Epidemiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Excluding skin cancer, which of the listed three demographics count the incidence of the following cancers as their top 3 most common in the United States? _____

Answer: Children

Flashcard 2: Validity of a Screening Test: No answer _____

Answer: :)

Flashcard 3: golem bias

Answer:

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Flashcard 4: * Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = _____ \(\times\) _____ * Crude Death Rate (CDR) = _____ \(\times\) _____ * Annual Growth Rate = _____ = _____ in _____ * Sex Ratio = _____ = _____ * Dependency Ratio = _____

Answer: \(\frac {Number\ of\ live\ births\ during\ the\ year\ in\ particular\ area }{Estimated\ Mid-year\ population}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 5: nested case control is a type of _____

Answer: cohort study

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Flashcard 6: types of screening are

Answer: mass screening high risk screening multiphasic screening

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Flashcard 7: POC of influenza is _____

Answer: 1-2 days before symptoms to 1-2 days after onset of symptoms

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Flashcard 8: primary prevention prevents _____

Answer: contrction of disease

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Flashcard 9: _____ study goes from effect to cause

Answer: case control

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Flashcard 10: incidence in exposed=50% incidence in non exposed=10% risk ratio=_____

Answer: 5

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Flashcard 11: demographic gap starts increasing in stage _____

Answer: 2 

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Flashcard 12: bias means _____

Answer: systemic errors

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Flashcard 13: cyclical trend for rubella was _____

Answer: 6-7 years

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Flashcard 14: prevalance of any substance use disorder in india is _____%

Answer: 22.4

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Flashcard 15: 2 methods of interpretation of randomised control trial(RCT) are

Answer: intention to treat analysis per protocol analysis

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Flashcard 16: diseases that show iceberg phenomenon

Answer: PM Jumped In Ditch To Have Ruby

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Flashcard 17: _____ was the founder of epidemiology

Answer: Fracustorius

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Flashcard 18: formula for numbers needed to treat is

Answer: 1/ARR absolute risk reduction * MCQ calulated in RCT

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Flashcard 19: typhoid cases:male_____female

Answer: >

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Flashcard 20: death rate starts decliing in _____ stage  of demographic cycle

Answer: early expanding

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Flashcard 21: main difference between subclinical case and laternt case is

Answer: latent case is never a carrier subclinical case can be a carrier

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Flashcard 22: point prevalance on april 1

Answer: 1,5,7

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Flashcard 23: presumptive screening works on _____ level of prevention

Answer: primary

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Flashcard 24: syndromic surveilance  is done by _____ under integrated disease surveilance project

Answer: health workers

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Flashcard 25: cyclical trend for influenza was _____

Answer: 7-10 years

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Flashcard 26: DALY full form is _____

Answer: disability adjusted life years

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Flashcard 27: child spleen rate _____% suggests endemicity of malaria

Answer: 25-40

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Flashcard 28: diseases that dont show iceberg phenomenon

Answer: TRM

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Flashcard 29: pre test probability means _____

Answer: prevalence

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Flashcard 30: father of epidemiology

Answer: john snow and froucastorian was founder john M Last gave iceberg phenomenon

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Flashcard 31: census of _____ was the year of big divide

Answer: 1921

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Flashcard 32: annual blood examination rate(ABER) indicates _____

Answer: operational efficacy of NVBDCP

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Flashcard 33: _____ study goes from cause to effect

Answer: cohort

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Flashcard 34: states with maximum prevalance and incidence of AIDS are

Answer: mizoram>nagaland>meghalaya

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Flashcard 35: de _____ survey method is based on permenant residence

Answer: jure

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Flashcard 36: cluster sampling is done to _____

Answer: evaluate the health services

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Flashcard 37: _____ study is aka longitudinal prospective study

Answer: cohort

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Flashcard 38: 1 microfilaria/40 mm3 of blood can infect _____% mosquito biters

Answer: 2.6

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Flashcard 39: 5ce54378cee641398d486f0bc8c03a91-ao-3

Answer: specificity definition

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Flashcard 40: _____ bias is seen when there is long time between exposure and disease

Answer: neyman

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Flashcard 41: _____% of new TB cases show any drug resistance

Answer: 22

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Flashcard 42: post test probability means _____

Answer: postitive predictive value (PPV)

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Flashcard 43: SAR(secondary attack rate) in chicken pox is _____% in non immunised children

Answer: 90

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Flashcard 44: de4dcbb8321648c59eb0eb9463b92568-ao-1

Answer: population growth rate

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Flashcard 45: father of evidence based medicine is

