Neuropathology US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Neuropathology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Neuropathology Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 21: What lesion is associated with athetosis?
Answer: Basal ganglia (specifically the striatum)
Extra: Athetosis is characterized by slow, writhing, snakelike movements, especially in the fingers. It is most commonly associated with lesions of the striatum (caudate and putamen).
Flashcard 22: What is the mechanism by which vasogenic edema occurs in the CNS?
Answer: insult disrupts tight junctions in blood-brain barrier; leaking ensues
Flashcard 23: Lewy bodies
Answer: α-synuclein
Extra: intracellular
Flashcard 24: What is syringomyelia?
Answer: Cystic enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord (syrinx) causing "cape-like" loss of pain and temperature sensation.
Extra: - Pathophysiology: Obstruction of CSF flow or spinal cord injury leads to syrinx formation, usually at C8-T1.
- Clinical: Bilateral loss of pain/temperature in a "cape-like" distribution (spinothalamic tract involvement); motor weakness/atrophy of intrinsic hand muscles if anterior horn is involved.
- Associations: Arnold-Chiari malformation Type I.
Flashcard 25: What is the classic triad of Dandy-Walker malformation?
Answer: Agenesis of cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle, and enlarged posterior fossa.
Extra: Clinical features: Ataxia, hydrocephalus, and may be associated with spina bifida.
Flashcard 26: Arnold-Chiari malformation type II
Answer: Congenital herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis, tectal beaking, and hydrocephalus; usually associated with lumbosacral myelomeningocele.
Extra: Key features of Chiari II malformation:
- Downward displacement of cerebellar vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum.
- Beaking of the tectum (midbrain).
- Obstructive hydrocephalus (due to aqueductal stenosis).
- Strongly associated with lumbosacral myelomeningocele leading to lower extremity paralysis and sensory loss.
Flashcard 27: Describe the characteristic appearance of oligodendroglia.
Answer: small nuclei, dark chromatin, scant cytoplasm; overall similar to "fried eggs"
mnemonic: ol-EGG-o-dendroglia
Flashcard 28: What glial cell type is primarily responsible for the reactive gliosis seen after CNS injury?
Answer: astrocyte
Flashcard 29: What is anencephaly?
Answer: Malformation of the anterior end of the neural tube resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp.
Extra: Key features:
- Newborn lacks entire forebrain (agenesis of forebrain).
- Open calvarium (frog-like appearance).
- Associated with maternal folate deficiency and maternal diabetes.
- Clinical finding: Polyhydramnios (due to inability to swallow amniotic fluid).
- Lab finding: Elevated α-fetoprotein (AFP).
Flashcard 30: What is the enzyme deficiency in Krabbe's disease?
Answer: Deficiency of Galactocerebrosidase (Galactosylceramidase) :: leading to accumulation of galactocerebroside and psychosine
Extra: - Inheritance: Autosomal Recessive (AR)\n- Pathogenesis: Accumulation of galactocerebroside and psychosine causes destruction of myelin sheath.\n- Histology: Globoid cells (multinucleated macrophages) in brain tissue.\n- Clinical: Peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy.\n- Onset: Typically in early childhood.
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