Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 2751: _____ diabetic retinopathy is characterized by leakage of blood from damaged capillaries, resulting in hemorrhages and macular edema

Answer: Non-proliferative

Flashcard 2752: Disorders of secondary hemostasis typically present with _____ after surgical procedures (e.g. dental procedures)

Answer: re-bleeding

Flashcard 2753: _____ aortic dissection involves the descending aorta and/or the aortic arch

Answer: Stanford type B (distal)

Flashcard 2754: The highest prevalence of the acral lentiginous subtype of melanoma is more common in which two races?_____

Answer: African-Americans and Asians

Flashcard 2755: One complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is _____ anemia

Answer: autoimmune hemolytic (very specific)

Flashcard 2756: What cardiac pathology results in global enlargement of the heart and dilation of all chambers?

Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Extra: Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by dilation of all four chambers (global enlargement), leading to systolic dysfunction. Common causes include alcohol, beri-beri, Coxsackie B virus (myocarditis), cocaine, Chagas disease, and Doxorubicin.

Flashcard 2757: _____ closed-angle glaucoma is often asymptomatic with damage to the optic nerve and peripheral vision

Answer: Chronic

Flashcard 2758: Identify the **early diastolic** heart sound best heard at the **apex** with the **bell** in the **left lateral decubitus** position.

Answer: S3 gallop

Flashcard 2759: What is the most common cause of IgG-mediated immune hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: Idiopathic

Flashcard 2760: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in long-standing (severe) postrenal azotemia?

Answer: > 2% (elevated)

Extra: In early postrenal azotemia, tubular function is initially preserved, so FENa is < 1% (mimicking prerenal azotemia). With prolonged (long-standing) obstruction, pressure-induced tubular damage occurs (similar to acute tubular necrosis), resulting in an inability to concentrate urine and reabsorb sodium, leading to a FENa > 2%.