Answer: David Sackett

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Flashcard 46: IP for vaccine induced measles like illness is _____

Answer: 7 days

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Flashcard 47: Malariometric Measures in Pre-eradication era: IndexFeature _____ ratePercentage children 2–10 years age showing enlargement of spleen and is an Index used for measuring endemicity of malaria in a community Average enlarged _____-_____ ratePercentage children 2–10 years age showing parasites in blood films_____ index-_____ ratePercentage infants showing parasites in blood films. Is ‘most sensitive index of recent malaria transmission’ in a locality and IFR is zero for 3 consecutive years, it is regarded as absence of malaria transmission_____ rateIs no. of clinical malaria cases diagnosed per 100 patients attending hospitals and dispensaries

Answer: Spleen

Extra: y

Flashcard 48: * Incidence rate = _____ * Attack Rate (defined in percentage) = _____ * Secondary attack rate (%) = _____

Answer: \(\frac {No \ of \ new \ cases \ of \ specific \ disease \ occured \ during \ a\ given\ period}{Population\ at\ risk\ during\ that\ period} \times 1000\)

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Flashcard 49: mc mode of transmission of hepatitis A is _____

Answer: faeco oral route

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Flashcard 50: latent period is time between _____

Answer: start of pathogensis and 1st sign/symptom

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Flashcard 51: disability means loss of _____

Answer: activity or action

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Flashcard 52: point prevalence on march 1

Answer: 1,2,6

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Flashcard 53: mansonia mosquito comes from _____

Answer: lakes with aquatic vegetation

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Flashcard 54: _____ study is aka correlation study

Answer: ecological

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Flashcard 55: cross sectional study determines _____

Answer: prevalence of a disease

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Flashcard 56: _____ is the largest health survey system in india

Answer: national family  health survey

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Flashcard 57: _____ is the study of choice in rare/expensive investigation

Answer: nested case control

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Flashcard 58: annual parasite incidence(API) rate should be _____

Answer: <1/1000

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Flashcard 59: _____ is the unit of study in cohort study

Answer: individual

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Flashcard 60: case fatality rate formula is

Answer: an example of proportion

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Flashcard 61: de _____ survey method was based on where and when basis

Answer: facto

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Flashcard 62: afd4b1167fda4b9c995090d0ae732967-oa-2

Answer: international classification of diseases

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Flashcard 63: high false positives can be due to

Answer:

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Flashcard 64: prevalence rate of leprosy is _____

Answer: 0.67/10,000

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Flashcard 65: cyclical trend for  measles in pre vaccination era was _____

Answer: 2-3 years

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Flashcard 66: types of observational studies are _____ and _____

Answer: descriptive

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Flashcard 67: demographic gap is minimum in _____ part of demographic cycle

Answer: late part of stage 5

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Flashcard 68: _____ gave the web of causation theory

Answer: McMohan

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Flashcard 69: given graph is called _____

Answer: funnel plot

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Flashcard 70: epidemic tail phenomenon is seen in _____

Answer: cholera

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Flashcard 71: best indicator to assess burden of a disease in population is _____

Answer: DALY

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Flashcard 72: deductive research applies _____ aproach

Answer: top to bottom

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Flashcard 73: this is a _____ age pyramid seen in _____ countries

Answer: broad base

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Flashcard 74: cross sectional study is associated with _____ biases

Answer: selection and observation

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Flashcard 75: 3675d56a2e7b4499a8f95928687a3c92-ao-4

Answer: sensitivity,specificity,PPV,NPV relations-MCQ AIIMS 18

Extra: ? P for P goes down 

Flashcard 76: case control study is associated with _____ bias

Answer: recall

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Flashcard 77: berksonian bias is seen in _____

Answer: hospital based case control studies 

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Flashcard 78: _____ studies help in testing hypothesis

Answer: analytical

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Flashcard 79: _____ studies help in validation of hypothesis

Answer: experimental and evidence based

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Flashcard 80: known confounder is treated with _____ and _____

Answer: matching

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Flashcard 81: What equation is used to calculate specificity using the table below? _____

Answer: Specificity = TN / (TN + FP)

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Flashcard 82: _____ is the best method to assess causality

Answer: meta analysis

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Flashcard 83: randomisation removes _____ bias

Answer: selection

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Flashcard 84: de4dcbb8321648c59eb0eb9463b92568-ao-3

Answer: population growth rate

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Flashcard 85: hookworm is considered severe public health problem when there are _____ eggs/gm of stool

Answer: >300

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Flashcard 86: death rate is very low and stable in stage _____ of demographic cycle

