashcard 543: _____ is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially megakaryocytes

Answer: Myelofibrosis

Flashcard 544: Which carcinogen is associated with the following types of cancer? _____ Transitional Cell Carcinoma (Bladder) Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Squamous Cell Carcinoma / Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus Renal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Small Cell Lung Cancer Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Answer: Cigarette Smoke

Flashcard 545: Medulloblastoma is a form of primitive _____ tumor (embryonic tissue origin)

Answer: neuroectodermal

Extra: Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Medulloblastoma T2-weighted cranial MRI (axial view) of a 7-year-old boy: isodense round lesion with hyperintense sections in the fourth ventricle (green overlay); grossly diminished gyration of the cerebellum (C). (P = poorly demarcated pons region; B = basilar artery, CS = external CSF space) Medulloblastoma T1-weighed cranial MRI of a 6-year-old child presenting with features of increased intracranial pressure (midsagittal section with contrast) There is a large hypointense mass occupying the third (upper yellow overlay) and fourth (lower yellow overlay) ventricles that is causing obstructive hydrocephalus (pink overlay). The pink overlay also highlights the leakage of CSF into the periventricular space (transependymal edema) and into the occipital lobe due to the increased intraventricular pressure. This appearance of a fourth ventricular mass in a child is characteristic of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Cranial MRI (T1-weighted, with contrast) There is a mass in the posterior cranial fossa. It features solid parts (green overlay) and cystic parts (red overlay). Location and appearance are typical of a medulloblastoma. (D: diencephalon; P: pons; C: cerebellum; yellow outline: cerebellar tentorium) Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Densely packed, small, blue anaplastic cells are present throughout the specimen. The cells have pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei. On the right, a vessel (its lumen mostly obstructed by eosinophilic material) can be seen. These are typical histopathological findings of medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma Photomicrograph of cerebellar vermis tissue (H&E stain) Numerous small, blue, round cells with scant cytoplasm can be seen throughout the specimen (classic examples: arrows, green overlay). Their nuclei vary in size and structure (nuclear pleomorphism) and many cells feature distinctly hyperchromatic nuclei. The majority of the cells are arranged in concentric clusters around lighter central areas consisting of neuropil (examples: dashed outlines and yellow overlay, magnified area). These clusters are referred to as Homer Wright rosettes. These histopathological features, particularly the Homer Wright rosettes, are characteristic of a medulloblastoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 546: _____ is a process by which a carcinogen damages a wide mucosal area, causing multiple tumors

Answer: Field cancerization

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 547: A lymphoma with a proliferation of B-cell kappa and lambda light chain phenotypes would cause the 3:1 ratio to _____

Answer: change

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 548: On histology, large nuclei with eosinophilic nucleoli and numerous mitotic figures is suggestive of _____

Answer: melanoma

Flashcard 549: What microbe can increase the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: H pylori

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/misc-gastric/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 550: Which urinary tract cancer is associated with naphthylamine? _____

Answer: Transitional cell carcinoma

Flashcard 551: Myelodysplastic syndromes may be associated with a(n) _____ anomaly, which are neutrophils with bilobed nuclei

Answer: Pseudo-Pelger-Huet

Flashcard 552: _____ is the most common primary malignancy of bone in people > 40 - 50 years old

Answer: Multiple myeloma

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki Step 2: Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 553: Ovarian tumors may arise from three different cell types: 1. ___ 2. _ (e.g. oocyte) 3. ___ (e.g. granulosa & theca cells)

Answer: surface epithelium

Extra: Watch Ovarian Cysts & Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-cysts-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-cysts-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/ovarian-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 554: What benign bone tumor affects men and women equally (most common in adolescents)? _____

Answer: Enchondromas

Flashcard 555: _ differentiated tumors closely resemble their tissue of origin, whereas _ differentiated tumors look almost nothing like tissue of origin

Answer: Well

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 556: Chronic myeloid leukemia is characterized by increased levels of mature _____

Answer: granulocytes (eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 557: Dysplasia is a term used only with _____ cells

Answer: epithelial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 558: What is the prognosis of the mucinous carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Good

Extra: * Happy dogie Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 559: Some _____ secrete PTH-related peptide (PTH-rp), which is structurally homologous with the PTH secreted by the parathyroid glands

Answer: malignant tumors

Flashcard 560: What is the most common malignant hepatic lesion? _____

Answer: Liver metastasis

Extra: * most commonly from the colon and lungs https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki

Flashcard 561: What is the prognosis of the tubular carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Good

Flashcard 562: _____ tumor is a malignant tumor that mimics the yolk sac

Answer: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac)

Flashcard 563: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia commonly involves lymph nodes, leading to generalized lymphadenopathy; thus called _____ lymphoma

Answer: small lymphocytic

Flashcard 564: Following APC mutation (adenoma-carcinoma sequence), _____ mutations lead to polyp formation (adenoma)

Answer: KRAS

Flashcard 565: Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and penis are associated with what DNA viruses? _____

Answer: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 566: Osteosarcoma arises in the _____ of long bones, often around the knee

Answer: metaphysis

Flashcard 567: What is the most important prognostic factor in predicting melanoma metastasis? _____

Answer: Depth of invasion (Breslow thickness)

Extra: Watch Malignant Melanoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 568: Vulvar carcinoma arises from the _____ epithelium lining the vulva

Answer: squamous

Extra: Watch Vulvar & Vaginal Lesions [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-vulvar-and-vaginal-lesions?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 569: What type of cancer (e.g. SCC, adenocarcinoma, etc.) is pancreatic carcinoma? _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 570: What vascular tumor is associated with HHV-8 and HIV? _____

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma

Flashcard 571: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is characterized by _____ granules on electron microscopy

Answer: Birbeck (tennis racket)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 572: What reproductive pathology appears as clear vacuolated cells on histology? _____

Answer: Clear cell adenocarcinoma

Extra: * Translucent cellular glass (not colored in sketchy, so overall picture displayed next to histology for reference) Watch Vulvar & Vaginal Lesions [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-vulvar-and-vaginal-lesions?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub-and-endometriosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 573: A(n) _____ of function mutation to a tumor suppressor gene increases the risk of cancer

Answer: loss

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 574: Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma has unusual surface marker expression in that it usually lacks CD15 and CD30 but expresses CD-_ and CD_

Answer: 19

Flashcard 575: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ WBCs

Answer: increased

Flashcard 576: Nickel exposure is associated with _____ carcinoma

Answer: lung

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 577: Cancers may express _____ to prevent chromosome shortening and cell death

Answer: telomerase

Extra: Watch DNA Replication [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 578: Metastases to the heart most commonly involve the pericardium, resulting in a pericardial _____

Answer: effusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 579: _____ leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of mature B cells characterized by hairy cytoplasmic processes

Answer: Hairy cell

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 580: Grossly, mesothelioma most commonly presents with nodular / smooth pleural _____

Answer: thickening

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 581: If a patient inherits or develops a mutation in a(n) _____ gene, the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops

Answer: tumor suppressor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 582: Which type of gastric carcinoma (intestinal or diffuse) is more common? _____

Answer: Intestinal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 583: _____ tumors usually display minimal mitotic activity

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 584: _____ is a neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells

Answer: Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 585: _____-sided colorectal carcinoma usually arises as a result of the microsatellite instability pathway

Answer: Right

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Colorectal carcinogenesis pathways Top: Chromosomal instability pathway (adenoma-carcinoma sequence) - Loss of the tumor suppressor gene, APC, results in hyperproliferative epithelium due to a loss of cellular adhesion and increased cellular proliferation. A mutation in KRAS results in unregulated cellular signaling and cellular proliferation, leading to the formation of an adenoma. Loss of the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and DCC results in the malignant transformation of an adenoma to carcinoma. The chromosomal instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in FAP (loss of APC) as well as in most cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Bottom: Microsatellite instability pathway - Acquired or inherited mutations in the mismatch repair genes (esp. MLH1 and MSH2) result in abnormal proliferation and the formation of adenoma and carcinoma. The microsatellite instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) and a few cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 586: _____ is a malignant cartilage-forming tumor

Answer: Chondrosarcoma

Extra: * Grade determines biological behavior; Male (3): Female (1) ratio Watch Malignant Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-malignant-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/bone-tumors/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 587: Asbestos acts as a carcinogen by physically destroying cellular _____

Answer: chromosomes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 588: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia may progress to "_____", which is a rapid production of myeloblasts

Answer: blast crisis

Flashcard 589: Most notably, the serum tumor marker CA 19-9 is seen elevated in _____

Answer: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 590: Bronchial carcinoid tumor is _____ located

Answer: peripherally OR centrally

Flashcard 591: Which is more common, primary bone tumors or metastasis to the bone? _____

Answer: Metastasis

Flashcard 592: Mesothelioma is almost always positive for calretinin and _____

Answer: cytokeratin 5/6

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 593: What demographic is associated with mantle cell lymphoma? _____

Answer: Adult males

Extra: * Adult Male standing next to Mantle Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 594: Laryngeal papillomas are usually _____ lesions in adults

Answer: single

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 595: Hepatic _____ is a malignant tumor associated with exposure to arsenic and vinyl chloride

Answer: angiosarcoma

Flashcard 596: _____-sided colorectal carcinoma usually arises as a result of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Answer: Left

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 597: LymphoPlasmacytic Lymphoma (LPL) can present with _____ due to bone marrow replacement by tumor cells, which suppresses normal RBC production

Answer: anemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 598: _____ are highly aggressive malignant proliferations of endothelial cells

Answer: Angiosarcomas

Flashcard 599: What CNS tumor is seen in the histology slide below? _____

Answer: Hemangioblastoma (closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma)

Flashcard 600: The Gleason grading system (for prostatic adenocarcinoma) is based on _, not _

Answer: architecture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 601: Which oncogenic microbes are associated with the following cancers?: _____ Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Answer: HBV, HCV, Aspergillus

Flashcard 602: Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to increased _____, which promotes growth

Answer: IGF-1

Flashcard 603: DCC is a(n) _____ in the step of adenoma -> adenocarcinoma of the colon

Answer: tumor suppressor gene

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 604: What is the most common class of testicular tumor (>95%)? _____

Answer: Germ cell tumors

Flashcard 605: _____ is a testicular germ cell tumor that forms a homogenous mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis

Answer: Seminoma

Flashcard 606: Do the Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis effectively stimulate primary T cells via antigen presentation? _____

Answer: No (functionally immature)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 607: After inital spread to regional lymph nodes, melanomas commonly metastasize to the _ and _

Answer: brain

Extra: * Ink blot on head and lungs on picture to the right (sketchy mislabeled) Watch Malignant Melanoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 608: Is mild/moderate dysplasia reversible? _____

Answer: Potentially

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 609: The _____ subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma typically presents as an enlarging cervical or mediastinal lymph node in a female

Answer: nodular sclerosis

Flashcard 610: Which of the following types of tumors tends to be slow growing, well circumscribed, distinct, and mobile? _____

Answer: Benign

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 611: Medulloblastomas grow rapidly and spread via _____

Answer: CSF

Flashcard 612: Downregulation of _____ allows for dissociation and spread of tumor cells

Answer: E-cadherin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 613: Eosinophilic granuloma is a(n) _____ proliferation of Langerhans cells

Answer: benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 614: Immunodeficiency increases the risk for _____ due to lack of immune surveillence for tumors

Answer: cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 615: What musculoskeletal disorder is characterized by metaplasia of skeletal muscle to bone? _____

Answer: Myositis ossificans

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 616: Blood vessels can give rise to a(n) _____ (benign) and angiosarcoma (malignant)

Answer: hemangioma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 617: What type of fetal tissue is most commonly seen in an immature teratoma? _____

Answer: Neuroectoderm

Flashcard 618: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the RAS oncogene? _____

Answer: point mutation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 619: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome, Colon Adenocarcinoma, and Pancreatic Cancer? _____

Answer: SMAD4

Flashcard 620: In the _____ pathway (75%) of endometrial carcinoma, the carcinoma arises from endometrial hyperplasia

Answer: hyperplasia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/endometrial-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 621: Adenocarcinoma of the lung is associated with activating mutations in the _____, EGFR, and ALK genes

Answer: KRAS

Extra: the lunch lady is making crass jokes, serving Egg Fritata, and mALK (milk) Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 622: Adenocarcinoma arising from a urachal remnant develops at the _____ of the bladder

Answer: dome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 623: What is the cancer risk associated with HPV31? _____

Answer: High

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 624: _____ tumors are infiltrative into local tissues

Answer: Malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 625: The ratio of G6PD isoforms in _____ is elevated

Answer: neoplasia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 626: What is the associated tumor that results from gain of function of the ALK oncogene? _____

Answer: lung adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 627: Lynch syndrome was previously known as _____

Answer: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

Flashcard 628: P-glycoprotein is classically seen in _____ but is also expressed in various other cancers

Answer: adrenocortical carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 629: Follicular lymphoma is driven by a t(_;_) translocation

Answer: 14

Flashcard 630: Gastric carcinoma may spread and involve the _____, also known as a(n) Krukenberg tumor

Answer: bilateral ovaries

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 631: Adult T-cell leukemia typically presents in older adults and is TdT _____

Answer: -

Extra: * because TdT is a lymphoblast marker Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 632: The sporadic form of Burkitt lymphoma typically affects children and involves the _____ or abdomen

Answer: pelvis

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 633: Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder include _____ (older women) and smoking

Answer: chronic cystitis

Flashcard 634: Exposure to _____ in childhood is a major risk factor for thyroid papillary carcinoma

Answer: ionizing radiation

Flashcard 635: Osteoid osteoma is a benign tumor of _____, surrounded by a rim of reactive bone

Answer: osteoblasts (which make osteoid)

Flashcard 636: Tumor cells that downregulate MHC class I can be detected and destroyed by _____ cells

Answer: Natural Killer

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 637: Tumors of Blood Vessels are known as _ when benign and _ when malignant

Answer: Hemangiomas

Flashcard 638: _____ produces thyroid hormone independent of TSH leading to hyperthyroidism

Answer: Toxic adenomas

Extra: * thyroid adenomas rarely differentiate into toxic adenomas https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 639: Anal squamous cell carcinoma often presents with rectal bleeding and a visible _____ mass

Answer: ulcerative

Flashcard 640: _____ tumors usually display a low nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 641: An example of when the tumor staging factor of tumor size / invasiveness is the most important is in _____

Answer: Melanoma (Breslow Thickness)

Flashcard 642: What type of breast cancer may present with signet ring cells? _____

Answer: Lobular carcinoma (both in situ and invasive)

Flashcard 643: What is the prognosis of thyroid anaplastic carcinoma? _____

Answer: Poor

Flashcard 644: Myelodysplastic syndromes rmay present with _____ leukocytes and platelets

Answer: variable

Flashcard 645: Carcinoma implies _ origin, whereas Sarcoma denotes _ origin

Answer: epithelial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 646: Carcinoid tumor is a malignant proliferation of _____ cells; low-grade malignancy

Answer: neuroendocrine

Flashcard 647: Myelodysplastic syndromes usually present with increased blasts _____%

Answer: < 20

Flashcard 648: WAGR syndrome is associated with a(n) _____ gene deletion

Answer: WT1

Extra: * Denys-Drash syndrome associated with a WT1 gene mutation Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 649: Thyroid papillary carcinoma often spreads to the _____ nodes (lymphatic invasion)

Answer: cervical

Extra: * Medullary thyroid carcinoma Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Papillary thyroid carcinoma Micrograph image of thyroid tissue (H&E stain, 400x magnification) Green overlay: psammoma bodies White overlay: connective tissue core of papillae Black outline: epithelial cancer cells covering the papillae Atlas:

Flashcard 650: Clonality can be determined via _____ isoforms in females

Answer: G6PD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 651: Mutations in which proto-oncogene can lead to Colon Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma, and Pancreatic Cancer? _____

Answer: KRAS

Flashcard 652: Colorectal cancer most commonly metastasizes to the _____

Answer: liver

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Liver metastases in colorectal cancer Axial abdominal CT scan after IV contrast medium administration with images of the arterial contrast medium phase (top) and the venous contrast medium phase (bottom) at approx. T12 (top) and T10 (bottom) The multiple hypodense lesions (shaded areas) with partially necrotic areas (striped areas) most likely indicate metastasis of an existing colorectal cancer. A = Aorta, HV = hepatic veins, S = stomach with gastric bladder (only visible in the lower image), Sp = spleen, K = kidney, Pa = pancreas, IVC = inferior vena cava, SMV = superior mesenteric vein, VB = vertebral body Atlas:

Flashcard 653: Which breast cancer is characterized histologically by nests of purple glandular tissue surrounded by dense pink fibrous stroma? _____

Answer: Invasive ductal carcinoma

Extra: * due to desmoplastic reaction; may be described as hypercellular ducts with irregular dark purple cells Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 654: _____ gastric ulcers are usually large and irregular with heaped up margins

Answer: Malignant

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Gastric cancer Endoscopy of the gastric antrum: gastric cancer of the lesser curvature with an irregular margin (perimeter marked by green outline) and central ulceration (green overlay). Atlas:

Flashcard 655: _____ tumors usually display uniform nuclei

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 656: Which rosettes are seen in Neuroblastoma? _____

Answer: Homer-Wright Rosettes

Flashcard 657: On electron microscopy, carcinoid tumor cells display dense cytoplasmic _____ (contain secretory products and hormones)

Answer: granules

Flashcard 658: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the CDK4 oncogene? _____

