Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 2761: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in long-standing (severe) postrenal azotemia?

Answer: > 2% (elevated)

Extra: In early postrenal azotemia, tubular function is initially preserved, so FENa is < 1% (mimicking prerenal azotemia). With prolonged (long-standing) obstruction, pressure-induced tubular damage occurs (similar to acute tubular necrosis), resulting in an inability to concentrate urine and reabsorb sodium, leading to a FENa > 2%.

Flashcard 2762: Chronic kidney transplant rejection typically presents as _____

Answer: chronic allograft nephropathy

Flashcard 2763: In elderly patients with suspected dementia, a _____ test should be administered to exclude neurosyphilis if there's high clinical suspicion

Answer: RPR

Flashcard 2764: In a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome, will repair of the precipitating cardiac defect prevent pulmonary vascular sclerosis from becoming irreversible?

Answer: No

Extra: By the time Eisenmenger syndrome develops, the pulmonary vascular disease (sclerosis) is already irreversible. At this stage, surgical repair of the underlying cardiac defect is contraindicated because the right-to-left shunt serves as a "pressure release valve" for the high pulmonary pressures; closing it would lead to acute right heart failure.

Flashcard 2765: Tabes dorsalis is associated with paroxysmal _____

Answer: lightning pains

Flashcard 2766: Mitral stenosis is usually due to _____ disease

Answer: chronic rheumatic valve

Flashcard 2767: Normally, patients with atlantoaxial instability often develop neurologic deficits _____ in the disease

Answer: late

Flashcard 2768: Global aphasia is characterized by _____ speech (fluent or nonfluent)

Answer: nonfluent

Flashcard 2769: Which movement disorder presents as an uncontrolled movement of distal appendages at rest that is alleviated by intentional movement? _____

Answer: Resting tremor

Flashcard 2770: Increased risk of developing breast cancer is associated with a(n) _____ age at first live birth (younger/older)

Answer: older