Answer: 5

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Flashcard 87: prevalence of RHD in 6-14 years age group is _____/1000 population

Answer: 5-7

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Flashcard 88: types of non randomised trials are

Answer: 1.pre post study 2.uncontrolled trial 3.natural experiment

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Flashcard 89: formula for PPV(positive predictive value)

Answer:

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Flashcard 90: epidemiological triangle involves

Answer: agent host environment time

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Flashcard 91: infection is not carried on in different stages of devlopmental stages in trans _____ transmission

Answer: ovarian

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Flashcard 92: a cross sectional study starts with _____

Answer: total population

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Flashcard 93: odd's ratio is calculated in _____ study

Answer: case control

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Flashcard 94: 2 criterias for epidemic

Answer: >2 standard deviation(SD) of cases and >80% of expected frequency

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Flashcard 95: secondary prevention prevents _____

Answer: complication from disease

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Flashcard 96: reproductive rates always refer to no. of _____

Answer: daughters born

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Flashcard 97: _____ is the probability that when the disease is present, the test is positive

Answer: Sensitivity

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Flashcard 98: formula for sensitivity

Answer:

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Flashcard 99: * Case Fatality Rate = _____ \(\times\) __________ * Proportional Mortality Rate due to a specific disease =_____\(\times\) __________ * Under 5 proportional Mortality rate = _____ \(\times\) __________ * 5-year Survival rate of a disease = _____\(\times\) __________ * Child Survival Rate = _____ in _____

Answer: \(\frac {Total\ no\ of\ deaths\ due\ to\ a\ particular\ disease\ }{Total\ no\ of\ cases\ due\ to\ the\ same\ disease} \)

Extra: y

Flashcard 100: _____ is the most difficult criteria to establish causal association

Answer: specificity of association

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Flashcard 101: cohort study determines _____ of a disease

Answer: incidence

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Flashcard 102: _____ is the time between primary and secondary case

Answer: serial interval

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Flashcard 103: historical controls are used in _____ trials

Answer: non randomised uncontrolled

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Flashcard 104: japanese encephallitis outbreak occurs every _____ years

Answer: 2-15

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Flashcard 105: this is a _____ age pyramid seen in _____ countries

Answer: broad belly

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Flashcard 106: unit of study in ecological study design is

Answer: population * MCQ

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Flashcard 107: Indices for Surveillance of Aedes Mosquitoes (For Yellow Fever..): * Container Index = _____ \(\times\) _____ * House Index = _____ \(\times\) _____ * Breteau Index = _____ \(\times\) _____

Answer:  \(\frac {No.\ of\ containers\ showing\ breeding\ of\ Aedes\ larvae\ C+} {Total\ no.\ of\ containers\ surveyed\ C}\) 

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Flashcard 108: _____ is most important for assesing causality

Answer: evidence based medicine

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Flashcard 109: grade 2 disability among new cases of leprosy is _____ per 10 lac cases

Answer: 3.61

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Flashcard 110: What equation is used to calculate odds ratio using the table below? _____ \(=\) _____

Answer: \(OR = \frac {Odds\ of \ exposure\ in\ cases} {Odds\ of\ exposure\ in\ controls} \) 

Extra: y

Flashcard 111: iceberg phenomenon was given by

Answer: John M Last last iceberg was lost with John

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Flashcard 112: What equation is used to calculate relative risk using the table below? RR = _____ = _____

Answer:  \(\frac {Incidence\ among\ exposed\ } {Incidence\ among\ unexposed}\) 

Extra: y

Flashcard 113: crude death rate of india is _____

Answer: 6.2 per 1000 MYP

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Flashcard 114: _____ survery is useful for mortality indicators

Answer: sample registration system

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Flashcard 115: S in integrated disease surveilance project(IDSP) stands for _____

Answer: syndromic surveilance

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Flashcard 116: uncontrolled trials are used for _____

Answer: assesing of public health intervention

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Flashcard 117: index case is _____

Answer: 1st case identified in a community

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Flashcard 118: national family health survey(NFHS) is conducted every _____ time

Answer: 5 years

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Flashcard 119: formula for secondary attaack rate

Answer:

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Flashcard 120: dependency ratio formula

Answer:

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Flashcard 121: _____ is the most essential criteria to establish causal relationship

Answer: temporality of association

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Flashcard 122: demographic gift is seen from stage _____ onwards

Answer: 3

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Flashcard 123: _____ is defined as "All current cases (old & new) existing at a given point of time or over a period of time in a given population. It is of two types: 1. _____ → _____ e.g _____ 2. _____ → _____ e.g _____