Answer: amplification

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 659: Which has more prognostic value, tumor stage or grade? _____

Answer: Tumor Stage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 660: Most notably, the serum tumor marker _____ is elevated in testicular germ tumors and ovarian dysgerminoma

Answer: LDH

Extra: Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 661: Mutations in c-Myc can cause Burkitt Lymphoma via a t(_____) translocation to the Ig Heavy Chain locus

Answer: 8;14

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 662: Penile squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by a painless lesion (on glans or foreskin) in _____

Answer: older men

Extra: Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Bladder Cancer & Penile Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-bladder-cancer-and-penile-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 663: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of intermediate-sized B cells (CD20+)

Answer: Burkitt

Extra: * whereas large-sized B cells (CD20+) are in diffuse large-B cell lymphoma Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 664: Transitional cell carcinoma may arise via two distinct pathways: _ and _

Answer: flat

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 665: Which form of Burkitt's lymphoma presents as a mass on the jaw or face? _____

Answer: Endemic (African)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 666: Salivary gland tumors are most commonly _____

Answer: benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 667: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the RET oncogene? _____

Answer: point mutation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 668: Hemangioblastomas have _____ capillary architecture

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 669: _____ is a malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium

Answer: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 670: A diet high in _____ may increase risk for prostate adenocarcinoma

Answer: saturated fat

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 671: Mutations in which proto-oncogene can lead to Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders? _____

Answer: JAK2

Extra: - JAK2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that when mutated at the 617 position to Phenylalanine becomes exquisitely sensitive to growth factors like EPO / TPO - JAK/STAT pathway is involved with lots of cytokines (ex. IL-2, IFN, G-CSF) and anterior pituitary hormones (ex. Prolactin, GH) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 672: What is the most common glioma in adults? _____

Answer: Astrocytomas

Flashcard 673: _____ tumor is the most common class of ovarian tumor (70%)

Answer: Surface epithelial

Extra: * e.g. serous & mucinous- > serous is most common Watch Ovarian Cysts & Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-cysts-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 674: What does the T of TNM staging for lung cancer represent? _____

Answer: Tumor size and local extension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 675: Which skin cancer is the most common cutaneous malignancy? _____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 676: Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (except CML) are associated with _____ mutations

Answer: V617F JAK2

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 677: Ovarian _____ is a benign tumor composed of a single cyst with a simple, flat lining of epithelial cells

Answer: cystadenoma

Extra: * Aka surface epithelial tumor Watch Ovarian Cysts & Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-cysts-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 678: Cutaneous angiosarcomas are described as firm, _____ nodules

Answer: violaceous

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 679: Tumors that are _____ grade are poorly differentiated, undifferentiated, or anaplastic

Answer: high

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 680: Connective tissue can give rise to a(n) _____ (benign) and fibrosarcoma (malignant)

Answer: fibroma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 681: What is the associated tumor that results from point mutation of the KIT oncogene? _____

Answer: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Flashcard 682: Mutations that cause overexpression of the HER2 receptor can precipitate development of certain Breast* and Gastric* Cancers by _____ the signal transduction

Answer: amplifying

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 683: _____ are soft, flesh-coloured, cauliflower-like papules that appear on the skin due to HPV infection of keratinocytes

Answer: Verruca (Warts)

Flashcard 684: Solitary plasmacytoma most commonly affects bone and causes _____

Answer: pain or pathologic fractures

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 685: What is the most common somatic malignancy stemming from a cystic teratoma? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

Flashcard 686: Laryngeal carcinoma can rarely arise from a laryngeal _____

Answer: papilloma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 687: What does Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma display on histology? _____

Answer: Nodules without fibrous septa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 688: The most common type of metastases to the bone from Small Cell Lung Cancer are _____

Answer: blastic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 689: A translocation of _____ from chromosome 11 to 14 results in overexpression and ultimately Mantle cell lymphoma

Answer: cyclin D1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 690: Lymphoma is divided into _ (60%) and _ lymphoma (40%) *bonus: age groups

Answer: non-Hodgkin

Extra: Watch Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 691: Foods containing N-nitroso compounds increase the risk for esophageal _____

Answer: squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 692: What is the most common location for an invasive breast tumor? _____

Answer: Upper-outer quadrant of the breast

Extra: * painless, fixed, with irregular borders- most common in upper outer quadrant ; invades ligaments Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/thoracic-wall?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 693: Almost all mesotheliomas are _____ positive, which is negative in most carcinomas

Answer: calretinin

Extra: Older: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 694: Paget disease (of the vulva and nipple) is characterized by _____ cells in the epidermis

Answer: malignant epithelial

Flashcard 695: Nitrosamines are a carcinogen associated with what type of cancer? _____

Answer: Intestinal Gastric Cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 696: Which CNS tumor may have rod-shaped blepharoblasts (basal ciliary bodies) found near the nucleus? _____

Answer: Ependymoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Ependymal pseudorosette Photomicrograph of brain tissue (H&E stain) Tumor cells (cylindrical epithelium) are arranged in a radial manner around several vessels. This pattern is called a perivascular pseudorosette. Perivascular pseudorosettes are a hallmark of ependymoma. Ependymoma Photomicrograph of ependymal tissue (H&E stain) There is an abnormally high number of cells with round nuclei and abundant cytoplasms. Some cells are arranged in a spoke-and-wheel pattern, surrounding an empty central lumen. Such patterns are called ependymal rosettes (example indicated by green overlay). Other cells are arranged concentrically around vessels, producing a similar appearance (perivascular pseudorosettes; example indicated yellow overlay). Ependymoma Cranial MRI (FLAIR-sequence, sagittal view) A hyperintense, heterogeneous, extended mass is visible on the roof of the 4th ventricle (white outline). At the superior aspect of the tumor, multiple cysts are present (white arrows). As a result of an obstructed circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, the 3rd ventricle appears widened. This is a typical radiologic presentation and location of ependymoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 697: Endometrial hyperplasia has increased risk for progression to endometrial _____

Answer: carcinoma

Flashcard 698: Which tumor suppressor genes are associated with tuberous sclerosis? _____

Answer: TSC1, TSC2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 699: Histology of hepatic _____ will show dilated cystic spaces filled with RBCs, classically described as "cavernous"

Answer: hemangiomas

Flashcard 700: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to MEN I? _____

Answer: MEN1 (Menin)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 701: Osteosarcomas present as a(n) _____ enlarging mass or pathologic fractures

Answer: painful

Extra: Watch Malignant Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-malignant-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Osteosarcoma of the tibia X-ray of the knee, the proximal lower leg, and the distal upper leg (lateral view) The tibial metaphysis shows extensive osteolytic medullary and cortical bone destruction in combination with (particularly posteriorly) sclerotic bone formation (green overlay). The lesion affects the entire width of the bone, and there are marked periosteal reactions on both margins. On the posterior margin, massive invasion (yellow overlay) of the surrounding soft tissue can be seen. Osteosarcoma X-ray of the right femorotibial joint (AP view) of a 17-year-old male patient A sclerotic outgrowth of the bone (green overlay) surrounded by osteolytic destruction of medullary and cortical bone (red overlay) is visible on the medial metaphysis of the femur. The periosteum over the lesion (green dashed line) is noncontinuous, indicating rapid growth of the bone lesion. This appearance of a mixed osteosclerotic and osteolytic lesion in the metaphyses of long bones is characteristic of osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma of the distal femur with dorsal perforation of the cortical bone, filling of the medullary cavity, the epiphysis, and the metaphysis. Hemorrhagic tumor mass in the dorsal soft tissue.

Flashcard 702: Dysgerminoma has a(n) _____ prognosis

Answer: good

Flashcard 703: Biopsy of osteosarcoma reveals pleomorphic cells that produce _____

Answer: osteoid

Extra: * osteoid - unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue Watch Malignant Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-malignant-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/bone-tumors/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 704: Is a Choristoma neoplastic? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 705: Epstein-Barr Virus is strongly associated with the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted subtypes of _____

Answer: Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 706: What CNS tumors are associated with neurofibromatosis II? _____ and ependymoma

Answer: Meningioma

Extra: Watch Adult CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-adult-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-adult-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Neurofibromatosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-neurofibromatosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Ependymal pseudorosette Photomicrograph of brain tissue (H&E stain) Tumor cells (cylindrical epithelium) are arranged in a radial manner around several vessels. This pattern is called a perivascular pseudorosette. Perivascular pseudorosettes are a hallmark of ependymoma. Ependymoma Photomicrograph of ependymal tissue (H&E stain) There is an abnormally high number of cells with round nuclei and abundant cytoplasms. Some cells are arranged in a spoke-and-wheel pattern, surrounding an empty central lumen. Such patterns are called ependymal rosettes (example indicated by green overlay). Other cells are arranged concentrically around vessels, producing a similar appearance (perivascular pseudorosettes; example indicated yellow overlay). Ependymoma Cranial MRI (FLAIR-sequence, sagittal view) A hyperintense, heterogeneous, extended mass is visible on the roof of the 4th ventricle (white outline). At the superior aspect of the tumor, multiple cysts are present (white arrows). As a result of an obstructed circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, the 3rd ventricle appears widened. This is a typical radiologic presentation and location of ependymoma. Atlas:

Flashcard 707: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?: _____ Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Answer: Schistosoma Haematobium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 708: The RET proto-oncogene is expressed by cells of _____ lineage, and activating mutations are seen in MEN II syndromes, specifically medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer: neural crest

Flashcard 709: What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma? _____

Answer: Papillary Carcinoma (80%)

Flashcard 710: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized histologically by keratin pearls and _____

Answer: intercellular bridges

Flashcard 711: Prostatic carcinoma with bone metastasis classically produces _____ lesions

Answer: osteoblastic

Extra: * small cell lung cancer also produces osteoblastic lesions when it metastasizes to bone https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 712: Persistent HPV infection leads to risk for cervical dysplasia, also known as _____

Answer: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Flashcard 713: Histologically, benign tumors have a(n) _ nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, whereas malignant tumors have a(n) _ nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 714: When performing Immunohistochemistry; TRAP can be used to identify _____

Answer: Hairy Cell Leukemia

Flashcard 715: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is associated with _____ cells and increased lymphocytes on blood smear

Answer: smudge

Extra: * due to collapse of fragile tumor cells during slide preparation Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 716: Neuroblastoma is characterized by the serum markers _ and _

Answer: bombesin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 717: Osteosarcomas account for _____% of primary bone cancers

Answer: 20

Extra: Bone & Crab party table on left: Watch Malignant Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-malignant-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 718: Disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur secondary to malignancy, such as _____, due to activation of the coagulation cascade by primary granules

Answer: acute promyelocytic leukemia

Extra: * promyelocytes secrete tissue factor -> coagulation cascade activation -> DIC Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 719: Does basal cell carcinoma typically metastasize? _____

Answer: No (rare)

Flashcard 720: _____ is a benign tumor of cartilage

Answer: Chondroma

Flashcard 721: Which thyroid malignancy typically form "finger-like" projections without colloid or follicles? _____

Answer: Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Flashcard 722: Which thyroid tumor may display dense secretory granules in cytoplasm on electron microscope? _____

Answer: Medullary thyroid carcinomas (neuroendocrine cells)

Flashcard 723: Grade _____ follicular lymphoma is characterized by a mixture of small cleaved cells and large noncleaved cells

Answer: 2

Flashcard 724: What is the main distinguishing feature between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid? _____

Answer: Follicular adenoma has a lack of capsular and vascular invasion

Flashcard 725: Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma displays lymphohistocytic cells that express CD _ and CD _

Answer: 20

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 726: The most common type of metastases to the bone from the prostate are _____

Answer: blastic

Flashcard 727: Which carcinogen is associated with the following types of cancer? _____ Bronchogenic Carcinoma Mesothelioma

Answer: Asbestos

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki "Far more likely to develop lung cancer rather than mesothelioma"

Flashcard 728: Tumor suppressor genes _____ cell growth

Answer: regulate

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 729: Dysplasia most often refers to proliferation of pre-_____ cells

Answer: cancerous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 730: Bronchial carcinoid tumor is characterized histologically by nests of _____ differentiated neuroendocrine cells

Answer: well

Flashcard 731: Arsenic is associated with _____ carcinoma of the skin

Answer: squamous cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 732: Schwannomas are biphasic tumors; containing dense, hypercellular areas containing _ cells alternating with hypocellular, _ areas

Answer: spindle

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/adult-primary-brain-tumors?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 733: Mutations in which tumor suppressor genes can lead to Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic cancers? _____

Answer: BRCA1/BRCA2

Extra: - These are involved in mediating dsDNA repair; BRCA 1 & 2 MCC familial pancreatic adenocarcinoma Watch Pancreatic Cancer & Islet Cell Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Ovarian Cysts & Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-malignant-melanoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 734: _____ tumors usually display a high mitotic activity

Answer: Malignant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 735: Do the lymphoblasts in T-ALL express CD10? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 736: Arsenic is commonly found in _____, hence its association with lung cancer

Answer: cigarette smoke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 737: Mutations in which proto-oncogene can lead to Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma and Anaplastic Large-cell Lymphoma? _____

Answer: ALK

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 738: TSC1 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes for the protein _____

Answer: Hamartin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 739: What intrathoracic pathology may cause a chylous effusion due to obstruction of the thoracic duct? _____

Answer: Malignancy (e.g. lymphoma)

Extra: Watch Pneumothorax [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-pneumothorax?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 740: Does transitional cell carcinoma via the flat pathway develop as a high-grade or low-grade tumor? _____

Answer: High-grade tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 741: Invasive carcinomas become metastatic when they invade the _ or _

Answer: lymphatics

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 742: Thyroid _____ carcinoma may be lined by cells with clear, 'Orphan Annie eye' nuclei

Answer: papillary

Flashcard 743: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of small B cells (CD20+ & CD5+) that expands into the mantle zone

Answer: Mantle cell

Extra: * Germinal centers (red bracket); Naive & memory B cells that are enriched in the mantle zone (yellow bracket). * * neoplastic cells express CD5 (usually a T-cell marker!) Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 744: After the regional lymph nodes, what are the two most common sites of metastasis? _____

Answer: Liver and Lung

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 745: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia may present with hemorrhage due to depletion of _____ by excessive platelets

Answer: vWF

Extra: * platelets are consumbed by available vWF -> bleeding https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 746: Is smoking a risk factor for mesothelioma? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 747: The malignant cell of embryonal rhabdomysosarcoma is a(n) _____

Answer: rhabdomyoblast

Flashcard 748: _____ are proteins released by a tumor into serum (e.g. PSA)

Answer: Serum tumor markers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 749: Clonality of T lymphocytes can be determined by looking for _____ rearrangement

Answer: T-Cell Receptor

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 750: Adenomatous colonic polyps are benign with _____ malignant potential

Answer: some

Flashcard 751: Is ependymoma typically seen in adults or children? _____

Answer: Children

Extra: * Boy standing next to PEN outlining VENTRICLE drawing: ePENdymoma common in children Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 752: Cavernous hemangiomas should NOT be _____ due to risk of fatal hemorrhage

Answer: biopsied

Extra: Watch Liver Tumors & Hepatocellular Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-liver-tumors-and-hepatocellular-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adult CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-liver-tumors-and-hepatocellular-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 753: Which of the following is a discrete tumor mass arising from lymph nodes? _____

Answer: Lymphoma

Extra: Watch Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 754: Cigarette smoke contains the carcinogens arsenic, naphthylamine and _____

Answer: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 755: Do both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene need to be mutated in order for expression of disease? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/cellular-injury-and-neoplasia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 756: Two distinct etiologies of oral cancer _____

Answer: Tobacco/Alcohol use; HPV (human papilloma virus)

Extra: Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 757: Acanthosis Nigricans can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____ and other visceral malignancies

Answer: gastric cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 758: What vascular tumor is a benign, painful, red-blue tumor, formed from AV shunts under fingernails? _____

Answer: Glomus tumor

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 759: Which form of Burkitt's lymphoma presents as an abdominal mass? _____

Answer: Non-endemic (sporadic form)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 760: The tumor cells of pilocytic astrocytomas stain positive for _____

Answer: GFAP

Extra: * BRAF mutation leads to autoactivation of abnormal Watch Pediatric CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-pediatric-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 761: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a very aggressive tumor arising from the pancreatic _____

Answer: ducts

Flashcard 762: Which of the following is a lymphoid / myeloid neoplasm with widespread involvement of bone marrow? _____

Answer: Leukemia

Flashcard 763: Gastric carcinoma is subclassified into _____ and diffuse types

Answer: intestinal

Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/misc-gastric/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 764: _____ is the malignant proliferation of prostatic glands

Answer: Prostate adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 765: _____ is a renal hamartoma comprised of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and adipose tissues

Answer: Angiomyolipoma

Extra: The last A in the mnemonic HAMARTOMAS to help remember Tuberous sclerosis Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 766: Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma is most commonly caused by alterations in _____ or Bcl-6

Answer: Bcl-2

Extra: - Bcl-2 helps stabilize the outer mitochondrial membrane, preventing efflux of pro-apoptotic proteins - Bcl-6 is a repressor of transcription that helps regulate the IL-4 responses of B-cells, and helps lead the differentiation of naive helper T cells in follicular helper T cells Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 767: Diagnosis of Multiple myeloma is confirmed by bone marrow biopsy showing _____

Answer: > 10% clonal plasma cells

Extra: * LPL bone marrow biopsy shows > 10% neoplastic cells (down below) Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 768: Patients with granulosa cell tumors can develop a(n) _____ carcinoma

