Neuropathology US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Neuropathology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Neuropathology Flashcard Deck - 32 Cards
Flashcard 1: What is the term for infarcted tissue in the basal ganglia or internal capsule caused by occlusion of a lenticulostriate artery?
Answer: lacunar infarct
Flashcard 2: epidural hematoma
Answer: rupture of middle meningeal artery; fracture of temporal bone
Extra: rapid arterial bleeding lucid interval followed by decreased LOC; CN 3 palsy, increased ICP CT: biconvex, hyperdense blood; does not cross sutures; may cross falx, tentorium
Flashcard 3: central pontine myelinolysis
Answer: often iatrogenic; caused by rapid correction of hyponatremia
Extra: massive axonal demyelination of pontine white matter tracts acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness; +/- locked-in syndrome T2 MRI: increased signal in central pons
Flashcard 4: subdural hematoma
Answer:
Extra: slow venous bleeding via rupture of bridging veins decreased LOC, increased ICP CT: crescent shaped, hyperdense blood; midline shift; may cross sutures; does not cross falx, tentorium
brain atrophy elderly, alcoholics
Flashcard 5: subarachnoid hemorrhage
Answer:
Extra: rapid arterial bleeding after rupture of aneurysm "worst headache of my life", decreased LOC, increased ICP bloody or yellow CSF CT: blood conforms to shape of gyri, pools in cisterns
nimodipine for late-onset vasospasm vasospasm 2-3 days later, potential for rebleed
Flashcard 6: intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Answer:
Extra: CT: smudgy, patchy blood within parenchyma; typically in basal ganglia and internal capsule
HTN, amyloidosis, vasculitis, neoplasm
Flashcard 7: How long after ischemic brain injury until red neurons appear?
Answer: 12-48 hours
Flashcard 8: How long after ischemic brain injury until necrosis and neutrophils appear?
Answer: 24-72 hours
Flashcard 9: How long after ischemic brain injury until macrophages appear?
Answer: 3-5 days
Flashcard 10: How long after ischemic brain injury until reactive gliosis and vascular proliferation is evident?
Answer: 1-2 weeks
Flashcard 11: How long after ischemic brain injury until glial scarring is evident?
Answer: >2 weeks
Flashcard 12: Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm
Answer:
Extra: chronic HTN tiny aneurysms in small vessels, especially lenticulostriate vessels of basal ganglia and thalamus
Flashcard 13: hydrocephalus ex vacuo
Answer: brain parenchyma atrophy; appearance of hydrocephalus is secondary
Extra: normal ICP enlarged ventricles, atrophied brain parenchyma
Flashcard 14: noncommunicating hydrocephalus
Answer: structural blockage of ventricular system
Extra: increased ICP unequal enlargement of ventricles; areas distal to blockage appear normal
Flashcard 15: meningioma
Answer:
Extra: seizures, but often asymptomatic tumor near surface of cerebral cortex, often near sagittal sinus, +/- dural attachment spindle cells in whorled pattern; psammoma bodies (calcifications, not pictured)
surgical resection usually benign, amenable to surgery adults arachnoid cells
Flashcard 16: Schwannoma
Answer:
Extra: tumor on CN 8 at cerebellopontine angle S-100+ resection, radiosurgery adults Schwann cell
Flashcard 17: oligodendroglioma
Answer:
Extra: tumor in frontal lobe
chicken-wire capillary pattern
mnemonic: ol-EGG-o-dendroglia
adults
Flashcard 18: pilocytic astrocytoma
Answer:
Extra: well-circumscribed tumor in posterior fossa
GFAP+; eosinophilic, corkscrew Rosenthal fibers
benign, good prognosis children
Flashcard 19: ependymoma
Answer:
Extra: tumor in ventricle, especially 4th ventricle
perivascular pseudorosettes, rod-shaped blepharoplasts
poor children ependymal cell
Flashcard 20: hemangioblastoma
Answer:
Extra: polycythemia cerebellar mass foamy cells, high vascularity children
Flashcard 21: What lesion is associated with athetosis?
Answer: basal ganglia
Flashcard 22: What is the mechanism by which vasogenic edema occurs in the CNS?
Answer: insult disrupts tight junctions in blood-brain barrier; leaking ensues
Flashcard 23: Lewy bodies
Answer: α-synuclein
Extra: intracellular
Flashcard 24: syringomyelia
Answer:
Extra: damage to spinothalamic tract "cape-like" loss of pain/temp sensation in upper extremities associated with Arnold-Chiari I cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord
Flashcard 25: Dandy-Walker malformation
Answer:
Extra: ataxia +/- spina bifida absent cerebellar vermis, enlarged 4th ventricle +/- hydrocephalus agenesis of cerebellar vermis
Flashcard 26: Arnold-Chiari malformation type II
Answer:
Extra: congenital herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis, tectal beaking, hydrocephalus, +/- myelomeningocele, lower extremity paralysis congenital herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis
Flashcard 27: Describe the characteristic appearance of oligodendroglia.
Answer: small nuclei, dark chromatin, scant cytoplasm; overall similar to "fried eggs"
mnemonic: ol-EGG-o-dendroglia
Flashcard 28: What glial cell type is primarily responsible for the reactive gliosis seen after CNS injury?
Answer: astrocyte
Flashcard 29: anencephaly
Answer:
Extra: newborn lacks entire forebrain
maternal diabetes, maternal folate deficiency agenesis of forebrain and open calivarium
Flashcard 30: Krabbe's disease
Answer:
Extra: accumulation of galactocerebroside, destruction of myelin sheath peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy globoid cells
children AR galactocerebrosidase
Flashcard 31: Tay-Sachs disease
Answer:
Extra: accumulation of GM2 ganglioside progressive neurodegeneration, developmental delay, cherry-red spot on macula, NO hepatosplenomegaly
lysosomes with onion skin
Ashkenazi Jew AR hexoseaminidase A
Flashcard 32: Glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP) belong to what class of cytoskeletal element?
Answer: intermediate filaments
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