Answer: Prevalence

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Flashcard 124: 5ce54378cee641398d486f0bc8c03a91-ao-6

Answer: negative predictive value

Extra: formulas of 

Flashcard 125: example of propagative transmission

Answer: plague covid

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Flashcard 126: rate is expressed in terms of _____

Answer: time

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Flashcard 127: probable case surveilance is done by _____ under  integrated disease surveilance project(IDSP)

Answer: medical officer

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Flashcard 128: attrition means _____

Answer: patients lost that dont follow up

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Flashcard 129: stage _____ is ideal for a country in demographic cycle

Answer: 4

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Flashcard 130: demographic gap starts declining in stage _____

Answer: 3 

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Flashcard 131: _____ differentiates GRR from NRR

Answer: age specific mortality rates(ASMR)

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Flashcard 132: prevalance of HIV in high risk groups should be _____

Answer: <5%

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Flashcard 133: kala azar is mostly seen in _____,_____,_____

Answer: UP

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Flashcard 134: _____ study gives natural history of a disease

Answer: cohort

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Flashcard 135: Incidence in exposed=50% incidence in non exposed=10% attributable risk=

Answer: 80% found in cohort study

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Flashcard 136: this is a symbol of _____

Answer: integrated disease surveilance project (IDSP)

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Flashcard 137: Vaccine Efficacy = _____ \(\times \) 100%

Answer:  \(\frac {Attack\ rate\ in\ unvaccinated\ population\ - \ Attack\ rate\ in\ vaccinated\ population}{Attack\ rate\ in\ unvaccinated\ population}\)

Extra: y

Flashcard 138: period prevalance between march and april

Answer: all except 4 and 9

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Flashcard 139: _____ species of sandfly is the vector for kala azar

Answer: phlebotomus argentipes

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Flashcard 140: _____ is the proxy measure for complete family size

Answer: TFR(total fertility rate)

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Flashcard 141: 1 untreated TB case can infect upto _____ cases per year

Answer: 10-12

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Flashcard 142: _____ is at the hearth of randomised control trials(RCT)

Answer: randomisation

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Flashcard 143: case control study starts with _____

Answer: diseased and non diseased population

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Flashcard 144: lead time is the time between _____

Answer: 1st possible point of diagnosis and usual point of diagnosis

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Flashcard 145: inductive research applies _____ approach

Answer: bottom to top

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Flashcard 146: _____ study is aka snapshot study

Answer: cross sectional

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Flashcard 147: mc mode of transmission of ameobiasis is _____

Answer: faeco-oral route

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Flashcard 148: primordial prevention prevents _____

Answer: emergence of risk factors

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Flashcard 149: _____ and _____  regions are involved with lymphatic filariasis

Answer: bihar belt

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Flashcard 150: types of experimental trials are _____

Answer: randomised and non randomised

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Flashcard 151: hawthorn bias means

Answer: change in attitude while under observation ** SEEN IN COHORT STUDY

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Flashcard 152: _____ years age group is mc affected in TB

Answer: 15-45

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Flashcard 153: formula of odd's ratio is

Answer: ad/bc aka cross production ratio * SUPRA not total -but affected /non affected -NOT TOTAL remember as logical divided by illogical

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Flashcard 154: SAR in pertusis is _____% in unimmunised

Answer: 90

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Flashcard 155: prescriptive screening works on _____ level of prevention

Answer: secondary

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Flashcard 156: P in integrated disease surveilance project(IDSP) stands for _____

Answer: probable case surveilance

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Flashcard 157: 1. Identify → _____ 2. causes → _____

Answer: Tse-Tse Fly

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Flashcard 158: _____ gave the multifactorial causation of disease

Answer: pattenhoffer

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Flashcard 159: CBNAAT test is _____% sensitive and _____% specific

Answer: 94

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Flashcard 160: microfilaria density indicates _____

Answer: intensity of infection

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Flashcard 161: What equation is used to calculate negative predictive value (NPV) using the table below? _____

Answer: NPV = TN / (TN + FN)

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Flashcard 162: birth rate can be lower than death rate in stage _____ of demographic cycle

Answer: 5

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Flashcard 163: number needed to treat/harm is counted in _____

Answer: randomised control trial

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Flashcard 164: advantage of cross over study design is _____