Answer: endometrial

Extra: * May also cause precocious puberty and irregular menses Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/endometrial-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 769: _____ lymphoma is associated with chronic inflammatory states (e.g. Hashimoto thyroiditis, Sjögren's syndrome, H. pylori gastritis)

Answer: Marginal zone

Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/misc-gastric/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 770: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the KIT oncogene? _____

Answer: point mutation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 771: Which skin cancer presents as a "pink, pearl-like papule" with telangiectasias? _____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 772: Glioblastomas are most common in the _____ lobes

Answer: frontal and temporal

Flashcard 773: What is the #1 risk factor for cervical carcinoma? _____

Answer: Multiple sexual partners (→ high risk HPV 16/18/31/33)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 774: Large cell carcinoma of the lung is _____ located and has distant mets

Answer: peripherally

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 775: Older person with pathologic fracture while lifting a bag of groceries = _____

Answer: metastatic tumor to bone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 776: Which vulvar cancer presents as red and itchy? _____

Answer: Paget's disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 777: Auer rods (MPO inclusions) are suggestive of _____

Answer: AML (esp. APL)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 778: Risk factors for sporadic renal cell carcinoma include: _ gender _ obesity

Answer: male

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 779: _____

Answer: D

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 780: _____ is a lymphatic vascular malignancy associated with persistent lymphedema such as post-radical mastectomy

Answer: Lymphangiosarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 781: Choroid plexus papilloma is a benign intraventricular mass that causes increased production of _____

Answer: cerebrospinal f‌luid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 782: CD5+, CD20+ and smudge cells in peripheral blood smear is suggestive of _____

Answer: SLL/CLL

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 783: CD1a+ and S-100+ cells are present in _____

Answer: Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 784: Lymphocyte-_____ = most aggressive form of Hodgkin Lymphoma

Answer: depleted

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 785: Anti-Yo, anti-Tr, and anti-Hu antibodies are associated with: _____

Answer: Subacute cerebellar degeneration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 786: Biopsy of a(n) _____ shows Rosenthal fibers, which are eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers that stain GFAP (+)

Answer: pilocytic astrocytoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 787: What bad habit can increase the risk of cervical cancer? _____

Answer: Smoking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 788: _____ are used as coloring agents in textiles and increase the risk for transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma of the bladder

Answer: Aniline dyes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 789: "Soap bubble" lytic lesions at the epiphysis is suggestive of _____

Answer: giant cell tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 790: Inflammatory breast cancer next step? _____

Answer: Punch biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 791: Osteoblastic metastases may arise from: _____ breast cancer and causes hypocalcemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase

Answer: prostate cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 792: Acute leukemia is defined as a neoplastic proliferation of blasts _____% in the bone marrow/blood; these crowd out other cells from the marrow (bone marrow failure)

Answer: > 20

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 793: Psammoma bodies associated with? _____

Answer: Papillary carcinoma of thyroid Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary Meningioma Malignant Mesothelioma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 794: Sideroblastic anemia is associated with _____ on bone marrow biopsy, which are iron-laden mitochondria that form a ring around the nucleus of erythroid precursors

Answer: ringed sideroblasts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 795: Which type of lymphoma is associated with masses composed of lymphoid cells (vs. inflammatory reactive cells)? _____

Answer: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 796: _____ = common extra-nodal involvement (GI, skin, CNS)

Answer: Non-Hodgkin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 797: TdT (+) and CD10 (+) blasts is suggestive of _____

Answer: B-ALL

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 798: Ovarian mass and hyperthyroidism is _____

Answer: struma ovarii (teratoma)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 799: _ is a precursor for invasive ductal carcinoma (breast) _ has ↑ risk for invasive carcinoma (either type, either breast)

Answer: DCIS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 800: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of small B cells (CD5, CD20+) that expands into the mantle zone

Answer: Mantle cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 801: Most common salivary gland neoplasm = _, most commonly affecting the _ gland

Answer: pleomorphic adenoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 802: Below is a patient with _____

Answer: actinic keratoses

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 803: Osteoid osteoma presents with bone pain, especially at night, that _____ resolve with aspirin/NSAIDs

Answer: DOES

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 804: In Von Hippel-Lindau disease, hemangioblastomas occur in the _____ and retina

Answer: cerebellum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 805: _____ is associated with anomalous arteries in the liver

Answer: Focal nodular hyperplasia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 806: Most cervical cancer is _____

Answer: squamous cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 807: _____ mutation = MEN 2A and MEN 2B

Answer: RET

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 808: The African (endemic) form of Burkitt lymphoma typically involves the _____

Answer: jaw

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 809: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by lack of _____ in germinal centers and presence of BCl-2

Answer: tingible body macrophages

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 810: Myeloblasts are usually characterized by positive cytoplasmic staining for _____

Answer: myeloperoxidase (MPO)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 811: An x-ray of the spine that shows focal, sclerotic, hyperdense lesions is suggestive of _____

Answer: prostate cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 812: CD5+ and CD20+ is suggestive of _____ or CLL

Answer: mantle cell lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 813: Burkitt lymphoma is characterized by a high mitotic index and "_____" appearance due to presence of tingible-body macrophages

Answer: starry-sky

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 814: Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is usually seen in the elderly and HIV+ individuals? _____

Answer: Lymphocyte-depleted

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 815: The sporadic form of Burkitt lymphoma typically affects children and involves the _____ or abdomen

Answer: pelvis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 816: Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) = _____ both have B-cells (CD5, CD20) SLL stays in the lymph node (therefore, peripheral lymphocytes is low, < 5000)

Answer: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 817: _____ is the most common cause of gallbladder metastasis

Answer: Malignant melanoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 818: In lymphocyte-predominant hodgkin lymphoma there are "_" cells that express CD_

Answer: popcorn

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 819: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with night sweats, weight loss, and splenomegaly? Laboratory exam reveals leukocytosis with increased levels of basophils and myelocytes. _____

Answer: Chronic myeloid leukemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 820: Mycosis fungoides typically presents in adults with _____ symptoms

Answer: dermatological

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 821: What causes anal cancer? _____

Answer: HPV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/colorectal/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 822: One subtype of AML is _____, which is characterized by t(15;17)

Answer: acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 823: _____ is the strongest predictor of prognosis in Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer: Stage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 824: Teratomas are usually _____ in women

Answer: benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/ovarian-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 825: Which subtype of thyroid cancer typically invades blood vessels and metastasizes hematogenously? _____

Answer: Follicular thyroid carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 826: _____ is a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that develops rapidly and regresses spontaneously

Answer: Keratoacanthoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 827: Where does renal cell carcinoma typically metastasize to (2)? _____

Answer: Lung, Bone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 828: _____ is a cystic teratoma composed primarily of thyroid tissue and thus may cause hyperthyroidism

Answer: Struma ovarii

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 829: What CNS tumors are associated with neurofibromatosis II? _____ and ependymoma

Answer: meningioma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 830: _____ = mucinous ovarian tumor 2° to mets from diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma

Answer: Krukenberg tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 831: What cancer is associated with hereditary hemochromatosis? _____

Answer: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 832: _ hemangiomas are seen in infants and grows then regresses by 5-8 y.o. _ hemangiomas are seen in elderly individuals and do not regress spontaneously

Answer: Strawberry

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 833: Bronchial hamartomas are _____

Answer: benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 834: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma may present with _____ bone lesions and hypercalcemia

Answer: lytic (punched-out)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 835: _____ is a lymphatic vascular malignancy associated with breast cancer survivors who received radiation and have chronic lymphedema after mastectomy

Answer: Angiosarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 836: Are hepatic adenomas typically benign or malignant? _____

Answer: Benign

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 837: Kasabach-Merrit syndrome is a combination of a vascular tumor (hemangioma) and consumptive _____ (leading to petechiae and bruises)

Answer: thrombocytopenia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 838: The X-ray below is a patient with _____

Answer: osteoid osteoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 839: Osteosarcoma in the elderly is generally associated with: _____ radiation

Answer: Paget disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 840: squamous cell carcinoma esophagus = _ adenocarcinoma esophagus = _

Answer: irritants

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 841: _____ leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially granulocytes and their precursors (basophil, neutrophil, eosinophils)

Answer: Chronic myeloid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 842: Reed-Sternberg cells are seen in _____

Answer: Hodgkin lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 843: _ or _ = ↑ risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer: Hepatitis B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 844: _____ infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males

Answer: Schistosoma haematobium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 845: _ = involves bone marrow and spread into the blood _ = discrete tumor from lymph node

Answer: Leukemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 846: Starry-sky morphology (below) EBV infection C-myc translocation = _____

Answer: burkitt's lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 847: Histopathological examination would show an infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells = _____

Answer: HHV-8 virus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 848: Diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma requires _____

Answer: biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/endometrial-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 849: Giant cell tumor of bone is also known as a(n) _____

Answer: osteoclastoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 850: Leukoplakia is managed with _____

Answer: biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 851: Up to 50% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occur secondary to _____

Answer: chronic HBV infection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 852: Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma: t(_;_) → overexpression of Bcl-2 BCl-6 mutation, which regulates DNA transcription

Answer: 14

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 853: Pilocytic astrocytomas may be found in the posterior fossa or _____

Answer: supratentorial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 854: Chondrosarcoma is a bone tumor that on x-ray appears with osteolytic lesions and a(n) _____ pattern of bone destruction

Answer: moth-eaten

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 855: Reed-Sternberg cells secrete _____, which attract other inflammatory cells and cause "B symptoms" (fever, chills)

Answer: cytokines

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 856: A recurrent or persistent nodule on the eyelid could actually be an underlying _ or _ that is masquerading as a benign chalazion

Answer: sebaceous carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 857: Aneurysmal bone cysts most typically localize to the _____, femur, and tibia

Answer: spine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 858: Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells, which are precursors to the _____ and adrenal medulla

Answer: sympathetic chain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 859: Prognosis of astrocytoma is most affected by tumor _____

Answer: grade

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 860: What are the two genetic conditions associated with increased risk of surface epithelial cell tumors? _____

Answer: BRCA1/2 Lynch syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/ovarian-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 861: The abnormal promyelocytes seen in APML contain Auer Rods that contain MPO granules that increase risk for _____

Answer: DIC (dice)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 862: Which type of skin cancer is most likely to arise from chronically wounded, scarred, or inflamed skin? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 863: Oral cancers are most commonly _____, seen in smokers and drinkers

Answer: squamous cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 864: Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized histologically by "_____", which are tumor cells surrounding regions of necrosis and hemorrhage

Answer: pseudo-palisading

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 865: Nodular melanoma = _ prognosis due to _ growth

Answer: poor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 866: MEN_____ = RET proto-oncogene activation

Answer: 2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 867: Hodgkin lymphoma can cause hypercalcemia - why? _____

Answer: Cytokines from Reed-Sternberg → Activation of macrophages that express 1a-hydroxylase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 868: NHL most commonly a result of proliferation of _____

Answer: Mature B lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 869: Glioblastoma multiforme is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the _____

Answer: corpus callosum ("butterfly glioma")

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 870: Basal cell carcinoma = _____

Answer: excisional biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 871: Actinic keratosis is caused by sun exposure and is a precursor lesion of _____ cell carcinoma

Answer: squamous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 872: Warthins' tumor = always found in _ and common among _

Answer: parotid gland

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 873: Lymphoma = proliferation of B/T cells causing pain_____ lymph node enlargement and "B symptoms" of fever/chills/night sweats

Answer: less

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 874: psammoma bodies (calcification) in thyroid is seen in _____

Answer: papillary carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 875: Codman triangle and "sunburst" pattern is seen in _____

Answer: osteosarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/orthopedics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 876: Which type of primary testicular tumor is the most aggressive, commonly metastasizing to the lungs or brain? _____

Answer: Choriocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 877: Hereditary APC mutation results in _____

Answer: familial adenomateous polyposis (FAP)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 878: Lymphocyte-_____ = best prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer: rich

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 879: _____ (oncogenic virus) is associated with adenocarcinoma of the cervix and squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, vagina, anus, and cervix

Answer: High-risk HPV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 880: Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with _____

Answer: neurofibromatosis type 2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 881: Waldeyer's Ring is often affected by _____ Lymphoma

Answer: non-Hodgkin's

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 882: A malignant pheochromocytoma is diagnosed by _____

Answer: presence of metastasis at sites normally devoid of chromaffin tissue

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 883: Which form of acute leukemia is associated with CALLA and TdT proteins? _____

Answer: ALL

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 884: CA 19-9 and CEA are associated with _____ adenocarcinoma

Answer: Pancreatic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 885: "Onion skin" appearance of long bone periosteum with "moth-eaten" appearance is suggestive of _____

Answer: Ewing sarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/orthopedics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 886: Marginal zone lymphoma is associated with a t(_;_)

Answer: 11

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 887: On pap smear, how do you describe squamous epithelial cell abnormalities that are atypical, but not adequate to determine significance? _____

Answer: Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 888: Thyroid _____ carcinoma = Orphan Annie eye "ground-glass" appearance nuclei with nuclear grooves and psammoma bodies

Answer: papillary

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 889: Patient presents with red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola _____

Answer: Paget diease of the breast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 890: Heterogeneous mass attached to the interatrial septum describes a(n) _____

Answer: atrial myxoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 891: AML and ALL are neoplastic accumulations of _____ (>20%) in the bone marrow

Answer: myeloblasts or lymphoblasts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 892: DES exposure in utero = _____

Answer: clear cell adenocarcinoma (vagina)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 893: _ ≤ 20% myeloblasts ≤ _

Answer: Myelodysplastic syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 894: Medulloblastoma is a posterior fossa tumor of childhood that typically arises from the _____ and causes hydrocephalus due to blockage of the 4th ventricle

Answer: cerebellar vermis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki - Obstructive hydrocephalus due to proximity of 4th ventricle → signs of increased ICP (headache, vomiting, papilledema)

Flashcard 895: Langerhans cell histiocytosis presents as painful, single or multiple osteolytic lesions that most commonly affect the _____

Answer: skull

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 896: Adenomatous polyps _____ considered neoplastic

Answer: are

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 897: Submucosal GI mass that is c-KIT (+) = _____

Answer: gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 898: Which skin cancer presents as a "pink, pearl-like papule" with telangiectasias? _____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 899: Whar are the three types of ovarian cancer classifications? _____

Answer: Epithelial Stromal Germ cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/ovarian-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 900: Pearly papule with overlying telangiectasia = _____

Answer: basal cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 901: The symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis involve ___, and cause symptoms in the _ and ___

Answer: children

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 902: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant, high-grade tumor of _____

Answer: astrocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 903: What is the likely diagnosis in a middle-aged patient with pancytopenia and splenomegaly without lymphadenopathy and the peripheral smear below? _____

Answer: Hairy cell leukemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 904: Myelodysplastic syndromes result in _____, despite a normal hypercellular bone marrow

Answer: pancytopenia

Flashcard 905: In diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma what must be seen on histology and flow cytometry _____

Answer: 1)Reed-Sternberg cells 2)A background of inflammatory cells 3)CD15 and CD30

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 906: _____ = found on chronically sun damaged skin in old people (60-70)

Answer: Lentigo maligna melanoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 907: _____ is a bone tumor that appears on x-ray with chondroid matrix calcification and ring-and-arc sclerosis

Answer: Chondrosarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 908: Which race/sex is most affected by lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma? _____

Answer: Males of African decent

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 909: What four risk factors are associated with transitional cell bladder carcinoma? (4) _____

Answer: Phenacetin Smoking Aniline dyes Cyclophosphamide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 910: The cells in hairy cell leukemia stain positive for _____

Answer: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 911: The classic location for basal cell carcinoma is the _____ lip

Answer: upper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 912: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with the lesion below? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 913: Osteoblastic metastases may arise from: _____ breast cancer and causes hypocalcemia

Answer: prostate cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 914: The gross appearance of inflammatory breast cancer is often described as resembling a(n) _____

Answer: orange peel (Peau d'orange)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 915: What is the most common form of melanoma in African-Americans and Asians? _____

Answer: Acral lentiginious melanoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 916: _____ infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males

Answer: Schistosoma haematobium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 917: Thyroid _____ carcinoma = invasion through fibrous capsule and into the blood

Answer: follicular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 918: In Ataxia-telangiectasia, deficiency of the ATM gene causes poor repair of DNA double strand breaks, leading to an increased risk for _____

Answer: cancer (leukemia/lymphoma)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 919: Most common lung cancer in females and non-smokers = _____

Answer: adenocarcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 920: _____ cell carcinoma is more common on upper lip

Answer: Basal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 921: The classic location for squamous cell carcinoma is the _____ lip

Answer: lower

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 922: Hodgkin's lymphoma presents as a(n) _____ mass or nontender lymphadenopathy, and B symptoms

Answer: mediastinal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 923: Mesothelioma = bloody, _____ pleural effusion and pleural thickening

Answer: exudative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 924: Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac) can be monitored with _____

Answer: AFP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/ovarian-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 925: Lymphoma is divided into _ (60%) and _ lymphoma (40%)

Answer: non-Hodgkin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 926: _ germ cell tumors = elevated AFP and β-hCG _ germ cell tumors = only elevated β-hCG

Answer: Non-seminomatous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/ovarian-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 927: Ewing sarcoma is a bone tumor associated with a characteristic "_____" appearance on X-ray

Answer: onion-skin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 928: Mucosal neuromas and marfanoid body habitus = MEN _____

Answer: 2B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 929: Pinealoma (CNS tumor) may cause precocious puberty in males due to _____ production

Answer: β-hCG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 930: Peau d'orange appearance of breast = _____

Answer: inflammatory carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 931: Pinealoma (CNS tumor) may cause precocious puberty in males due to _____ production

Answer: β-hCG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 932: Hereditary retinoblastoma = ↑ risk of _____

Answer: osteosarcoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/orthopedics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 933: Melanoma on palms or soles = _____

Answer: acral lentiginous melanoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 934: Patients with hairy cell leukemia typically present with massive _____ due to expansion of the red pulp.

