Epidemiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 81: What equation is used to calculate specificity using the table below? _____

Answer: Specificity = TN / (TN + FP)

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Flashcard 82: types of non randomised trials are

Answer: 1.pre post study 2.uncontrolled trial 3.natural experiment

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Flashcard 83: formula for PPV(positive predictive value)

Answer: TP / (TP + FP)

Extra: Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the probability that a person with a positive test result actually has the disease.

Flashcard 84: de4dcbb8321648c59eb0eb9463b92568-ao-3

Answer: population growth rate

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Flashcard 85: In the **declining phase** (Stage _____) of the demographic cycle, the birth rate falls below the death rate.

Answer: 5

Extra: The 5 stages of the demographic cycle: 1. High Stationary (High BR, High DR) 2. Early Expanding (High BR, Falling DR) 3. Late Expanding (Falling BR, Low DR) 4. Low Stationary (Low BR, Low DR) 5. Declining (BR < DR)

Flashcard 86: prevalence of RHD in 6-14 years age group is _____/1000 population

Answer: 5-7

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Flashcard 87: randomisation removes _____ bias

Answer: selection

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Flashcard 88: Hookworm is considered a major public health problem when the mean egg count is _____ eggs/gm of stool

Answer: >200-500

Extra: These thresholds define a community-level major public health problem according to Park's PSM. Note the difference from WHO Intensity classification (Heavy Intensity): - Hookworm: ≥4,000 EPG - Ascaris: ≥50,000 EPG

Flashcard 89: Methods used to control for **known confounders** in the **design phase** include _____, _____, and _____.

Answer: matching

Flashcard 90: Odds ratio is calculated in _____ study

Answer: case-control

Extra: Odds Ratio (OR) is used in case-control studies. OR = ad / bc (cross-product ratio).