Answer: no ethical problems

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Flashcard 165: * Crude Death Rate (CDR) = _____ _____ * Disease specific death rate =  _____ _____ * Sex specific death rate for Males/Females = _____ \(\times\) _____ * Age specific death rate = _____ \(\times\) _____ * Period specific death rate for a Month = e.g \(Death \ rate\ for\ January\ = \) _____ \(\times\) _____ \(\times\) _____ * \(Death \ rate\ for\ 15^{th}\ week = \) _____ \(\times\) _____ \(\times\) _____ All the above given indicators are stated in the unit " _____"

Answer: \(\frac {No \ of \ deaths \ during\ the \ year\ in\ a \ particular\ geographic\ area}{Mid-year \ Population } \)

Extra: y

Flashcard 166: _____ was the first true epidemiologist

Answer: hippocrates

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Flashcard 167: _____ is the probability that when the test is positive, the disease is present

Answer: Positive predictive value

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Flashcard 168: L in integrated disease surveilance project stands for _____

Answer: laboratory surveilance

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Flashcard 169: _____ is the father of public health

Answer: cholera

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Flashcard 170: ratios calculated from cohort study are

Answer: risk ratio attributable risk ratio population atttibutable risk ratio

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Flashcard 171: afd4b1167fda4b9c995090d0ae732967-oa-3

Answer: international classification of diseases

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Flashcard 172: what is highly motivated researcher causing exaggerated response called ?

Answer: pygmalion bias

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Flashcard 173: secondary attack rate of mumps is _____% in non immune persons

Answer: 86

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Flashcard 174: What equation is used to calculate attributable risk using the table below? Attributable risk (AR) = _____ \(\times\) _____ = _____ When, Incidence rate of the Total Population is given, we can also calculate the Population Attributable Risk PAR = _____

Answer:  \(\frac {Incidence\ rate\ among\ exposed\ - \ Incidence\ rate\ among\ unexposed } {Incidence\ among\ exposed } \)

Extra: y

Flashcard 175: soft tick causes which diseases

Answer: mimp mcqq-relapsing fever not by hard tick forest me Q relapse ho rha h endemic typhus is caused by flea epidemic typhus is caused by louse trench also by louse mcq-reservoir of Q fever mcq-not transmitted by HARD TICKS

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Flashcard 176: prevalance of blindness in india is _____%

Answer: 0.36

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Flashcard 177: population attributable risk =

Answer: calculated in cohort study formula

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Flashcard 178: hawthorne bias is seen in _____ study

Answer: cohort

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Flashcard 179: epidemiological triad involves _____ _____ and _____

Answer: agent

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Flashcard 180: primary case is _____

Answer: the 1st case in the community

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Flashcard 181: _____ bias is associated with ecological study design

Answer: ecological fallacy

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Flashcard 182: _____ studies help in forming a hypothesis

Answer: descriptive

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Flashcard 183: _____

Answer: choropleth graph

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Flashcard 184: ANCDR(annual new case detection rate) of leprosy is _____

Answer: 0.9 per/10,000 population

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Flashcard 185: _____ bias is aka prevalance bias

Answer: neyman

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Flashcard 186: screening time is the time between _____

Answer: 1st possible point of diagnosis and critical point of diagnosis

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Flashcard 187: generation time is the time between _____

Answer: entry of organism to max. communicability of it

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Flashcard 188: positive predictive value is most affected by _____

Answer: prevalence

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Flashcard 189: average IP for kala azar is _____

Answer: 1-4 months

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Flashcard 190: CIR = (_____)/(# of people at risk for same time period) that gives you a measure of average risk

Answer: # of new cases for a specific time period

Flashcard 191: _____ is widely used for surveillance in Kala Azar

Answer: Aldehyde test of Napier

Flashcard 192: Measurement Bias and Procedure Bias differ in that the former is due to a _____ procedure and the latter is due to a procedure applied in a differential manner

Answer: flawed

Flashcard 193: The CFR is a special type of _____ that measures risk of death among those individuals with the disease

Answer: cumulative incidence rate

Flashcard 194: Assembly Bias occurs when groups of _____ assembled for prognostic study differ in ways other than prognostic factors under study

Answer: exposed and non-exposed patients

Flashcard 195: Subtypes _____ of HIV are commonly transmitted through homosexual contact and injections

Answer: B

Flashcard 196: Generalizability bias is a form of _____ that is related to the selective referral of patients to tertiary medical centers

Answer: selection bias

Flashcard 197: _____ index is used to identify the importance of hookworm infestation as a public health problem in a community.