Answer: splenomegaly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 935: Choriocarcinoma is a tumor with early, diffuse hematogenous spread, especially to the _____

Answer: lungs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 936: What are the mutated cells in Hodgkin lymphoma? _____

Answer: B lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 937: Which subtype of thyroid cancer is associated with psammoma bodies and "orphan annie-eye nuclei"? _____

Answer: Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 938: Down syndrome = risk of _____ after age 5

Answer: ALL

Extra: Watch Down Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-trisomy-diseases-downs-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 939: _____ is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially megakaryocytes that activate fibroblasts

Answer: Myelofibrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 940: The incidence of _____ cancer is 5x higher for patients with systemic sclerosis than that of the general population

Answer: lung

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 941: Gardner syndrome is a combination of _____ with osteomas and fibromatosis. Funduscopy also shows congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (below)

Answer: familial adenomatous polyposis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 942: Ewing sarcoma is a bone tumor that is associated with t(_;_) translocation

Answer: 11

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ortho-peds/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 943: Mammary Paget disease is typically associated with an underlying _____ and therefore must be biopsed

Answer: adenocarcinoma (e.g. DCIS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 944: CML may transform to acute _ (2/3) or _ (1/3) leukemia

Answer: myeloid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 945: T-ALL usually presents in _____ (age group) as a(n) thymic mass, thus it is often referred to as acute lymphoblastic lymphoma

Answer: teenagers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 946: Mammary Paget's disease is typically associated with an underlying _____

Answer: adenocarcinoma (e.g. DCIS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 947: When testing for type 1 cryoglobulinemia with the cryoprecipitation test, positive results are possible within _____

Answer: 24 hours

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 948: Hepatocellular carcinoma = ↑ _____

Answer: AFP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 949: Sézary syndrome is characterized by atypical CD4+ cells with _____ nuclei seen on blood smear

Answer: cerebriform

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 950: Lymphoma diagnosis = _____

Answer: excisional node biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 951: The acral lentiginous subtype of melanoma is more common in _____-skinned individuals

Answer: dark

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 952: Osteosarcoma arises in the _____ of long bones, often around the knee (femur/tibia)

Answer: metaphysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 953: What is the most important indicator of prognosis for melanoma? _____

Answer: Depth of invasion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 954: Which subtype of thyroid cancer is associated with psammoma bodies and "orphan annie-eye nuclei"? _____

Answer: Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 955: Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with _ carcinoma of the _ in Middle eastern males

Answer: squamous cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 956: Feminization can occur in the setting of a Leydig cell tumor _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 957: Gingival hyperplasia with WBC blasts is suggestive of _____

Answer: acute monocytic leukemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 958: _____ cell carcinoma is more common on the lower lip

Answer: Squamous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 959: _____ is a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) due to a chronically draining sinus tract or wound

Answer: Marjolin ulcer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/leg-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 960: Interferons stimulate antitumor activity by activating _____ Cells

Answer: Natural Killer

Flashcard 961: What inherited cancers (2) are associated with osteosarcoma? _____

Answer: Li-Fraumeni syndrome and familial retinoblastoma

Flashcard 962: What are the two single most important gene mutations associated with hereditary breast cancer? _____

Answer: BRCA1 and BRCA2

Flashcard 963: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with neurofibromatosis type 2?_____

Answer: NF2

Flashcard 964: 'Triple-Negative' breast cancer is negative for ER, PR, and HER2/neu and has a _____ prognosis

Answer: poor

Flashcard 965: Is chronic myeloid leukemia associated with JAK2 mutations?_____

Answer: No (associated with Philadelphia chromosome)

Flashcard 966: Homologous Recombination is defective in breast/ovarian cancers with _____ mutations

Answer: BRCA1/2

Flashcard 967: What is the key risk factor for carcinoma of urothelium (epithelium of bladder, kidney)?_____

Answer: Cigarette smoke

Flashcard 968: What demographic (age group) is associated with giant cell tumor of bone? _____

Answer: Young adults (20 - 40 years old)

Flashcard 969: What cancer has a higher incidence in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria? _____

Answer: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (specific)

Flashcard 970: _____ is a cancer caused by HPV in HIV patients that often presents at the anus (in MSM's) or the cervix.

Answer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Flashcard 971: The peak incidence for secondary osteosarcoma is in _____

Answer: the elderly (>65 years old)

Flashcard 972: What cell type is characteristic of a liposarcoma?_____

Answer: Lipoblast

Flashcard 973: Giant cell tumor is a bone tumor comprised of multinucleated giant cells and stromal cells that express _____

Answer: RANKL

Flashcard 974: Giant cell tumor is associated with a "_____" appearance on X-ray

Answer: soap bubble

Flashcard 975: What is the most common benign soft tissue tumor in adults?_____

Answer: Lipoma

Flashcard 976: Is polycythemia vera associated with JAK2 mutations?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 977: Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (except CML) are associated with _____ mutations

Answer: V617F JAK2

Flashcard 978: Which bone tumor arises in the epiphysis of long bones?_____

Answer: Giant cell tumor and Chondroblastoma

Flashcard 979: Mutations in which tumor suppressor genes can lead to Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic cancers?_____

Answer: BRCA1/BRCA2

Flashcard 980: Which bone tumor is characterized by small, round blue cells that resemble lymphocytes? _____

Answer: Ewing sarcoma

Flashcard 981: Adenocarcinoma of the bladder may arise from _____, which is a congenital failure to form the caudal portion of the anterior abdominal and bladder walls

Answer: exstrophy

Flashcard 982: Multiple myeloma is associated with _____ on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)

Answer: M spike

Flashcard 983: Abnormal expression of miRNAs contributes to certain _____ (e.g. by silencing an mRNA from a tumor suppressor gene)

Answer: malignancies

Flashcard 984: _____ is a benign tumor of skeletal muscle

Answer: Rhabdomyoma

Flashcard 985: Females with BRCA1 mutations have increased risk for which types of cancer (3)? _____

Answer: breast, colon, ovarian, and fallopian tube

Flashcard 986: The t(9;22) translocation (BCR-ABL) is also known as the _____ chromosome

Answer: Philadelphia

Flashcard 987: Which cartilage tumor arises in the medulla of the pelvis or central skeleton? _____

Answer: Chondrosarcoma (malignant)

Flashcard 988: What is the most common cause of death in multiple myeloma? _____

Answer: Infection

Flashcard 989: Ewing sarcoma is associated with an "_____" appearance on X-ray

Answer: onion-skin

Flashcard 990: Osteosarcoma is associated with _____ exposure

Answer: radiation

Flashcard 991: EBV can result in _____ carcinoma, especially in Asian and African males

Answer: nasopharyngeal

Flashcard 992: The peak incidence for primary osteosarcoma is in _____

Answer: teenagers (10-20 years old) (specific)

Flashcard 993: What MSK pathology predisposes to osteosarcoma? _____

Answer: Paget disease of bone

Flashcard 994: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with breast, prostate and endometrial cancer?_____

Answer: PTEN

Flashcard 995: Osteosarcoma is a malignant proliferation of _____

Answer: osteoblasts

Flashcard 996: Imaging of osteoid osteoma reveals a bony mass, _____ 2 cm, with a radiolucent core (osteoid)

Answer: <

Flashcard 997: Osteoid osteoma is a benign tumor of _____, surrounded by a rim of reactive bone

Answer: osteoblasts (which make osteoid)

Flashcard 998: Osteoblastoma presents with bone pain that _____ resolve with aspirin

Answer: DOES NOT

Flashcard 999: Which cartilage tumor arises in the medulla of the small bones in the hands and feet? _____

Answer: Chondroma (benign)

Flashcard 1000: What malignancy is associated with Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? _____

Answer: Osteosarcoma

Flashcard 1001: Polycythemia vera is a form of _____ polycythemia (primary or secondary)

Answer: primary

Flashcard 1002: Osteoblastoma is benign tumor of osteoblasts, typically _____ 2 cm

Answer: >

Flashcard 1003: _____ is a benign tumor of adipose tissue contained within a fibrous capsule

Answer: Lipoma

Flashcard 1004: Is essential thrombocythemia associated with JAK2 mutations?_____*also associated with what mutations?

Answer: Yes (30-50%)

Flashcard 1005: What is the most common type of breast cancer? _____

Answer: Invasive ductal carcinoma (~75% of all breast cancers)

Flashcard 1006: Imaging of osteosarcoma may reveal elevation of periosteum, which is known as _____

Answer: Codman triangle

Flashcard 1007: Prostatic carcinoma and Medullary thyroid CA with bone metastasis classically produces _____ lesions

Answer: osteoblastic

Flashcard 1008: Extragonadal germ cell tumors arise in _____ locations

Answer: midline

Flashcard 1009: What bone tumor is characterized by a "sunburst" pattern and Codman triangle on X-ray?_____

Answer: Osteosarcoma

Flashcard 1010: Which part of the urinary tract does transitional cell carcinoma most commonly occur?_____

Answer: Bladder

Flashcard 1011: What demographic (age, gender) is associated with osteochondroma? _____

Answer: Males < 25 years old

Flashcard 1012: _____ is a benign bone tumor with an overlying cartilage cap

Answer: Osteochondroma

Flashcard 1013: Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma tumors are often multifocal and recur due to a "_____ defect"

Answer: field

Flashcard 1014: Which bone tumor is associated with a "soap-bubble" appearance on X-ray? _____

Answer: Giant cell tumor

Flashcard 1015: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a _____ stain can be used to identify Epithelial tumors (ex Squamous Cell Carcinoma)

Answer: Cytokeratin

Flashcard 1016: Giant cell tumor is a locally aggressive _____ tumor (benign or malignant)

Answer: benign

Flashcard 1017: What is the most common benign tumor of bone? _____

Answer: Osteochondroma

Flashcard 1018: Chemotherapy of a embryonal carcinoma may result in _____

Answer: differentiation (e.g. may mature into a teratoma)

Flashcard 1019: A germline P53 mutation predisposes you to what tumor syndrome?_____

Answer: Li-Fraumeni (SBLA) Syndrome

Flashcard 1020: Tumor staging is a _____ important prognostic factor than tumor grading

Answer: more

Flashcard 1021: _____ is a B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal IgM production

Answer: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Flashcard 1022: Blastic bone metastases present with high _____ levels

Answer: alkaline phosphatase

Flashcard 1023: What vascular tumor is a benign capillary hemangioma seen in elderly individuals? _____

Answer: Cherry hemangioma

Flashcard 1024: _____ thyroid carcinoma is due to PTC mutations.

Answer: Papillary

Flashcard 1025: Mycosis fungoides typically presents in adults with _____ patches/plaques

Answer: skin

Flashcard 1026: Imaging of osteosarcoma may reveal a "_____" pattern on X-ray

Answer: sunburst

Flashcard 1027: Lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus are both generally _____ (malignant potential)

Answer: benign

Flashcard 1028: AML is a neoplastic accumulation of _____ (>20%) in the bone marrow

Answer: myeloblasts

Flashcard 1029: Which two serum markers are often elevated in prostatic adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: PSA and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase)

Flashcard 1030: Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder include _____ (older women) and smoking

Answer: chronic cystitis

Flashcard 1031: What is the most common classification of gastric carcinoma (e.g. SCC, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, etc.)? _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1032: Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to increased _____ transcription factor, which increases VEGF and PDGF

Answer: HIF

Flashcard 1033: Which skin cancer typically presents as an elevated nodule with telangiectasias, rolled borders, central crusting, and/or ulcerations? _____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma (nodular type)

Flashcard 1034: Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy is caused by an abnormal _____ of skin and bone at distal extremities

Answer: proliferation

Flashcard 1035: What type of carcinoma are most head and neck cancers?_____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1036: What is the associated tumor that results from amplification of the N-MYC oncogene?_____

Answer: Neuroblastoma

Flashcard 1037: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a _____ stain can be used to identify Rhabdomyosarcomas, Leiomyomas, Leiomyosarcomas

Answer: Desmin

Flashcard 1038: The most common type of thyroid adenoma is _____ adenoma

Answer: follicular

Flashcard 1039: _____ implies the cancer is of epithelial origin

Answer: Carcinoma

Flashcard 1040: One use of the Hemoccult test (of the stool) and Colonoscopy as screening tools is to detect colonic adenoma before it becomes _____

Answer: colonic adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1041: Which virus is strongly associated with themixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted subtype of Hodgkins lymphoma?_____

Answer: Epstein-Barr Virus

Flashcard 1042: Colorectal cancer arises in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis via the "_____ hypothesis"

Answer: 2-hit

Flashcard 1043: _____ is a testicular germ cell tumor that forms a hemorrhagic mass with necrosis

Answer: Embryonal carcinoma

Flashcard 1044: Is primary CNS lymphoma typically a B-cell or T-cell neoplasm? _____

Answer: B-cell

Flashcard 1045: What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor? _____

Answer: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Flashcard 1046: What is the most common skin cancer?_____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1047: Once past the basement membrane, Invasive carcinomas are able to spread locally via attachment to _____

Answer: fibronectin

Flashcard 1048: AML may arise from pre-existing _____ syndromes

Answer: myelodysplastic

Flashcard 1049: Chronic pancreatitis results in increased risk for _____ carcinoma

Answer: pancreatic

Flashcard 1050: Hepatitis C virus can result in _____ carcinoma

Answer: hepatocellular

Flashcard 1051: Risk factors for _____ carcinoma include chronic hepatitis (e.g. HBV, HCV)

Answer: hepatocellular

Flashcard 1052: Which part of the urinary tract does squamous cell carcinoma most commonly occur?_____

Answer: Bladder

Flashcard 1053: The most common type of metastases to the bone from the prostate are _____

Answer: blastic

Flashcard 1054: Thyroid follicular adenoma is a benign tumor of follicles surrounded by a _____

Answer: fibrous capsule

Flashcard 1055: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of small B cells (CD20+) that form follicle-like nodules

Answer: Follicular

Flashcard 1056: Which rosettes are seen in Neuroblastoma?_____

Answer: Homer-Wright Rosettes

Flashcard 1057: Superficial _____ cell carcinoma may present as a scaling plaque

Answer: basal

Flashcard 1058: Adenomatous colonic polyps may progress to adenocarcinoma via the _____ sequence

Answer: adenoma-carcinoma

Flashcard 1059: Does metastasis to the lung typically present as single or multiple lesions? _____

Answer: Multiple

Flashcard 1060: Cardiac _____ are benign mesenchymal tumors with a gelatinous appearance and abundant ground substance on histology

Answer: myxomas

Flashcard 1061: Hodgkin lymphoma may present with eosinophilia due to production of _____ by Reed-Sternberg cells (especially mixed cellularity subtype)

Answer: IL-5

Flashcard 1062: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to Melanoma, Pancreatic Cancer, and Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome?_____

Answer: CDKN2A (not p53)

Flashcard 1063: In addition to 'Orphan Annie eye' nuclei, thyroid papillary carcinoma may have cells with intranuclear _____ and inclusions

Answer: grooves

Flashcard 1064: What type of oncogene is BCL-2?_____

Answer: anti-apoptotic molecule

Flashcard 1065: Which carcinogen is associated with the following types of cancer?_____ Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oropharynx and Upper EsophagusPancreatic CarcinomaHepatocellular Carcinoma

Answer: Ethanol

Flashcard 1066: Is smoking a risk factor for mesothelioma? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1067: _____ tumors usually display a low nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

Answer: Benign

Flashcard 1068: Which type of lymphoma (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin) is associated with masses composed of reactive inflammatory cells? _____

Answer: Hodgkin lymphoma

Flashcard 1069: On histology, the stromal proliferation in fibroadenomas compresses the _____

Answer: ducts

Flashcard 1070: What is the most common subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma (70%)? _____

Answer: Nodular sclerosis

Flashcard 1071: Pinealoma may cause _____ due to compression of the cerebral aqueduct

Answer: obstructive hydrocephalus

Flashcard 1072: What is the most common cause of death from skin cancer? _____

Answer: Melanoma

Flashcard 1073: What is the relative risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma with apocrine metaplasia (fibrocystic changes)? _____

Answer: No increased risk**

Flashcard 1074: Leukemic cell infiltration of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and _____ is possible

Answer: skin (leukemia cutis)

Flashcard 1075: _____ lymphoma is associated with chronic inflammatory states (e.g. Hashimoto thyroiditis, Sjogren syndrome, H. pylori gastritis)

Answer: Marginal zone

Flashcard 1076: CML may transform to acute _____ leukemia (1/3rd of transformations)

Answer: lymphoid

Flashcard 1077: An infection with a proliferation of B-cell kappa and lambda light chain phenotypes would cause the 3:2 ratio to _____

Answer: stay the same (change or stay the same)

Flashcard 1078: The most important predictor for endometrial hyperplasia progression to carcinoma is _____

Answer: cellular atypia

Flashcard 1079: What is the most common somatic malignancy stemming from a cystic teratoma? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

