Epidemiology — Flashcards

Selection bias is an error introduced in _____ that occurs due to a nonrandom sampling or treatment allocation of subjects

A negative likelihood ratio < _____ indicates a highly sensitive test.

Increased prevalence results in _____ negative predictive value

_____ is when an external variable truly positively or negatively impacts the observed effect of a risk factor on disease status

Observer-expectancy bias (Pygmalion effect) is an error introduced _____ where the researcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of treatment.

If people with a chronic disease live longer, there is _____ incidence and increased prevalence

Randomization can be done in a stratified manner where randomization is done within _____ in order to ensure equal balance in number of treatment and control subjects throughout the study

When do you use a CIR?- when there is a _____ population that is starting at a common point in time- when an outcome can occur only once- and when disease event rates are relatively stable over time

Increased prevalence results in _____ positive predictive value

Confounding Bias can be reduced by RANDOMIZATION, but other important interventions include:- _____ of exposure groups- crossover studies- restriction of characteristics- multiple / repeated studies