Answer: Chandlers

Flashcard 198: Measurement bias is an error introduced while _____ where information is gathered in a systemically distorted manner

Answer: performing the study

Flashcard 199: Recall bias is an error introduced while _____ in which the awareness of the disorder alters recall by the subjects

Answer: performing the study

Flashcard 200: _____ = # of existing cases / total # of people in a population at a point in time

Answer: Prevalence

Flashcard 201: Migration (attrition) bias is a form of _____ that occurs when patients drop out of the study prematurely

Answer: selection bias

Flashcard 202: _____ studies are useful for measuring odds ratio (OR)

Answer: Case-control

Flashcard 203: When raising the cutoff point for a disease, the _____ and PPV will increase

Answer: specificity

Flashcard 204: The Mortality Rate = (_____) / (total population time at risk during T0->T1)

Answer: # of individuals who die from disease during T0->T+1

Flashcard 205: Procedure bias is an error introduced in _____ that results from different groups being treated differently

Answer: performing the study

Flashcard 206: _____ predictive value varies directly with pretest probability / prevalence

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 207: The _____ rate of a test is equal to 1 - sensitivity

Answer: false negative

Flashcard 208: Selection bias is an error introduced in _____ that occurs due to a nonrandom sampling or treatment allocation of subjects

Answer: recruiting participants

Flashcard 209: Procedure bias can be reduced by _____ and minimizing differences in groups (besides variable of intervention)

Answer: blinding

Flashcard 210: Measurement bias can be reduced by:- using a _____ group - using objective and standardized methods of data collection

Answer: placebo

Flashcard 211: A negative likelihood ratio < _____ indicates a highly sensitive test.

Answer: 0.1

Flashcard 212: Inflammatory bowel disease is more prevalent in the West, particularly in _____ and Eastern European Jews

Answer: caucasians

Flashcard 213: Randomization can be done in a stratified manner where randomization is done within _____ in order to ensure equal balance in number of treatment and control subjects throughout the study

Answer: strata

Flashcard 214: HHV-8 has a higher incidence in _____ or Mediterranean males, as well as African populations

Answer: Russian

Flashcard 215: Increased prevalence results in _____ negative predictive value

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 216: If people with a chronic disease live longer, there is _____ incidence and increased prevalence

Answer: no change in

Flashcard 217: Observer-Expectancy Bias is an error introduced _____ where the researchers belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of treatment

Answer: performing the study

Flashcard 218: Increased prevalence results in _____ positive predictive value

Answer: increased

Flashcard 219: _____ is when an external variable truly positively or negatively impacts the observed effect of a risk factor on disease status

Answer: Effect modification

Flashcard 220: Confounding Bias can be reduced by RANDOMIZATION, but other important interventions include:- _____ of exposure groups- crossover studies- restriction of characteristics- multiple / repeated studies

Answer: Matching / Stratification

Flashcard 221: _____ is a measure of malaria incidence and calculated as (Cases in one year 1000) / Population under surveillance

Answer: Annual parasite Incidence

Flashcard 222: Migration bias can be remedied with the _____ or the Best / Worst Case analysis

Answer: 5 and 20 rule

Flashcard 223: When do you use a CIR?- when there is a _____ population that is starting at a common point in time- when an outcome can occur only once- and when disease event rates are relatively stable over time

Answer: fixed or closed

Flashcard 224: -thalassemia is most commonly seen in individuals of _____ or Mediterranean descent

Answer: African

Flashcard 225: Development of an effective treatment for disease causes _____ incidence and decreased prevalence

Answer: no change in

Flashcard 226: Selection bias, most commonly a type of _____, can be reduced via concealment

Answer: sampling bias

Flashcard 227: IDR = (_____)/(sum of time periods for all disease free individuals at risk)

Answer: # of new cases

Flashcard 228: Time elapsed from initial exposure or pathogenic insult to clinical manifestation of disease is known as:- _____ period in infectious disease - latent period in noncommunicable chronic diseases

Answer: incubation

Flashcard 229: Length time bias can be reduced via a randomized controlled trial that assigns subjects to the _____ or to no screening

Answer: screening program

Flashcard 230: Development of an effective vaccine for disease causes _____ incidence and decreased prevalence

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 231: _____ is ~ equal to the pretest probability

Answer: Prevalence

Flashcard 232: _____ = sensitivity / (1 - specificity)

Answer: Positive likelihood ratio

Flashcard 233: CIR has a range from _____ and must be accompanied by a specific time period to have any meaningful interpretation

Answer: 0-1

Flashcard 234: Type _____ poliovirus is the most common cause of endemics

Answer: 2

Flashcard 235: _____ rate = # of new cases / # of people at risk during a specified time period

Answer: Incidence

Flashcard 236: An IDR of 0 implies that a disease is _____ in a population whereas an IDR of infinity implies instantaneous, universal effect on population

Answer: not occuring

Flashcard 237: According to the SRS 2023 update, the crude birth rate and death rate in India are _____ and 6.0 respectively.

Answer: 16.9

Flashcard 238: A rate is a special type of _____ where the numerator is the # of affected individuals in a given time period and the denominator is the population at risk over the same time period

Answer: proportion

Flashcard 239: Survival Cohort Bias is a special case of _____ where a survival cohort (available patients) is used instead of a true inception cohort

Answer: assembly bias

Flashcard 240: The _____ rate is one way of measuring the virulence of the disease or infection

Answer: case fatality

Flashcard 241: Using a placebo allows you to _____ the interventions, helping reduce measurement bias

Answer: blind

Flashcard 242: An incidence rate is a special type of proportion that includes a given _____ and a population at risk

Answer: time range

Flashcard 243: An Attack Rate is a special type of _____ that is the (# of people affected)/(# of people at risk at beginning of time period)

Answer: CIR

Flashcard 244: If a treatment for a particular disease is developed that prolongs life but doesn't result in a cure... (options = incidence, prevalence, CFR, Mortality rate)- _____ is not affected- Prevalence increases, because affected live longer- CFR would depend on the stage of disease, but in general would decrease since less are likely to die during given time period- Mortality Rate in general would decrease since you would likely have less deaths in a given time period

Answer: Incidence

Flashcard 245: The sum total of _____ and curable blindness is often referred to as avoidable blindness.

Answer: preventable

Flashcard 246: Where Probability = A/B, A= _____ and B = total # at risk

Answer: # of events

Flashcard 247: The risk of genetic diseases in consanguineous marriage between first cousins is _____%.

Answer: 4-8

Flashcard 248: Based on their life cycle, _____ zoonoses are diseases that is transmitted by invertebrate hosts (after development inside) to vertebrate hosts following a period of extrinsic incubation

Answer: meta

Flashcard 249: Proportion of population showing either microfilaria in blood or symptoms of filariasis or both is called as the _____ rate

Answer: filarial endemicity

Flashcard 250: Intranasal cocaine is a risk factor for hepatitis _____

Answer: C

Flashcard 251: The main purpose of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) is to detect early warning signals of _____.

Answer: outbreaks

Flashcard 252: Incidence and prevalence rates are included in _____ indicators

Answer: morbidity (mortality/morbidity)

Flashcard 253: _____ is a method of identifying the missing cases that are not on the notified cases list.

Answer: Sentinel surveillance

Flashcard 254: Surveillance indicators for AFP:Completeness of reporting- At least _____% of expected routine AFP surveillance reports should be received on time, including zero reports where no AFP cases are seen

Answer: 80

Flashcard 255: Retropharyngeal abscess is seen more commonly in _____ gender

Answer: male

Flashcard 256: Surveillance indicators for AFP:Completeness of case investigation- All AFP cases should have a full clinical and virological investigation with at least _____% of AFP cases having  adequate  stool specimens collected

Answer: 80

Flashcard 257: _____ is the average incidence of anopheline bites per day per person

Answer: Biting density

Flashcard 258: _____ phase must be present for disease to be considered for screening for disease control

Answer: Latent

Flashcard 259: In _____ transmission, the disease agent undergoes only developmental changes and not multiplication

Answer: Cyclo-developmental

Flashcard 260: Under RHIME model, information is collected and assignment on the cause of death as per _____ guidelines is done by two general physicians independently

Answer: ICD-10

Flashcard 261: _____ bias or prevalence-incidence bias is due to the selective survival in prevalent cases usually seen in fatal diseases.

Answer: Neyman s

Flashcard 262: _____ is the communication of a disease from one person to another by close contact.

Answer: Contagion

Flashcard 263: The _____ in the Forest plot represent single studies

Answer: rectangles

Flashcard 264: Fecal samples (2 samples) of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis should be collected atleast _____ hours apart

Answer: 24

Flashcard 265: The most common mode of transmission of HIV infection in developing countries is _____

Answer: heterosexual transmission

Flashcard 266: The secondary rate of chicken pox is _____%

Answer: 80

Flashcard 267: Calculating case fatality rate: (Total number of deaths due to a particular disease/Total number of cases due to same disease ) x _____

Answer: 100

Flashcard 268: A _____ case-control study is essentially a case-control study that is present inside a cohort study.