Flashcard 1080: Which precursor lesion to penile SCC is more commonly seen in younger patients (40s)? _____

Answer: Bowenoid papulosis

Flashcard 1081: Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is often associated with abundant eosinophils? _____

Answer: Mixed-cellularity

Flashcard 1082: What is the only factor used to make an absolute diagnosis of benign or malignant?_____

Answer: Metastatic potential

Flashcard 1083: Which three continents are associated with increased prevalence of penile squamous cell carcinoma?_____

Answer: Asia, Africa, South America

Flashcard 1084: HHV-8 is associated with _____ lymphoma

Answer: primary effusion (B-cell)

Flashcard 1085: Condylomas _____ progress to carcinoma (frequency)

Answer: rarely

Flashcard 1086: Oral erythroplakia is a red plaque due to _____ of leukoplakia

Answer: vascularization

Flashcard 1087: What is the extent of epithelial involvement by immature dysplastic cells in CIN I? _____

Answer: less than 1/3

Flashcard 1088: What type of ovarian neoplasm is often described as a yellow, friable (hemorrhagic) solid mass?_____

Answer: Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

Flashcard 1089: One hallmark of cancer is the ability to have limitless _____ potential (ex. exceed the hayflick limit)

Answer: replicative

Flashcard 1090: What are the associated tumors (2) that result from gain of function of the Bcl-2 oncogene?_____

Answer: follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

Flashcard 1091: There is an increased incidence of medullary carcinoma of the breast (a subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma) in patients with _____ mutations

Answer: BRCA1

Flashcard 1092: Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma are of _____-cell origin

Answer: B

Flashcard 1093: Which Herpesvirus is associated with endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?_____

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 1094: Bronchial carcinoid tumor is characterized by positive staining for _____

Answer: chromogranin A

Flashcard 1095: Are extragonadal germ cell tumors in the retroperitoneum and mediastinum regions most commonly associated with adults or infants / young children?_____

Answer: Adults

Flashcard 1096: In multiple myeloma, neoplastic plasma cells produce IL-_____ which stimulates osteoclast activating factor

Answer: 6

Flashcard 1097: Meningiomas are characterized histologically by spindle cells concentrically arranged in a _____ pattern

Answer: whorled

Flashcard 1098: Is Warthin tumor typically a benign or malignant salivary gland tumor?_____

Answer: Benign

Flashcard 1099: _____ carcinoma is the most common tumor of the urinary tract system

Answer: Transitional cell (urothelial)

Flashcard 1100: _____ is a malignant tumor of adipose tissue

Answer: Liposarcoma

Flashcard 1101: What demographic is associated with small (oat) cell carcinoma?_____

Answer: Male smokers

Flashcard 1102: Which lesion, leukoplakia or erythroplakia, is more suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia?_____

Answer: Erythroplakia

Flashcard 1103: Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to increased _____, which promotes growth

Answer: IGF-1

Flashcard 1104: _____ is a Lymphoma often associated with EBV thatcan present as focal/solitary lesions, thereby differentiating it from Toxoplasmosis.

Answer: Primary B-cell CNS Lymphoma

Flashcard 1105: What is the most common benign neoplasm of breast? _____

Answer: Fibroadenoma

Flashcard 1106: Prostatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by small glands that infiltrate normal tissue and nuclei that contain _____

Answer: dark nucleoli

Flashcard 1107: On histology, cyst formation and _____ mitoses are found in colloid cysts

Answer: rare

Flashcard 1108: What is the associated tumor that results from translocation 8;14 of the c-MYC oncogene?_____

Answer: Burkitt lymphoma

Flashcard 1109: Which testicular neoplasm is characterized histologically by Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruloid-like structures)?_____

Answer: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

Flashcard 1110: Li-Fraumeni syndrome is characterized by multiple malignancies at an _____ age

Answer: early

Flashcard 1111: What demographic is classically associated with the nodular sclerosis subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma? _____

Answer: Young adult females (age and gender)

Flashcard 1112: Tumor cells commonly produce _____ factors (ex. FGF / VEGF), which are necessary for tumor survival and growth

Answer: angiogenic

Flashcard 1113: The overlying cartilage in osteochondroma rarely transforms to _____

Answer: chondrosarcoma

Flashcard 1114: What is the most common bone malignancy? _____

Answer: Metastatic cancer

Flashcard 1115: Renal cell carcinoma often originates from the _____ cells of the nephron

Answer: PCT

Flashcard 1116: Seborrheic keratoses are _____ squamous neoplasms, typically seen on the head, trunk, and extremities in the elderly

Answer: benign

Flashcard 1117: Is mantle cell lymphoma typically aggressive or indolent? _____

Answer: Aggressive

Flashcard 1118: Gross exam of _____ often shows a uterus with a single lesion with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

Answer: leiomyosarcoma

Flashcard 1119: Low grade tumors are _____ differentiated

Answer: well

Flashcard 1120: _____ is a cystic tumor composed of fetal tissue derived from two or three embryologic layers (e.g. hair, teeth, bone, skin, gut, thyroid, etc)

Answer: Cystic teratoma

Flashcard 1121: Adenocarcinoma of the lung is _____ located

Answer: peripherally

Flashcard 1122: _____ is a malignant cartilage-forming tumor

Answer: Chondrosarcoma

Flashcard 1123: Mutations in which tumor suppressor genes can lead to Wilms Tumors?_____

Answer: WT1 and CDKN1C (WT2)

Flashcard 1124: Hand-Schuller-Christian disease is a _____ proliferation (benign or malignant) of Langerhans cells

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 1125: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the CDK4 oncogene?_____

Answer: amplification

Flashcard 1126: _____ nevi are flat macules, most commonly seen in children

Answer: Junctional

Flashcard 1127: Medulloblastoma is a form of primitive _____ tumor (embryonic tissue origin)

Answer: neuroectodermal

Flashcard 1128: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with pancreatic cancer?_____

Answer: DPC4/SMAD4, BRCA1/2, CDKN2A (4)

Flashcard 1129: Paragangliomas (also called Glomus jugulare) are tumors of _____ found in the mastoid

Answer: glomus cells

Flashcard 1130: The adenoma-carcinoma sequence begins with _____ gene mutations

Answer: APC

Flashcard 1131: Do both alleles of a protooncogene need to be mutated in order for expression of disease?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1132: There is an increased risk of _____ at the site of endometriosis, especially in the ovary

Answer: carcinoma

Flashcard 1133: Which Langerhans cell histiocytosis presents as pathologic fracture with no skin involvement?_____

Answer: Eosinophilic granuloma

Flashcard 1134: Embryonal carcinoma is a testicular germ cell tumor that often has a _____ morphology

Answer: glandular/papillary

Flashcard 1135: Melanoma is associated with sunlight exposure and _____ nevi

Answer: dysplastic

Flashcard 1136: Renal cell carcinoma is referred to as a "_____" cancer because it commonly presents as a metastatic neoplasm

Answer: silent

Flashcard 1137: Which oncogenic microbes are associated with the following cancers?:_____Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Answer: HBV, HCV, Aspergillus (3)

Flashcard 1138: Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma include _____-induced DNA damage

Answer: UVB

Flashcard 1139: _____ is a malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium

Answer: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Flashcard 1140: What is the most common primary CNS tumor in children? _____

Answer: Pilocytic astrocytoma

Flashcard 1141: Which type of polyp has greater malignant potential, sessile or pedunculated? _____

Answer: Sessile

Flashcard 1142: What is the associated tumor that results from point mutation of the KIT oncogene?_____

Answer: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Flashcard 1143: Does hairy cell leukemia typically present with lymphadenopathy? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1144: Marantic Endocarditis and Trousseau Syndrome can present as paraneoplastic syndromes associated with visceral _____

Answer: Adenocarcinomas

Flashcard 1145: Oligodendroglioma is a _____ tumor of oligodendrocytes

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 1146: _____ is a warty neoplasm of genital skin, often caused by low-risk HPV strains, and is often large

Answer: Condyloma

Flashcard 1147: Mycosis fungoides is a neoplastic proliferation of mature _____ cells

Answer: CD4+ T (name and type)

Flashcard 1148: A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that there is a loss of tissue _____

Answer: orientation

Flashcard 1149: What is the relative risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma with epithelial hyperplasia (fibrocystic changes)? _____

Answer: 1.5-2x increased risk

Flashcard 1150: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ WBCs

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1151: Salivary gland tumors are most commonly _____ (benign or malignant)

Answer: benign

Flashcard 1152: An example of when the tumor staging factor of tumor size / invasiveness is the most important is in _____

Answer: Melanoma (Breslow Thickness)

Flashcard 1153: Testicular sex cord-stromal tumors are composed of Sertoli cells and/or Leydig cells and are usually _____ (malignant potential)

Answer: benign

Flashcard 1154: What is the main distinguishing feature between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid?_____

Answer: Follicular adenoma has a lack of capsular and vascular invasion

Flashcard 1155: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?:_____Gastric AdenocarcinomaMALT Lymphoma

Answer: H Pylori

Flashcard 1156: The most common type of metastases to the bone from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer are _____

Answer: lytic (lesion type)

Flashcard 1157: Arsenic is associated with _____ carcinoma of the skin

Answer: squamous cell

Flashcard 1158: Ovarian _____ is a benign tumor composed of a single cyst with a simple, flat lining of epithelial cells

Answer: cystadenoma

Flashcard 1159: Embryonal carcinoma is a non-seminoma germ cell tumor and therefore has a relatively _____ prognosis

Answer: worse

Flashcard 1160: Which type of ALL (B- or T-ALL) is the most common? _____

Answer: B-ALL

Flashcard 1161: What is the prognosis of the nodular subtype of melanoma? _____

Answer: Poor (early vertical growth)

Flashcard 1162: The initial growth phase of melanoma is characterized by _____ growth horizontally along the epidermis and superficial epidermis

Answer: radial

Flashcard 1163: Squamous cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by formation of _____

Answer: keratin pearls

Flashcard 1164: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene/protein can lead to Neurofibromatosis II?_____

Answer: gene-NFII protein-Merlin (Schwannomin)

Flashcard 1165: Penile squamous cell carcinoma is associated with a lack of _____

Answer: circumcision (foreskin can act as a nidus)

Flashcard 1166: Does lichen sclerosus present with increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma?_____

Answer: Yes, slightly increased risk

Flashcard 1167: If a patient inherits or develops a mutation in a _____ gene, the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops

Answer: tumor suppressor

Flashcard 1168: Granulosa cell tumors have a scattering of _____ cells, which give the mass a yellow color on gross inspection

Answer: theca

Flashcard 1169: Thyroid _____ carcinoma is an undifferentiated malignant tumor of thyroid

Answer: anaplastic

Flashcard 1170: Which type of lymphoma (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin) is associated with masses composed of lymphoid cells? _____

Answer: non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Flashcard 1171: _____ is a well-circumscribed, hyperplastic protrusion of endometrial tissue

Answer: Endometrial polyp

Flashcard 1172: Which precursor lesion to penile SCC does not progress to invasive carcinoma? _____

Answer: Bowenoid papulosis

Flashcard 1173: What is the effect of obesity on risk of developing breast cancer? Why?_____

Answer: Increased, due to increased estrone production from adipose tissue

Flashcard 1174: What is a possible histological finding of serous, papillary endometrial carcinoma (sporadic pathway)? _____

Answer: Psammoma bodies (concentric spherules with dystrophic calcification)

Flashcard 1175: Congenital nevi are present at birth and often associated with _____

Answer: hair

Flashcard 1176: What type of gene is the APC gene? _____

Answer: Tumor suppressor gene

Flashcard 1177: CML presents with _____ RBCs

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1178: What is the most common salivary gland tumor? _____

Answer: Pleomorphic adenoma

Flashcard 1179: Why are left-sided heart valve lesions NOT seen with Carcinoid syndrome? _____

Answer: Lung contains MAO, which metabolizes serotonin

Flashcard 1180: A _____ is detected with FISH as fluorescence outside the original chromosome

Answer: translocation

Flashcard 1181: Overexpression of Bcl2 in the follicle of a lymph node results in a lack of apoptosis of _____ during somatic hypermutation

Answer: B-cells

Flashcard 1182: _____ is a benign tumor of cartilage

Answer: Chondroma

Flashcard 1183: Bronchial carcinoid tumor classically forms a polyp-like mass in the _____

Answer: bronchus

Flashcard 1184: Which renal neoplasia is associated with paraneoplastic syndromes? _____

Answer: Renal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1185: _____ tumor is a testicular sex cord stromal tumor comprised of tubules, usually clinically silent

Answer: Sertoli cell

Flashcard 1186: Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma has unusual surface marker expression in that it usually lacks CD15 and CD30 but expresses CD_____

Answer: 20

Flashcard 1187: What pathology is associated with increased telomerase activity?_____

Answer: Cancer

Flashcard 1188: Craniopharyngiomas commonly _____, which is visible on imaging and histology

Answer: calcify

Flashcard 1189: _____ is a form of marginal zone lymphoma in mucosal sites

Answer: MALToma

Flashcard 1190: Albinism is associated with increased risk of skin _____

Answer: cancer

Flashcard 1191: Carcinoid tumor is a malignant proliferation of _____ cells; low-grade malignancy

Answer: neuroendocrine

Flashcard 1192: What is the malignant potential of a mature cystic teratoma in females? _____

Answer: Benign

Flashcard 1193: The T of TNM staging for colorectal carcinoma represents the _____

Answer: depth of invasion

Flashcard 1194: Tumor cells that downregulate MHC class I can be detected and destroyed by _____ cells

Answer: Natural Killer

Flashcard 1195: Do the lymphoblasts in T-ALL express CD10?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1196: What is the most common malignant soft tissue tumor in adults?_____

Answer: Liposarcoma

Flashcard 1197: Seborrheic keratosis is characterized histologically by _____

Answer: keratin pseudocysts (horn cysts)

Flashcard 1198: Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by _____ cell proliferation

Answer: endothelial (type-not astrocyte)

Flashcard 1199: In regards to lung neoplasias; adenocarcinoma in situ is _____ located

Answer: peripherally

Flashcard 1200: Ependymoma is a _____ tumor of ependymal cells

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 1201: What type of cancer (e.g. SCC, adenocarcinoma, etc.) is gallbladder carcinoma? _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1202: The most common type of metastases to the bone from Small Cell Lung Cancer are _____

Answer: blastic (lesion type)

Flashcard 1203: Which tumor suppressor genes are associated with breast, ovarian, fallopian and pancreatic cancer?_____

Answer: BRCA1/BRCA2

Flashcard 1204: One type of a rare ovarian surface epithelial tumor is an _____ tumor, which is composed of endometrial-like glands and is usually malignant

Answer: endometrioid

Flashcard 1205: _____ lymphoma arises sporadically or from transformation of low-grade lymphoma (e.g. follicular lymphoma)

Answer: Diffuse large B-cell

Flashcard 1206: Transformation of CLL into diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma presents clinically as an _____ lymph node or spleen

Answer: enlarging

Flashcard 1207: Is pleomorphic adenoma a benign or malignant salivary gland tumor?_____

Answer: Benign

Flashcard 1208: Dysgerminoma is equivalent to its male testicular counterpart, termed a _____

Answer: seminoma

Flashcard 1209: _____ is a testicular germ cell tumor that forms a homogenous mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis

Answer: Seminoma

Flashcard 1210: The malignant cell of embryonal rhabdomysosarcoma is a _____

Answer: rhabdomyoblast

Flashcard 1211: Gross examination of a renal cell carcinoma reveals a _____ (color) mass

Answer: golden-yellow

Flashcard 1212: What is the most common class of testicular tumor (>95%)? _____

Answer: Germ cell tumors

Flashcard 1213: Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is often discovered _____; does not produce mass or calcification

Answer: incidentally

Flashcard 1214: Glomus tumors arise from modified _____ cells of the thermoregulatory glomus body

Answer: smooth muscle

Flashcard 1215: The DCC gene is a _____ that is frequently mutated in advanced colorectal cancer

Answer: tumor suppresor

Flashcard 1216: Which ovarian neoplasm is most commonly associated with an increased AFP and alpha 1 antitrypsin?_____

Answer: Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

Flashcard 1217: Which autosomal dominant syndrome is associated with increased risk for colon, ovarian, and endometrial carcinoma? _____

Answer: Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)

Flashcard 1218: Invasive ductal carcinoma classically forms _____-like structures

Answer: duct

Flashcard 1219: _____ disease is ductal carcinoma in situ that extends up the ducts to the skin of the nipple

Answer: Paget's

Flashcard 1220: _____ neoplastic tumors invade locally and have potential to metastasize

Answer: Malignant

Flashcard 1221: A mesenchymal tumor is a _____

Answer: sarcoma

Flashcard 1222: Letterer-Siwe disease is a _____ proliferation (benign or malignant) of Langerhans cells

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 1223: What histological finding may be associated with mesothelioma?_____

Answer: Psammoma bodies

Flashcard 1224: Thyroid _____ carcinoma often invades local structures leading to dysphagia or respiratory compromise

Answer: anaplastic

Flashcard 1225: What is the most common variant of melanoma?_____

Answer: Superficial spreading

Flashcard 1226: What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma? _____

Answer: Papillary Carcinoma (80%)

Flashcard 1227: _____ is the most common primary malignant liver tumor in adults

Answer: Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)

Flashcard 1228: Which carcinogen is associated with the following types of cancer?_____ Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin Angiosarcoma of the Liver Lung Cancer

