Neurodegenerative diseases US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Neurodegenerative diseases with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Neurodegenerative diseases Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 1: The number of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's correlates with degree of _____
Answer: dementia
Flashcard 2: _____ dementia is a result of multiple arterial infarcts and/or chronic ischemia (e.g. hypertension, atherosclerosis, vasculitis)
Answer: Vascular
Flashcard 3: Frontotemporal dementia may have ubiquitinated _____ inclusions seen on histology
Answer: TDP-43
Extra: Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) is divided into subtypes based on the protein inclusions:
1. **FTLD-TDP** (most common): TDP-43 inclusions; often associated with ALS (e.g., C9orf72 mutations).
2. **FTLD-Tau**: Tau inclusions; includes **Pick disease**, which is characterized by spherical Tau-positive Pick bodies.
Note: While Pick bodies are ubiquitinated, TDP-43 is the protein specifically associated with the "ubiquitinated-only" (non-tau) inclusions in FTD.
Flashcard 4: Lewy body dementia is characterized by intracellular lewy bodies primarily in the _____
Answer: cortex (location in the brain)
Flashcard 5: What pathology is characterized by degeneration of the basal nucleus of Meynert? _____
Answer: Alzheimer disease
Flashcard 6: What is the term for infarcted tissue in the basal ganglia or internal capsule caused by occlusion of a lenticulostriate artery?
Answer: lacunar infarct
Flashcard 7: epidural hematoma
Answer: rupture of middle meningeal artery; fracture of temporal bone
Extra: rapid arterial bleeding lucid interval followed by decreased LOC; CN 3 palsy, increased ICP CT: biconvex, hyperdense blood; does not cross sutures; may cross falx, tentorium
Flashcard 8: What is the cause of central pontine myelinolysis?
Answer: Often iatrogenic; caused by rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia.
Extra: - Pathogenesis: Massive axonal demyelination of pontine white matter tracts.
- Clinical Features: Acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness; may progress to locked-in syndrome.
- MRI (T2): Increased signal (hyperintensity) in the central pons.
- Mnemonic: "From Low to High (Sodrum), your Pons will Die."
Flashcard 9: Which vessel is ruptured in a Subdural Hematoma?
Answer: Bridging veins rupture (crescent-shaped on CT)
Extra: Mechanism: Slow venous bleeding via rupture of bridging veins.
Clinical: Decreased LOC, increased ICP.
CT findings: Crescent-shaped, hyperdense blood (in acute phase); crosses suture lines; does not cross dural attachments (falx, tentorium).
Risk factors: Brain atrophy, elderly, alcoholics, shaken baby syndrome.
Flashcard 10: Classic clinical presentation of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Answer: "Worst headache of my life" (Thunderclap headache)
Extra: - Cause: Rapid arterial bleeding, most commonly from rupture of a berry (saccular) aneurysm.
- Symptoms: Decreased LOC, increased ICP, meningismus.
- Diagnosis:
- CT: Blood in cisterns and gyri.
- Lumbar Puncture: Bloody or xanthochromic (yellow) CSF.
- Complications: Late-onset vasospasm (3–10 days later); Nimodipine is used for prevention.
- Risk of rebleeding.
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