Answer: nested

Flashcard 269: Secondary attack rate for influenza is _____%

Answer: 5- 15

Flashcard 270: In _____ transmission, the disease agent only multiplies in the vector and there is no change in form

Answer: Propagative

Flashcard 271: In _____ transmission, the disease agent is transmitted vertically in the vector, from parent to progeny

Answer: transovarial

Flashcard 272: Fecal samples of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis are obtained (2 samples) and transported to the laboratory within _____ hours of collection

Answer: 72

Flashcard 273: _____ are carriers who transmit the disease before the onset of the illness.

Answer: Incubatory carriers

Flashcard 274: Years of potential life lost are included in _____ indicators

Answer: mortality (mortality/morbidity)

Flashcard 275: In _____ transmission, the disease agent stays with the vector from one stage of its life cycle to the next

Answer: transstadial

Flashcard 276: _____ is the average number of years an individual is expected to live free of disability if the current pattern of mortality and disability continues to apply

Answer: Active life expectancy

Flashcard 277: Airborne transmission by droplet nuclei is a method of _____ transmission of communicable diseases

Answer: indirect

Flashcard 278: The diamond in the Forest plot represents the overall _____

Answer: pooled result

Flashcard 279: RHIME model stands for:_____

Answer: Representative, Re-sampled, Routine Household Interview of Mortality with Medical Evaluation

Flashcard 280: _____ is the man-biting rate multiplied by the infective sporozoite rate

Answer: Inoculation Rate

Flashcard 281: Case fatality rate is an _____ proportion and not actual rate

Answer: incidence

Flashcard 282: Which mosquito(s) can cause JE, West Nile fever and viral arthritis?_____

Answer: Culex

Flashcard 283: _____ is defined as the proportion of clinical cases resulting in severe clinical manifestations, including death.

Answer: Virulence

Flashcard 284: _____ is the proportion of freshly-fed female Anopheline mosquitoes whose stomach contains human blood

Answer: Human Blood Index

Flashcard 285: What is the change in PPV when sensitivity/specificity increase?_____

Answer: Increases

Flashcard 286: AIDS associated with Kaposi sarcoma is also known as the _____ variant

Answer: epidemic

Flashcard 287: Surveillance indicators for AFP:Sensitivity of surveillance- At least _____ case(s) of non-polio AFP should be detected annually per 1,00,000 population aged

Answer: two

Flashcard 288: _____ is a method of removing confounding factors by restricting the study sample to only those participants with particular characteristics

Answer: Restriction

Flashcard 289: When the prevelance of trachoma in an area is <5% _____ strategy is employed

Answer: no intervention

Flashcard 290: During the year 2021-2022, India reported an ANCDR of Leprosy of  _____/1 lakh population.

Answer: 5.09

Flashcard 291: Contamination of mustard oil with argemone oil can lead to _____

Answer: epidemic dropsy

Flashcard 292: Surveillance indicators for AFP:Sensitivity of surveillance- At least _____ case(s) of non-polio AFP should be detected annually per 1,00,000 population aged

Answer: one

Flashcard 293: Subtype _____ viruses are the most common form of HIV in India.

Answer: C

Flashcard 294: In _____ transmission, the disease agent changes in form and in number

Answer: Cyclo-propagative

Flashcard 295: Choledochal cyst is seen in females _____ than males.

Answer: more (less/more)

Flashcard 296: _____ is the percentage of female anophelines with sporozoites in their salivary glands

Answer: Sporozoite rate

Flashcard 297: When screening tests are used in parallel, _____ increases

Answer: sensitivity

Flashcard 298: The _____ is used for measuring the endemicity of malaria in a community.

Answer: spleen rate

Flashcard 299: The sequence of events leading to disability is -                      Disease -> _____ -> Disability -> _____

Answer: Impairment; Handicap

Flashcard 300: _____ bias occurs due to change in attitude or actions of the subjects when they are aware they are under observation.

Answer: Hawthorne

Flashcard 301: Duration of illness is _____ a part of the epidemiological triad

Answer: not

Flashcard 302: It is _____ possible to achieve 100% herd immunity against a certain disease.

Answer: not

Flashcard 303: A study to evaluate the effect of water fluoridation on dental health is categorized as a _____ study.

Answer: community intervention

Flashcard 304: _____ bias occurs due to differential hospital admission rates.

Answer: Berkesonian

Flashcard 305: A _____ must have properties common with the exposure and the outcome of interest.

Answer: confounding factor

Flashcard 306: Father of Public Health is the _____ disease

Answer: cholera

Flashcard 307: The R0 value of >1 indicates that the outbreak is expected to _____.

Answer: continue

Flashcard 308: _____ bias is due to selective survival in prevalent cases.

Answer: Neyman