Answer: Arsenic

Flashcard 1229: What is the most common risk factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis?_____

Answer: High-risk HPV [16, 18, 31, 33] (66% of cases)

Flashcard 1230: The abnormal promyelocytes seen in APML contain numerous primary granules that increase risk for _____

Answer: DIC

Flashcard 1231: Most subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma are more common in _____ (gender)

Answer: men

Flashcard 1232: Is transitional cell carcinoma via the papillary pathway associated with early p53 mutations? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1233: Mutations in which proto-oncogene can lead to Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders?_____

Answer: JAK2

Flashcard 1234: Tumor _____ defines the degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity

Answer: grading

Flashcard 1235: A mantle cell lymphoma is a lymphoma of _____-cells

Answer: B

Flashcard 1236: Laryngeal carcinoma can rarely arise from a laryngeal _____

Answer: papilloma

Flashcard 1237: The major risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma is _____

Answer: cigarette smoke

Flashcard 1238: Renal cell carcinoma commonly invades into the _____ (blood vessel)

Answer: renal vein

Flashcard 1239: What is the prognosis of pilocytic astrocytoma? _____

Answer: Good

Flashcard 1240: Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, especially for the development of _____ carcinoma

Answer: hepatocellular

Flashcard 1241: Ovarian _____ is a malignant tumor composed of complex cysts with a shaggy lining of epithelium and invasion into the connective tissue

Answer: cystadenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1242: Is carcinoma in situ reversible?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1243: _____ tumors typically have a benign course but may cause obstruction and appendicitis

Answer: Appendiceal carcinoid

Flashcard 1244: Telomerase activity is _____ in cancer

Answer: upregulated

Flashcard 1245: Which part of the respiratory epithelium can HPV infect? Results in what?_____

Answer: True vocal cords (producing laryngeal papillomatosis)

Flashcard 1246: What tumor marker may be used to identify melanoma?_____

Answer: S100

Flashcard 1247: What is the associated tumor that results from gain of function of the ALK oncogene?_____

Answer: lung adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1248: What is the major risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: UV-B light

Flashcard 1249: Does menetrier disease increase risk for gastric cancer? _____

Answer: Yes (pre-cancerous lesion)

Flashcard 1250: Does transitional cell carcinoma via the flat pathway develop as a high-grade or low-grade tumor? _____

Answer: High-grade tumor

Flashcard 1251: Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with increased risk for _____ and gallbladder cancer

Answer: cholangiocarcinoma

Flashcard 1252: What vascular tumor is a polyploid lobulated capillary hemangioma that is associated with trauma and pregnancy?_____

Answer: Pyogenic granuloma

Flashcard 1253: A common cause of Addison disease is metastatic carcinoma, especially from the _____

Answer: lungs

Flashcard 1254: _____ colonic polyps are due to a neoplastic proliferation of glands

Answer: Adenomatous

Flashcard 1255: Immunodeficiency increases the risk for _____ due to lack of immune surveillence for tumors

Answer: cancer

Flashcard 1256: What is the prognosis of large cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Poor

Flashcard 1257: _____ are common, benign tumors involving the deeper tissues of the body (ex. liver, brain) that typically occur from age 30 - 50 years

Answer: Cavernous hemangiomas

Flashcard 1258: Carcinomas can also directly seed _____ structures

Answer: peritoneal

Flashcard 1259: Lynch syndrome and some sporadic colorectal carcinomas arise via the _____ instability pathway

Answer: microsatellite

Flashcard 1260: Basal cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by nodules of basal cells with peripheral _____

Answer: palisading

Flashcard 1261: Endodermal sinus tumors are characterized by what histological finding (50%)?_____

Answer: Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruloid-like structures)

Flashcard 1262: Colorectal cancer is the _____ most common cancer by incidence and mortality

Answer: 3rd

Flashcard 1263: P-glycoprotein is classically seen in _____ but is also expressed in various other cancers

Answer: adrenocortical carcinoma

Flashcard 1264: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the PDGFB oncogene?_____

Answer: Overexpression

Flashcard 1265: What is the percent chance of reversal back to normal cervical epithelium in carcinoma in situ? _____

Answer: not possible

Flashcard 1266: The Knudson two-hit hypothesis states that _____ copy/copies of a tumor suppressor gene must be knocked out for tumor formation

Answer: both

Flashcard 1267: What is the only way to make an absolute diagnosis of cancer?_____

Answer: Biopsy/excision of the tissue

Flashcard 1268: What virus is associated with the endemic (African) form of Burkitts lymphoma?_____

Answer: Epstein-Barr Virus

Flashcard 1269: What complication of Epstein-Barr Virus can present with a large jaw lesion and swelling?_____

Answer: Endemic (African) Burkitt lymphoma

Flashcard 1270: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, also known as sarcoma botryoides, is a rare malignant mesenchymal proliferation of immature _____

Answer: skeletal muscle

Flashcard 1271: _____ is characterized by koilocytic change, nuclear atypia, and increased mitotic activity of cervical epithelium (dysplasia)

Answer: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Flashcard 1272: The tumor cells of pilocytic astrocytomas stain positive for _____

Answer: GFAP

Flashcard 1273: In terms of bone tumors, are bone metastases or 1* bone tumors more common?_____

Answer: Metastases, significantly

Flashcard 1274: A _____ of function mutation to a tumor suppressor gene increases the risk of cancer

Answer: loss

Flashcard 1275: Which type of stomach carcinoma are nitrosamines related to?_____

Answer: Intestinal type of Stomach Carcinoma

Flashcard 1276: What demographic is associated with mantle cell lymphoma? _____

Answer: Adult males

Flashcard 1277: Melanoma is often driven by activating mutations in _____ kinase

Answer: BRAF

Flashcard 1278: What is the most common malignant soft tissue tumor in children?_____

Answer: Rhabomyosarcoma

Flashcard 1279: _____ radiation is associated with chronic myelocytic leukemia

Answer: Ionizing

Flashcard 1280: Myasthenia Gravis is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: Thymoma

Flashcard 1281: What is the most important prognostic factor in predicting melanoma metastasis? _____

Answer: Depth of invasion (Breslow thickness)

Flashcard 1282: A _____ is a tumor of pancreatic beta cells

Answer: insulinoma

Flashcard 1283: High grade tumors are _____ differentiated

Answer: poorly

Flashcard 1284: Progression of colonic adenomas to carcinoma is associated with overexpression of _____

Answer: COX-2

Flashcard 1285: What is the most common malignant tumor of the ear canal?_____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1286: What is the associated tumor that results from amplification of the HER2/neu (c-erbB2) oncogene?_____

Answer: Breast carcinoma

Flashcard 1287: Positive TRAP stain for diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia has been largely replaced with _____

Answer: flow cytometry

Flashcard 1288: Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma of the bladder can arise from _____, a derivative of cigarette smoke

Answer: naphthylamine

Flashcard 1289: Which salivary gland tumor is associated with a high rate of recurrence following resection? _____

Answer: Pleomorphic adenoma

Flashcard 1290: Hodgkins Lymphoma can be classified as Classical or more rarely, _____

Answer: Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant

Flashcard 1291: Osteosarcomas account for _____% of primary bone cancers

Answer: 20

Flashcard 1292: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1?_____

Answer: MEN1

Flashcard 1293: The t(15;17) translocation seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia results in disruption of the _____ receptor on chromosome 17

Answer: retinoic acid

Flashcard 1294: _____ is a malignant proliferation of smooth muscle arising from the myometrium

Answer: Leiomyosarcoma

Flashcard 1295: Which of the following is a lymphoid / myeloid neoplasm with widespread involvement of bone marrow?_____

Answer: Leukemia

Flashcard 1296: Mycosis fungoides may spread to involve the blood, producing _____ syndrome (T-cell leukemia)

Answer: Sezary

Flashcard 1297: What is the most common testicular tumor in children (< 3 years old)?_____

Answer: yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

Flashcard 1298: Tumor cells upregulate _____ to evade anti-tumor T-cells

Answer: PD-L1

Flashcard 1299: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the RET oncogene?_____

Answer: point mutation

Flashcard 1300: Which carcinogen is associated with the following types of cancer?_____Transitional Cell Carcinoma (Bladder)Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the CervixSquamous Cell Carcinoma / Adenocarcinoma of the EsophagusRenal Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma of the LarynxSquamous Cell Carcinoma of the LungSmall Cell Lung CancerPancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Answer: Cigarette Smoke

Flashcard 1301: Patients with xeroderma pigamentosum are at risk for which type/s of skin cancer?_____

Answer: All

Flashcard 1302: What is the extent of epithelial involvement by immature dysplastic cells in CIN III? _____

Answer: slightly less than the entire thickness of the epithelium

Flashcard 1303: _____ is a sex cord stromal tumor that, similarly to granulosa cell tumors, may produce estrogen

Answer: Thecoma

Flashcard 1304: Paget's disease of the nipple is almost always associated with an underlying _____

Answer: carcinoma (e.g. DCIS)

Flashcard 1305: What is the serum tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma?_____

Answer: Alpha-fetoprotein, glypican-3, PIVKA

Flashcard 1306: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of small B cells (CD20+) that expands into the marginal zone

Answer: Marginal zone

Flashcard 1307: Tumor _____ defines the degree of localization/spread

Answer: staging

Flashcard 1308: Do cherry hemangiomas regress?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1309: What is the prognosis of medulloblastoma? _____

Answer: Poor

Flashcard 1310: Are the following protective factors or risk factors for surface epithelial ovarian cancer?_____- Infertility - Nulliparity- Postmenopausal hormone therapy

Answer: Risk factors

Flashcard 1311: What microbe can increase the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma?_____

Answer: H pylori

Flashcard 1312: A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that they become _____morphic

Answer: pleo

Flashcard 1313: The most important factor for prognosis of a transitional cell carcinoma is the degree of _____

Answer: invasion

Flashcard 1314: When performing Immunohistochemistry; TRAP can be used to identify _____

Answer: Hairy Cell Leukemia

Flashcard 1315: Is Warthin tumor typically unilateral or bilateral? _____

Answer: Unilateral

Flashcard 1316: _____ is the second most important prognostic factor for a cancer

Answer: Spread to regional lymph nodes (N)

Flashcard 1317: What is the cancer risk associated with HPV11?_____

Answer: Low

Flashcard 1318: _____ leukemia is associated with the t(12;21) translocation

Answer: Acute lymphoblastic

Flashcard 1319: Acute leukemia is defined as a neoplastic proliferation of blasts _____% in the bone marrow

Answer: > 20

Flashcard 1320: Large cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by _____ differentiated large cells

Answer: poorly

Flashcard 1321: _____ is a benign neoplasm of melanocytes

Answer: Nevus (mole)

Flashcard 1322: EBV is associated with _____, the endemic/african form

Answer: Burkitt lymphoma

Flashcard 1323: Can moles (nevi) transform into melanoma?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1324: Are cavernous hemangiomas typically symptomatic or asymptomatic?_____

Answer: Asymptomatic

Flashcard 1325: One subtype of AML is acute _____ leukemia, which presents with proliferation of monoblasts

Answer: monocytic

Flashcard 1326: Clonality of T lymphocytes can be determined by looking for _____ rearrangement

Answer: T-Cell Receptor

Flashcard 1327: Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is the most aggressive? _____

Answer: Lymphocyte-depleted

Flashcard 1328: _____ is a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

Answer: Rhabdomyosarcoma

Flashcard 1329: Pathological change seen in invasive carcinoma of the cervix: _____

Answer: koilocytic change

Flashcard 1330: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?:_____Kaposi Sarcoma

Answer: HHV-8

Flashcard 1331: _____ disorders are neoplastic proliferations of mature cells of myeloid lineage

Answer: Myeloproliferative

Flashcard 1332: What is a common cause of death in hemochromatosis? _____

Answer: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Flashcard 1333: When performing Immunohistochemistry; an _____ stain can be used to identify Melanomas, Schwannomas, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Answer: S-100

Flashcard 1334: Which of the following is a discrete tumor mass arising from lymph nodes?_____

Answer: Lymphoma

Flashcard 1335: After the regional lymph nodes, what are the two most common sites of metastasis?_____

Answer: Liver and Lung

Flashcard 1336: What is the most common primary malignant CNS tumor in adults? _____

Answer: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

Flashcard 1337: What vascular tumor is a benign capillary hemangioma seen in infants? _____

Answer: Strawberry hemangioma

Flashcard 1338: Bronchial carcinoid tumor can appear histologically as sheets of uniform cells with a "_____" pattern

Answer: salt and pepper

Flashcard 1339: Which architectural growth pattern (simple or complex) of endometrial hyperplasia has higher risk of progression to carcinoma?_____

Answer: complex

Flashcard 1340: Which skin cancer presents as an ulcerative red lesion with frequent scale?_____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1341: Mutations in which proto-oncogene can lead to Colon Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma, and Pancreatic Cancer?_____

Answer: KRAS

Flashcard 1342: In rare cases, seminomas may have elevated levels of the hormone _____

Answer: hCG

Flashcard 1343: _____ is a squamous cell carcinoma usually arising from the epithelial lining of the vocal cord

Answer: Laryngeal carcinoma

Flashcard 1344: Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and penis are associated with what DNA viruses? _____

Answer: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33

Flashcard 1345: BRCA2 mutation is associated with breast carcinoma in _____

Answer: males

Flashcard 1346: What is the most useful factor in determing prognosis of breast cancer? _____

Answer: spread to axillary lymph nodes

Flashcard 1347: Meningiomas are characterized histologically by presence of _____ bodies

Answer: psammoma

Flashcard 1348: Which form of Burkitt's lymphoma presents as an abdominal mass?_____

Answer: Non-endemic (sporadic form)

Flashcard 1349: Myelodysplastic syndromes usually present with increased blasts _____%

Answer: < 20

Flashcard 1350: _____ are benign tumors comprised of blood vessels

Answer: Hemangiomas

Flashcard 1351: Which part of the urinary tract does adenocarcinoma most commonly occur?_____

Answer: Bladder

Flashcard 1352: Blood smear of essential _____ shows markedly increased number of platelets, which may be large or abnormally formed

Answer: thrombocythemia

Flashcard 1353: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with melanoma and pancreatic cancer?_____

Answer: CDKN2A

Flashcard 1354: Which form of radiation is associated with the following types of cancer?_____ Basal Cell Carcinoma of the SkinSquamous Cell Carcinoma of the SkinMelanoma of the Skin

Answer: Non-Ionizing Radiation

Flashcard 1355: What demographic (age, gender) is associated with osteoid osteoma? _____

Answer: Males < 25 years old

Flashcard 1356: Invasive ductal carcinoma may present, grossly, with classic "_____" infiltration

Answer: stellate

Flashcard 1357: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a very aggressive tumor arising from the pancreatic _____ (ducts or acini)

Answer: ducts

Flashcard 1358: Horseshoe kidney is rarely associated with renal _____

Answer: cancer

Flashcard 1359: Do hamartomatous colonic polyps have significant risk of malignant transformation? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1360: What is the most common malignancy in the small intestine?_____

Answer: carcinoid tumor (neuroendocrine cells)

Flashcard 1361: _____ is a benign small, well-defined mobile breast mass composed of fibrous tissue and glands

Answer: Fibroadenoma

Flashcard 1362: _____ (leukemias or lymphomas) are neoplastic proliferations of lymphoid cells that form a mass

Answer: Lymphomas

Flashcard 1363: Eosinophilic granuloma is a _____ proliferation (benign or malignant) of Langerhans cells

Answer: benign

Flashcard 1364: Are craniopharyngiomas benign or malignant?_____

Answer: Benign

Flashcard 1365: Which ovarian neoplasm is characterized histolocally by Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruloid-like structures)?_____

Answer: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

Flashcard 1366: Does benign prostatic hyperplasia increase risk of cancer?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1367: Nitrosamines are a carcinogen associated with what type of cancer? _____

Answer: Intestinal Gastric Cancer

Flashcard 1368: The most common variant of renal cell carcinoma exhibits _____ cytoplasm

Answer: clear cell

Flashcard 1369: Ewing sarcoma is a malignant proliferation of poorly-differentiated cells derived from _____

Answer: neuroectoderm

Flashcard 1370: What is the prognosis of the lentigo maligna subtype of melanoma? _____

Answer: Good (radial growth, "melanoma in situ")

Flashcard 1371: What is the prognosis of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma? _____

Answer: Excellent

Flashcard 1372: What type of breast cancer is most common in males? _____

Answer: invasive ductal carcinoma

Flashcard 1373: Which Langerhans cell histiocytosis presents as skin rash and cystic skeletal defects?_____

Answer: Letterer-Siwe disease

Flashcard 1374: Mutations in which proto-oncogene can lead to Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma and Anaplastic Large-cell Lymphoma?_____

Answer: ALK

Flashcard 1375: Cryptorchidism increases risk for which class of testicular tumor?_____

Answer: Germ cells tumors, especially seminoma

Flashcard 1376: What type of fetal tissue is most commonly seen in an immature teratoma? _____

Answer: neuroectoderm

Flashcard 1377: Invasive carcinoma cells first bind to basement membrane via _____

Answer: laminin

Flashcard 1378: What is the extent of epithelial involvement by immature dysplastic cells in cervical carcinoma in situ? _____

Answer: the entire thickness of the epithelium

Flashcard 1379: Dysplasia is a term used only with _____ cells

Answer: epithelial

Flashcard 1380: Which type of invasive breast carcinoma is characterized as often being bilateral with multiple lesions in the same location?_____

Answer: Invasive lobular carcinoma

Flashcard 1381: What pathology is characterized by a deficiency of the enzymes used in mismatch base repair? _____

Answer: Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC])

Flashcard 1382: Laryngeal papillomas may have _____ change on biopsy

Answer: koilocytic

Flashcard 1383: In the _____ pathway (25%) of endometrial carcinoma, the carcinoma arises in an atrophic endometrium with no precursor lesion

Answer: sporadic

Flashcard 1384: Small (oat) cell carcinoma is _____ located

Answer: centrally

Flashcard 1385: Arsenic is commonly found in _____, hence its association with lung cancer

Answer: cigarette smoke

Flashcard 1386: _____ process is a pathologic process that replaces bone marrow (e.g. metastatic cancer)

Answer: Myelophthisic

Flashcard 1387: Do both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene need to be mutated in order for expression of disease?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1388: Erythroplakia is highly suggestive of squamous cell _____ (hyperplasia or dysplasia)

Answer: dysplasia

Flashcard 1389: _____ thyroid carcinoma is due to PAX8-PPAR mutations.

