Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: What is Ebstein's anomaly?

Answer: atrialized right ventricle

Flashcard 2: Arteries involved in Medial Medullary Syndrome

Answer: stroke in paramedian branches of ASA and/or vertebral arteries

Extra: Features: 1. Ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy (tongue deviation to side of lesion) 2. Contralateral hemiparesis (pyramidal tract) 3. Contralateral loss of proprioception/vibration (medial lemniscus)

Flashcard 3: Pathophysiology of migraine headache

Answer: irritation of CN 5, meninges, and/or blood vessels

Extra: Involves activation of the trigeminovascular system. Pathogenesis: Release of substance P, CGRP, and vasoactive peptides. Clinical features: Pulsating unilateral headache; 4-72 hr duration; +/- nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, aura. Treatment: - Abortive: Triptans, NSAIDs - Prophylactic: Propranolol, Topiramate, Amitriptyline

Flashcard 4: What is the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Hyperlipidemia Type IIa)?

Answer: Defect: LDL receptor mutation (autosomal dominant) Lab findings: Elevated LDL and Total Cholesterol Clinical features: Severe atherosclerotic disease, Tendon xanthomas, Corneal arcus, early MI

Extra: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa) is characterized by a deficiency or defect in the LDL receptors, leading to decreased clearance of LDL from the blood. Heterozygotes: Cholesterol around 300 mg/dL. Homozygotes (rare): Cholesterol >700 mg/dL, MI can occur in childhood.

Flashcard 5: Bacterial endocarditis requires multiple _____ cultures for diagnosis

Answer: blood

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 6: What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus? _____

Answer: Type 2

Extra:   Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 7: Patients with scleroderma can present with a sclerodermal renal crisis, which is an intense renal failure that causes _____

Answer: hypertensive emergency

Extra:   https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 8: Evidence of prior group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection includes elevated _____ or anti-DNase B titers

Answer: anti-streptolysin O (ASO)

Extra:    https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki 

Flashcard 9: The average age of presentation for lung cancer is _____ years old

Answer: 60

Extra:   Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 10: Sarcoidosis is associated with elevated serum levels of the enzyme _____

Answer: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Extra:   Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki