High-risk pregnancies — Flashcards

Flashcard 61: The cysts in PCOS are formed from _____ due to increased androgens and LH:FSH ratio

Answer: unruptured follicles

Extra: * Excess androgens stimulate growth of many follicles and cause them to mature too early

Flashcard 62: _____ is a rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that involves inflammation of the liver capsule and formation of "violin-string" adhesions

Answer: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome

Flashcard 63: Spontaneous abortion is more common in patients in a(n) _____ state, such as those with antiphospholipid syndrome

Answer: hypercoagulable

Extra: - Thrombus forms in placenta - e.g. anti-β2 glycoprotein, anticardiolipin, and lupus anticoagulant antibodies react with platelets activating endothelial cells/platelets → thrombosis

Flashcard 64: Kartagener syndrome results in decreased male and female _____

Answer: fertility

Flashcard 65: What demographic has increased incidence of leiomyoma (fibroid)? _____

Answer: African Americans (peak occurrence 20-40 years old)

Extra: Green overlay: leiomyoma tissue; transverse section White overlay: leiomyoma tissue; longitudinal section Black arrows: mitotic figure White arrows: blood vessels Uterine leiomyoma Limited assessment possible as only one image is accessible: This image is of a transvaginal ultrasound, whereby the transducer is positioned near the cervix and the sound waves are sent cranially, resulting in a sagittal section of the uterine corpus (D) and cervix (C). The endometrium (A) lies central in the uterus and is termed endometrial stripe in ultrasound. There are three suspected myomas (B) in the myometrium, with both cranially located myomas heterogeneous and hypoechoic and the myoma at the bottom of the image demonstrating calcifications.

Flashcard 66: CMV can result in _____, which commonly leads to spontaneous abortion

Answer: hydrops fetalis

Flashcard 67: Gestational diabetes is treated with _____ if nutrition therapy and exercise alone fail

Answer: insulin replacement

Flashcard 68: _____ disease can result in fallopian tubal scarring, which is a major risk factor for ectopic pregnancies and infertility

Answer: Pelvic inflammatory

Flashcard 69: In PCOS, weight loss treatment can decrease androgen levels resulting in what benefit? _____

Answer: Restored fertility (ovulatory cycles start)

Extra: * decreased weight -> decreased insulin resistance -> reversed hyperinsulinism -> decreased androgen levels -> ovulatory cycles start

Flashcard 70: In females, 11- and 21-hydroxylase deficiency may present with _____ and _____ due to hyperandrogenism

Answer: irregular menses