Answer: Follicular

Flashcard 1390: Does the radial phase of melanoma growth have a high risk of metastasis? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1391: Gross examination of _____ shows multiple, well-defined, white, whorled masses that may distort the uterus and impinge on pelvic structures

Answer: leiomyoma (fibroid)

Flashcard 1392: _____ are benign sex cord stromal tumors of fibroblasts (bundles of spindle-shaped cells)

Answer: Fibromas

Flashcard 1393: What is the cancer risk associated with HPV42-44?_____

Answer: Low

Flashcard 1394: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease?_____

Answer: VHL

Flashcard 1395: Agents that damage DNA are known as _____

Answer: carcinogens

Flashcard 1396: Do severely dysplastic / carcinoma in situ cells penetrate the intact basement membrane?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1397: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by _____ of normal lymph node architecture

Answer: disruption

Flashcard 1398: Can you have a benign proliferation of lymphocytes?_____

Answer: No (always malignant)

Flashcard 1399: What three gene mutations are associated with increased risk of thyroid papillary carcinoma?_____

Answer: RET, PTC and BRAF

Flashcard 1400: Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is usually seen (strongest association) in the elderly and HIV+ individuals? _____

Answer: Lymphocyte-depleted

Flashcard 1401: In invasive carcinoma, cell-cell contacts are lost by inactivation of _____

Answer: E-cadherin

Flashcard 1402: In patients with leukemia, unregulated growth and differentiation of WBCs in bone marrow results in _____

Answer: marrow failure

Flashcard 1403: In the "seed and soil" theory of metastasis: the "soil" (target organ) is often the first encountered _____

Answer: capillary bed

Flashcard 1404: Grade _____ follicular lymphoma is characterized by a mixture of small cleaved cells and large noncleaved cells

Answer: 2

Flashcard 1405: HPV-related vulvar carcinoma arises from _____, a dysplastic precursor lesion characterized by koilocytic change, disordered cellular maturation, nuclear atypia, and increased mitotic activity

Answer: vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)

Flashcard 1406: Because patients with Bloom syndrome have a dysfunctional BLM helicase enzyme, they are at great risk of developing _____

Answer: cancer

Flashcard 1407: Vulval carcinoma arises from the _____ epithelium lining the vulva

Answer: squamous

Flashcard 1408: Reed-Sternberg cells secrete _____, which attract other inflammatory cells

Answer: cytokines

Flashcard 1409: _____ are pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that are associated with psammoma bodies.

Answer: Somatostatinomas

Flashcard 1410: What receptor is expressed by meningiomas? _____

Answer: Estrogen receptors

Flashcard 1411: Follicular lymphoma may progress to _____ lymphoma, which presents as an enlarging lymph node

Answer: diffuse, large B-cell

Flashcard 1412: Does basal cell carcinoma typically metastasize?_____

Answer: No (rare)

Flashcard 1413: The most common type of cervical carcinoma is _____ (80%)

Answer: squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1414: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome, Colon Adenocarcinoma, and Pancreatic Cancer?_____

Answer: SMAD4

Flashcard 1415: Which type of lymphoma (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin) is associated with extranodal involvement? _____

Answer: non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Flashcard 1416: What type of cancer (e.g. SCC, adenocarcinoma, etc.) is pancreatic carcinoma? _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1417: Does HCV increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1418: Does the vertical phase of melanoma growth have a high risk of metastasis? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1419: Is hairy leukoplakia pre-malignant for oral squamous cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1420: Which Herpesvirus is associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma?_____

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 1421: How does hepatocellular carcinoma spread? _____

Answer: Hematogenously

Flashcard 1422: What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children? _____

Answer: Rhabdomyoma

Flashcard 1423: _____ is a slow-growing tumor that typically arises from Schwann cells in the vestibular nerve

Answer: Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)

Flashcard 1424: _____ are caused by the clonal proliferation of benign melanocytes in utero

Answer: Congenital (melanocytic) nevi

Flashcard 1425: Which oncogene is associated with Neuroblastoma?_____

Answer: N-myc overexpression

Flashcard 1426: One hallmark of cancer is the ability to be insensitive to anti-growth signals, such as _____

Answer: TGF-Beta

Flashcard 1427: Grade _____ follicular lymphoma is characterized by small cleaved cells

Answer: 1

Flashcard 1428: _____ is the single most important prognostic factor for a cancer

Answer: Metastasis (M)

Flashcard 1429: Medulloblastoma can compress the _____, causing noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Answer: 4th ventricle

Flashcard 1430: Gain of functions in the _____ oncogene result in chronic myeloproliferative disorders

Answer: JAK2

Flashcard 1431: What is the most common malignant hepatic lesion?_____

Answer: Liver metastasis

Flashcard 1432: _____ is a serological antigen from EBV that contributes to Hodgkin's or Burkitt's Lymphoma.

Answer: Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)

Flashcard 1433: If DNA repair is not possible, p53 induces _____

Answer: apoptosis

Flashcard 1434: Burkitt lymphoma is associated with _____ infection

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 1435: What astrocyte-derived CNS tumor is associated with tuberous sclerosis?_____

Answer: Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas

Flashcard 1436: A lymphoma with a proliferation of B-cell kappa and lambda light chain phenotypes would cause the 3:2 ratio to _____

Answer: change (change or stay the same)

Flashcard 1437: Does lichen simplex chronicus present with increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1438: Loss of p53 is seen in >_____% of cancers

Answer: 50

Flashcard 1439: _____ is a neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells

Answer: Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Flashcard 1440: Which form of Burkitt's lymphoma presents as a mass on the jaw or face?_____

Answer: Endemic (African)

Flashcard 1441: What mutation is common in endometrial carcinoma from the sporadic pathway?_____

Answer: p53 mutations

Flashcard 1442: Which type of cancer tends to metastasize via the lymphatics to regional lymph nodes?_____

Answer: Carcinomas

Flashcard 1443: What is the most common primary benign CNS tumor in adults? _____

Answer: Astrocytoma

Flashcard 1444: What is the most common malignancy in the small intestine? _____

Answer: Carcinoid tumor

Flashcard 1445: Patients with neuroblastomas may have metastases that cause spinal cord compression due to _____ invasion

Answer: epidural

Flashcard 1446: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast is _____ carcinoma, which is characterized by malignant cells floating in 'pools of mucus'

Answer: mucinous

Flashcard 1447: _____ carcinoma is a malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary or testis composed of large primitive cells

Answer: Embryonal

Flashcard 1448: What cell type is characteristic of a rhabdomyosarcoma?_____

Answer: Rhabdomyoblast

Flashcard 1449: Myelodysplastic syndromes rarely may progress to _____ leukemia

Answer: acute myeloid

Flashcard 1450: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the L-MYC oncogene?_____

Answer: amplification

Flashcard 1451: Presence or absence of which three receptors or genes are most important in predicting response to treatment of breast cancer?_____

Answer: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Her2/neu amplification

Flashcard 1452: Some fibrocystic-related changes carry increased risk for invasive carcinoma, which applies to _____ breast(s)

Answer: both

Flashcard 1453: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the HER2/neu (c-erbB2) oncogene?_____

Answer: Amplification

Flashcard 1454: Prostatic adenocarcinoma may be graded using the _____ grading system

Answer: Gleason

Flashcard 1455: Brenner tumors are solid, encapsulated tumors with a yellow-tan appearance; they have "_____" nuclei on H&E stain

Answer: Coffee bean

Flashcard 1456: The tumor cells in carcinoid tumors contain secretory granules that stain positive for _____, synaptophysin, as well as other neuroendocrine markers

Answer: chromogranin A

Flashcard 1457: What percent of brain tumors are from metastases?_____

Answer: 50%

Flashcard 1458: _____ is the most common type of primary lung carcinoma (40%)

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1459: Does transitional cell carcinoma via the papillary pathway develop as a high-grade or low-grade tumor? _____

Answer: Low-grade tumor

Flashcard 1460: EBV is associated with Post-tranplant _____

Answer: Lymphoproliferative Disease

Flashcard 1461: Which carcinogen is associated with the following types of cancer?_____ Bronchogenic CarcinomaMesothelioma

Answer: Asbestos

Flashcard 1462: Cyst formation within end-stage kidneys during dialysis increases risk for _____

Answer: renal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1463: What aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma can develop at sites of chronic inflammation / previously traumatized or scarred skin?_____

Answer: Marjolins ulcer

Flashcard 1464: HHV-8 inactivates the _____ tumor suppressor protein

Answer: RB

Flashcard 1465: Paragangliomas are associated with MEN _____

Answer: 2A/2B

Flashcard 1466: Mutations in which tumor suppressor protein can lead to Neurofibromatosis I?_____

Answer: Neurofibromin

Flashcard 1467: Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma has the best prognosis? _____

Answer: Lymphocyte-predominant

Flashcard 1468: Where do the lesions of Kaposi sarcoma most commonly occur?_____

Answer: Hard palate of mouth

Flashcard 1469: What is the malignant potential of a mature cystic teratoma in males? _____

Answer: *malignancy possible*

Flashcard 1470: _____ nevi are raised papules, most commonly seen in adults

Answer: Intradermal

Flashcard 1471: What type of breast cancer may present with signet ring cells?_____

Answer: Lobular carcinoma (both in situ and invasive)

Flashcard 1472: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with neurofibromatosis type 1?_____

Answer: NF1

Flashcard 1473: Starry sky appearance on histology, large jaw lesion and swellingAssoc. with EBV_____

Answer: Endemic (african) Burkitt Lymphoma

Flashcard 1474: Do the megakaryoblasts seen in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia typically contain myeloperoxidase (MPO)? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1475: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of intermediate-sized B cells (CD20+)

Answer: Burkitt

Flashcard 1476: ALL is a neoplastic accumulation of _____ (>20%) in the bone marrow

Answer: lymphoblasts

Flashcard 1477: Once tumor cells enter the extracellular matrix they will attach themselves to _____

Answer: fibronectin

Flashcard 1478: Downregulation of _____ allows for dissociation and spread of tumor cells

Answer: E-cadherin

Flashcard 1479: Does paget disease of the nipple often present with underlying carcinoma? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1480: Myelofibrosis is characterized by a _____ smear (increased nucleated RBCs and immature granulocytes)Why?

Answer: leukoerythroblastic

Flashcard 1481: Mesothelioma is almost always positive for calretinin and _____.

Answer: cytokeratin 5/6

Flashcard 1482: What gender is more commonly affected by meningioma? _____

Answer: Women

Flashcard 1483: The most common type of metastases to the bone from the kidney are _____

Answer: lytic (lesion type)

Flashcard 1484: A higher score using the Gleason grading system (for prostatic adenocarcinoma) is associated with a _____ prognosis

Answer: worse

Flashcard 1485: _____ leukemia (acute or chronic) is a neoplastic proliferation of mature circulating lymphocytes

Answer: Chronic

Flashcard 1486: Small (oat) cell carcinoma is commonly associated with amplification of the _____ oncogene

Answer: myc

Flashcard 1487: The aggregates of neoplastic cells in the epidermis seen with mycosis fungoides are called _____

Answer: Pautrier microabscesses

Flashcard 1488: Which cancer is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection?_____

Answer: Cholangiocarcinoma

Flashcard 1489: What demographic is most commonly associated with anaplastic carcinoma?_____

Answer: elderly women

Flashcard 1490: Which type of cancer tends to metastasize hematogenously?_____

Answer: Sarcomas (and 4 carcinomas)

Flashcard 1491: If a salivary gland tumor involves a non-parotid gland it is more likely to be _____ (benign or malignant)

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 1492: Which tumor suppressor genes are associated with Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)?_____

Answer: WT1, WT2(CDKN1C)

Flashcard 1493: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to FAP associated Colorectal Cancer?_____

Answer: APC

Flashcard 1494: Is Schwannoma typically seen in adults or children? _____

Answer: Adults

Flashcard 1495: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by _____-clonality

Answer: mono

Flashcard 1496: Which CNS tumor is characterized by cholesterol crystals found in 'motor-oil'-like fluid within the tumor?_____

Answer: Craniopharyngioma

Flashcard 1497: Is the hereditary form of renal cell carcinoma typically uni- or bilateral? _____

Answer: Bilateral

Flashcard 1498: What is the etiology of laryngeal papillomatosis?_____

Answer: HPV 6 and 11

Flashcard 1499: Which CNS tumor is characterized histologically by a whorled pattern +/- psammoma bodies? _____

Answer: Meningioma

Flashcard 1500: Multiple myeloma is associated with _____ of RBCs on blood smear

Answer: Rouleaux formation

Flashcard 1501: Metastatic bone tumors usually result in _____ lesions

Answer: osteolytic (punched-out)

Flashcard 1502: What is the cancer risk associated with HPV33?_____

Answer: High

Flashcard 1503: What is the prognosis of thyroid papillary carcinoma? _____

Answer: excellent

Flashcard 1504: Which adenoma-carcinoma sequence mutation results in increased risk for polyp formation? _____

Answer: APC mutation

Flashcard 1505: _____ is a malignant testicular tumor comprised of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei, sometimes described as a "fried egg" appearance

Answer: Seminoma

Flashcard 1506: Which helminth increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma?_____

Answer: Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)

Flashcard 1507: Myelofibrosis is often associated with massive _____ due to extramedullary hematopoiesis

Answer: splenomegaly

Flashcard 1508: Are hot nodules in toxic multinodular goiter malignant?_____

Answer: Rarely

Flashcard 1509: Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkins Lymphoma is a rare variant that is characterized by "_____ cells"

Answer: popcorn

Flashcard 1510: Pituitary _____ is a benign tumor of the anterior pituitary cells

Answer: adenoma

Flashcard 1511: Is a Choristoma neoplastic? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1512: Cutaneous angiosarcomas are described as firm, _____ nodules

Answer: violaceous (color)

Flashcard 1513: HBV is associated with _____ carcinoma

Answer: hepatocellular

Flashcard 1514: Do primary malignant CNS tumors typically metastasize? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1515: The second most common subtype of cervical carcinoma is _____ (15%)

Answer: adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1516: What is the prognosis of the medullary carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Good

Flashcard 1517: Is ependymoma typically seen in adults or children? _____

Answer: Children

Flashcard 1518: Which subtype of melanoma arises on the palms or soles? _____*bonus: cause compared to other types..

Answer: Acral lentiginous

Flashcard 1519: Which type of UV light increases risk of skin cancer?_____

Answer: Both UVA and UVB

Flashcard 1520: A _____ is a tumor of pancreatic alpha cells

Answer: glucagonoma

Flashcard 1521: Oligodendroglioma may present with _____

Answer: seizures

Flashcard 1522: Biopsy of osteosarcoma reveals pleomorphic cells that produce _____

Answer: osteoid

Flashcard 1523: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a stain for PSA can be used to identify _____ Cancer

Answer: Prostate

Flashcard 1524: Rhabdomyoblasts are spindle-shaped cells that sometimes exhibit cytoplasmic _____

Answer: cross-striations

Flashcard 1525: _____ tumors usually display a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

Answer: Malignant

Flashcard 1526: _____ are highly aggressive malignant proliferations of endothelial cells

Answer: Angiosarcomas

Flashcard 1527: Which skin disorder can present as a raised, discolored plaque with a waxy, "stuck on" appearance? _____

Answer: Seborrheic keratosis

Flashcard 1528: _____ is the hyperplasia of endometrial glands relative to the stroma

Answer: Endometrial hyperplasia

Flashcard 1529: In Follicular lymphoma, there is a failure of apoptosis of faulty B cells during _____

Answer: somatic hypermutation

Flashcard 1530: Which is more common, primary lung tumors or metastasis to the lung? _____

Answer: Metastasis

Flashcard 1531: Which urinary tract cancer is associated with naphthylamine?_____

Answer: Transitional cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1532: What is the prognosis of the superficial spreading subtype of melanoma? _____

Answer: Good (early radial growth)

Flashcard 1533: CML may transform to acute _____ leukemia (2/3rd of cases)

Answer: myeloid

Flashcard 1534: What virus is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?_____

Answer: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Flashcard 1535: The hereditary form of renal cell carcinoma classically rises in _____ (age group)

Answer: younger adults

Flashcard 1536: Cutaneous _____ is a malignant tumor associated with chronic lymphedema

Answer: angiosarcoma

Flashcard 1537: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to Breast, Prostate, Endometrial Cancer, and Cowden Syndrome?_____

Answer: PTEN

Flashcard 1538: What is the prognosis of the inflammatory carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: poor (50% survival at 5 years)

Flashcard 1539: How much of the epithelium do cells that are severely dysplastic or have become carcinoma in situ involve?_____

Answer: Entire thickness*

Flashcard 1540: _____ is a process by which a carcinogen damages a wide mucosal area, causing multiple tumors

Answer: Field cancerization

Flashcard 1541: What is the most common benign ovarian tumor? _____

Answer: Serous cystadenoma

Flashcard 1542: Which form of radiation is associated with the following types of cancer?_____ AMLCMLThyroid Papillary Carcinoma

Answer: Ionizing Radiation

Flashcard 1543: The most common body cavity seeded by a tumor is the _____

Answer: peritoneal cavity

Flashcard 1544: Which layer of the epithelium does HPV infect?_____

Answer: Stratum basale

Flashcard 1545: _____ tumor is a malignant tumor that mimics the yolk sac

Answer: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac)

Flashcard 1546: FAP and most sporadic colorectal carcinomas arise via the _____ instability pathway

Answer: chromosomal

Flashcard 1547: What is the prognosis of thyroid anaplastic carcinoma?_____

Answer: Poor

Flashcard 1548: Which skin cancer is the most common cutaneous malignancy? _____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1549: One subtype of AML is acute _____ leukemia, which presents with proliferation of megakaryoblasts

Answer: megakaryoblastic

Flashcard 1550: Under persistent stress, metaplasia can progress to dysplasia and eventually _____

Answer: cancer

Flashcard 1551: _____ of the lung is the most common cancer in nonsmokers and female smokers

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1552: Which type of lymphoma (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin) is characterized by non-contiguous spread? _____

Answer: non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Flashcard 1553: Clonality can be determined via _____ isoforms in females

Answer: G6PD

Flashcard 1554: Seminomas are associated with increased levels of placental _____

Answer: ALP

Flashcard 1555: Colorectal cancer most commonly metastasizes to the _____

Answer: liver

Flashcard 1556: _____ are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and are a hallmark of HPV infection.

Answer: Koilocytes

Flashcard 1557: Which is more common, primary liver tumors or metastasis to the liver?_____

Answer: Metastasis

Flashcard 1558: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by lack of _____ in germinal centers

Answer: tingible body macrophages (long name (3))

Flashcard 1559: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the KIT oncogene?_____

Answer: point mutation

Flashcard 1560: Is neoplasia reversible?_____

Answer: No (irreversible)

Flashcard 1561: What is the prognosis of ependymoma? _____

Answer: Poor

Flashcard 1562: The normal kappa to lambda light chain ratio in a tissue sample is _____

Answer: 3:2

Flashcard 1563: Cystic teratomas of the ovary are commonly _____locular

Answer: uni

Flashcard 1564: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a neoplastic proliferation of mature _____ cells

Answer: CD4+ T (specific)

Flashcard 1565: Melanoma progresses to _____ growth into the deep dermis

Answer: vertical

Flashcard 1566: Does HBV increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1567: The most common type of metastases to the bone from the thyroid are _____

Answer: lytic (lesion type)

Flashcard 1568: Is renal oncocytoma benign or malignant?_____

Answer: Benign

Flashcard 1569: Invasive carcinoma invades through the basement membrane using _____ to access the extracellular matrix

Answer: matrix metalloproteinases

Flashcard 1570: _____-sided colorectal carcinoma usually arises as a result of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Answer: Left

Flashcard 1571: What is the precursor lesion of a vaginal squamous cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)

Flashcard 1572: _____ lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of large B cells (CD20+) that grow diffusely in sheets

Answer: Diffuse large B-cell

Flashcard 1573: Which paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Lung, Head, and Neck; along with Renal, Bladder, Breast, and Ovarian Carcinoma?_____

Answer: Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

Flashcard 1574: What is the malignant potential of an immature cystic teratoma?_____

Answer: Malignancy possible

Flashcard 1575: The pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphoma involves _____ infection

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 1576: Waldeyer's Ring is lymphoid tissue in the pharynx that is often involved in _____

Answer: non-hodgkin lymphoma

Flashcard 1577: Ependymomas most commonly arise in the _____

Answer: 4th ventricle

Flashcard 1578: The classic finding on gross exam for a pheochromocytoma is a _____ tumor

Answer: brown

Flashcard 1579: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is characterized by deposition of _____ within the tumor

Answer: calcitonin

Flashcard 1580: Which CNS tumor may have rod-shaped blepharoblasts (basal ciliary bodies) found near the nucleus? _____

Answer: Ependymoma

Flashcard 1581: Renal cell carcinoma may present with paraneoplastic syndromes, such as secondary _____ (hematocrit levels)

Answer: polycythemia

Flashcard 1582: Bacillary angiomatosis is commonly confused with _____

Answer: Kaposi's sarcoma

Flashcard 1583: A _____ is a benign tumour of the squamous mucosa of the sinuses that is thought to be due to HPV infection.

Answer: sinonasal papilloma

Flashcard 1584: The tumor cells of a Schwannoma stain positive for _____

Answer: S-100

Flashcard 1585: A pheochromocytoma is a tumor of _____ cells

Answer: chromaffin

Flashcard 1586: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ platelets

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1587: Mutations in which tumor suppressor gene can lead to von Hippel-Lindau disease?_____

Answer: VHL

Flashcard 1588: What mutation(s) are thyroid follicular carcinoma associated with?_____

Answer: RAS, PTEN, PAX8-PPARy

Flashcard 1589: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?:_____Adult T-cell Leukemia / Lymphoma

Answer: HTLV-1

Flashcard 1590: The most common type of metastases to the bone from the breast are _____

Answer: mixed (lesion type)

Flashcard 1591: Extramammary paget disease must be distinguished from _____, which rarely can occur on the vulva

Answer: melanoma

Flashcard 1592: Arsenic is associated with _____ of the liver (cancer)

Answer: angiosarcoma

Flashcard 1593: What is the associated tumor that results from overexpression of the PDGFB oncogene?_____

Answer: Astrocytoma

Flashcard 1594: Most notably, the serum tumor marker _____ is elevated in testicular germ tumors and ovarian dysgerminoma

Answer: LDH

Flashcard 1595: Histologically, HPV-associated condylomas are characterized by _____

Answer: koilocytes

Flashcard 1596: Which type of lymphoma (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin) is characterized by contiguous spread? _____

Answer: Hodgkin lymphoma

Flashcard 1597: Patients with _____ have clonal mast cell proliferation in the bone marrow, skin, and other organs

Answer: systemic mastocytosis

Flashcard 1598: Do the monoblasts seen in acute monocytic leukemia typically contain myeloperoxidase (MPO)? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1599: Hodgkin's lymphoma _____ type has the most Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer: mixed cellularity

Flashcard 1600: Complex renal cysts require follow-up or removal due to risk of _____

Answer: renal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1601: Does squamous cell carcinoma typically metastasize?_____

Answer: No (rare)

Flashcard 1602: _____ of the esophagus is a malignant proliferation of squamous cells

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1603: Which skin cancer presents as a "pink, pearl-like papule"?_____

Answer: Basal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1604: What is the associated tumor that results from amplification of the L-MYC oncogene?_____

Answer: Small cell lung carcinoma

Flashcard 1605: What infectious pathology is associated with penile squamous cell carcinoma?_____

Answer: High-risk HPV (2/3 of cases)

Flashcard 1606: In addition to immature tissue, cystic teratomas may become malignant via _____ malignancy

Answer: somatic

Flashcard 1607: Renal cell carcinoma may invade the renal vein, then IVC, before spreading _____

Answer: hematogenously

Flashcard 1608: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a _____ stain can be used to identify Sarcomas, Endometrial Carcinoma, RCC, Meningioma

Answer: Vimentin

Flashcard 1609: _____ implies the cancer is of mesenchymal origin

Answer: Sarcoma

Flashcard 1610: _____ is an immunohistochemical stain that stains cells of neural crest origin

Answer: S100

Flashcard 1611: LDH can be used as an indicator of tumor _____

Answer: burden

Flashcard 1612: Which subtype of cervical carcinoma (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma) is associated with HPV? _____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 1613: Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by expression of _____ in follicles

Answer: Bcl2

Flashcard 1614: _____ radiation is associated with acute myelocytic leukemia

Answer: Ionizing

Flashcard 1615: _____ is a benign papillary tumor of the vocal cord

Answer: Laryngeal papilloma

Flashcard 1616: Metastasis of medulloblastomas to the _____ is termed "drop metastasis"

Answer: spinal cord

Flashcard 1617: Large cell carcinoma of the lung is _____ located

Answer: peripherally

Flashcard 1618: _____ is used to characterize tumors that are difficult to classify on histology

Answer: Immunohistochemistry

Flashcard 1619: What is the cancer risk associated with HPV18?_____

Answer: High

Flashcard 1620: A _____ is an overgrowth of tissues in their native location

Answer: hamartoma

Flashcard 1621: Is large cell carcinoma related to smoking? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 1622: Can Phyllodes tumor increase risk of breast cancer? _____

Answer: Yes, some may be malignant

Flashcard 1623: Dysplastic nevus syndrome is an _____ (inheritance) disorder characterized by formation of dysplastic nevi

Answer: autosomal dominant

Flashcard 1624: Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and colorectal cancer?_____

Answer: APC

Flashcard 1625: What type of lymphoma is usually the cause of testicular cancer in older men?_____

Answer: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (aggressive)

Flashcard 1626: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: Ovarian Teratoma

Flashcard 1627: Microscopic evaluation of Kaposi Sarcoma will reveal highly _____ tissue with elongated spindle cells

Answer: vascular

Flashcard 1628: _____ is the most common carcinogen worldwide

Answer: Cigarette smoke

Flashcard 1629: What is the most common route of metastasis for a thyroid follicular carcinoma?_____

Answer: hematogenous

Flashcard 1630: What demographic is most commonly associated with the mucinous carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: elderly women (average 70)

Flashcard 1631: A _____ is a tumor of pancreatic delta cells

Answer: somatostatinoma

Flashcard 1632: Is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma typically aggressive or indolent? _____

Answer: Aggressive

Flashcard 1633: Reed-Sternberg cells occasionally result in "_____" symptoms (fever, chills, weight loss, night sweats)

Answer: B

Flashcard 1634: Hyperplasia of sinus histiocytes (reticular hyperplasia) is seen in lymph nodes that are draining a tissue with _____

Answer: cancer

Flashcard 1635: Is this histology of this Cervical Epithelium normal, mildly dysplastic, moderately dysplastic, or severe dysplasia / carcinoma in situ?_____

Answer: Normal

Flashcard 1636: Is bronchioloalveolar carcinoma related to smoking? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1637: Is mild/moderate dysplasia reversible?_____

Answer: Potentially

Flashcard 1638: The _____ is a unique site of distant metastasis from lung cancer

Answer: adrenal gland

Flashcard 1639: Lynch syndrome progresses to _____ cancer in ~ 80% of patients

Answer: colorectal

Flashcard 1640: Which ovarian neoplasm is most commonly associated with an increased LDH?_____

Answer: Dysgerminoma

Flashcard 1641: Which oncogenic microbe is associated with the following cancers?:_____Cervical and Penile / Anal CarcinomaHead and Neck Cancer

Answer: HPV

Flashcard 1642: Elevated levels of serum tumor markers require _____ for definitive diagnosis of neoplasia

Answer: tissue biopsy

Flashcard 1643: Grade _____ follicular lymphoma is characterized by large noncleaved cells

Answer: 3

Flashcard 1644: Clonality of B lymphocytes can be determined by analysis of the _____ phenotype

Answer: Immunoglobulin Light Chain

Flashcard 1645: Thyroid _____ is a benign solitary growth of the thyroid

Answer: adenoma

Flashcard 1646: What is the relative risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma with sclerosing adenosis (fibrocystic changes)? _____

Answer: 1.5-2x increased risk

Flashcard 1647: What is the most common cancer that develops as a result of immunosuppressive therapy? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

Flashcard 1648: What is the prognosis of the tubular carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Good

Flashcard 1649: Which skin disorder presents as rough, "gritty", hyperkeratotic, hypogranulotic scaly plaques? _____

Answer: Actinic keratosis

Flashcard 1650: Ovarian _____ cystadenoma is a large, multiloculated benign tumor lined by mucus-secreting epithelium

Answer: mucinous

Flashcard 1651: Which metaplasia carries no increased risk for malignancy? _____

Answer: apocrine metaplasia of breast

Flashcard 1652: What risk factor is associated with Warthin tumors? _____

Answer: Smoking

Flashcard 1653: What infection is associated with cancer of the tonsil, base of the tongue and oropharynx?_____

Answer: HPV

Flashcard 1654: What is the associated tumor that results from amplification of the CDK4 oncogene?_____

Answer: melanoma

Flashcard 1655: What is the associated tumor that results from translocation 11;14 of the cyclin D1 oncogene?_____

Answer: mantle cell lymphoma

Flashcard 1656: Osteosarcoma typically presents as a pathologic _____ or bone pain with swelling

Answer: fracture

Flashcard 1657: Is follicular lymphoma typically aggressive or indolent? _____

Answer: Indolent

Flashcard 1658: What is the most important factor in determining prognosis of breast cancer? _____

Answer: Metastasis

Flashcard 1659: Disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur secondary to malignancy, such as _____, due to activation of the coagulation cascade by mucin

Answer: adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 1660: Dysplasia most often refers to proliferation of pre-_____ cells

Answer: cancerous

Flashcard 1661: MEN 2A is associated with mutations in the _____ gene, which codes for receptor tyrosine kinase in cells of neural crest origin

Answer: RET

Flashcard 1662: Clonality can be determined by analysis of _____ receptor isoforms

Answer: androgen

Flashcard 1663: What vascular tumor is a benign, painful, red-blue tumor, formed from AV shunts under fingernails? _____

Answer: Glomus tumor

Flashcard 1664: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a _____ stain can be used to identify neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas, retinoblastomas

Answer: Neurofilament

Flashcard 1665: What vascular tumor is a cavernous lymphangioma of the neck, associated with Turner syndrome?_____

Answer: Cystic hygroma

Flashcard 1666: What is the most common primary renal malignancy? _____

Answer: Renal cell carcinoma

Flashcard 1667: The most common heart tumor is a _____

Answer: metastasis

Flashcard 1668: What is the cancer risk associated with HPV16?_____

Answer: High

Flashcard 1669: The _____ variant of papillary thyroid cancer is characterized by follicular hyperplasia lined by tall epithelial cells (height twice the width)

Answer: tall cell

Flashcard 1670: What primary CNS tumor is associated with Homer-Wright rosettes? _____

Answer: Medulloblastoma

Flashcard 1671: What area of the body does the acral lentiginous subtype of melanoma typically arise?_____

Answer: Palms or soles

Flashcard 1672: Asbestos acts as a carcinogen by physically destroying cellular _____

Answer: chromosomes

Flashcard 1673: _____ radiation is associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer: Ionizing

Flashcard 1674: The tumor cells of glioblastoma multiforme stain positive for _____

Answer: GFAP

Flashcard 1675: Where do mantle cell lymphomas occur?_____

Answer: Mantle zone of the lymph node

Flashcard 1676: HHV-8 Kaposi sarcoma will have _____ inflammation on biopsy

Answer: lymphocytic

Flashcard 1677: What is the relative risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma with fibrosis and cysts (fibrocystic changes)? _____

Answer: No increased risk

Flashcard 1678: Does fibroadenoma increase risk of breast cancer? _____

Answer: no (benign)

Flashcard 1679: Is bronchial carcinoid tumor related to smoking? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1680: Myelodysplastic syndromes are caused by _____ or environmental exposure (e.g. radiation, benzene, chemotherapy)

Answer: de novo mutations (genetics)

Flashcard 1681: Which CNS tumor is characterized by histologically by "pseudopalisading"? _____

Answer: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

Flashcard 1682: What is the relative risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma with atypical epithelial hyperplasia (fibrocystic changes)? _____

Answer: 5x increased risk

Flashcard 1683: Hepatic _____ is a malignant tumor associated with exposure to arsenic, thorotrast and vinyl chloride

Answer: angiosarcoma

Flashcard 1684: Ependymomas may present with _____, especially when in the posterior fossa

Answer: hydrocephalus

Flashcard 1685: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast) is _____ carcinoma, which produces tubules in a desmoplastic stroma

Answer: tubular

Flashcard 1686: Vinyl Chloride is a carcinogen associated with what type of cancer? _____

Answer: Angiosarcoma of the Liver

Flashcard 1687: Nasopharyngeal angiofibromas often present with profuse _____

Answer: epistaxis

Flashcard 1688: How many cellular divisions occur before the earliest clinical symptoms of cancer arise?_____

Answer: About 30

Flashcard 1689: What is the extent of epithelial involvement by immature dysplastic cells in CIN II? _____

Answer: less than 2/3

Keywords: Neoplasia flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

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Characteristics of benign vs malignant tumors

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Nomenclature of neoplasms

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Carcinogenesis models

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Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes

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Tumor suppressor genes

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DNA repair genes and cancer

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Epigenetic mechanisms in cancer

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Apoptosis and cancer

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Tumor angiogenesis

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Tumor invasion and metastasis

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Carcinogenic agents

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Paraneoplastic syndromes

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Tumor immunology

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Neoplasia — Flashcards

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