Transcription/translation — Flashcards
On this page
Where does protein synthesis take place?
ribosome
Northern
What occurs during the translation step of collagen synthesis?
What kinds of proteins are synthesized by membrane bound ribosomes vs. free ribosomes?
What functions are performed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Give five covalent alterations made to proteins as post-translational modifications.
What is the function of the E site on a ribosome?
What is the function of the P site on a ribosome?
What is the function of the A site on a ribosome?
Transcription/translation US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Transcription/translation with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Transcription/translation Flashcard Deck - 309 Cards
Flashcard 1: Where does protein synthesis take place?
Answer: RER
Flashcard 2: ribosome
Answer: protein synthesis
Extra: 50S and 30S subunits
Flashcard 3: Northern
Answer: RNA
Extra: complementary labeled RNA
Flashcard 4: What occurs during the translation step of collagen synthesis?
Answer: translation of preprocollagen α-chains
Flashcard 5: What kinds of proteins are synthesized by membrane bound ribosomes vs. free ribosomes?
Answer: membrane-bound - secretory proteins free - cytosolic and organellar
Flashcard 6: What functions are performed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Answer: synthesis of secretory proteins and N-linked oligosaccharide
Flashcard 7: Give five covalent alterations made to proteins as post-translational modifications.
Answer: phosphorylation, glycosylation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation
Flashcard 8: What is the function of the E site on a ribosome?
Answer: holds empty tRNA as it exits
Flashcard 9: What is the function of the P site on a ribosome?
Answer: holds peptidyl-tRNA (tRNA holding nascent polypeptide)
Flashcard 10: What is the function of the A site on a ribosome?
Answer: holds charged tRNA
Flashcard 11: What are the three tRNA sites on a ribosome?
Answer: A, P, E
Flashcard 12: Describe the steps of termination in eukaryotes (protein synthesis).
Answer: 1. stop codon recognized by release factors 2. polypeptide released from ribosome
Flashcard 13: Describe the steps of elongation in eukaryotes (protein synthesis).
Answer: 1. charged tRNA binds A site 2. peptide bond formed, nascent polypeptide transferred to AA in A site 3. ribosome advances three nucleotides, peptidyl tRNA translocates to P site
Flashcard 14: Describe the steps of initiation in eukaryotes (protein synthesis).
Answer: 1. initiation factors, initiator tRNA, and 40S subunit form pre-initiation complex 2. pre-initiation complex scan for start codon 3. IFs dissociate, 60S subunit attaches
Flashcard 15: What are the three steps in protein translation?
Answer: initiation, elongation, synthesis
Flashcard 16: What is the energy source for tRNA translocation?
Answer: ATP - activation (charging) GTP - giving (translocation)
Flashcard 17: What is the energy source for tRNA charging?
Answer: ATP - activation (charging) GTP - giving (translocation)
Flashcard 18: What are the weights of the eukaryotic ribosomal subunits?
Answer: Eukaryotic - 40S + 60S = 80S Prokaryotic - 30S + 50S = 70S mnemonic: Eukaryotes - Even, prOkaryotes - Odd
Flashcard 19: tRNA wobble
Answer: the third position of a codon is not specific to a given amino acid; different nucleotides at this position may code for the same or diferent amino acid
Flashcard 20: What is the enyme responsible for charging tRNA?
Answer: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Flashcard 21: Where does the translation step of collagen synthesis occur?
Answer: RER
Flashcard 22: Give the six steps of collagen synthesis.
Answer: 1. translation 2. hydroxylation 3. glycosylation 4. exocytosis 5. proteolytic processing 6. cross-linking
Flashcard 23: Identify the nitrogenous base:
Answer: uracil
Flashcard 24: "degenerate/redundant" with reference to the genetic code
Answer: most amino acids are encoded by multiple codons
Flashcard 25: "unambiguous" with reference to the genetic code
Answer: each codon specifies only one codon
Flashcard 26: Where on the tRNA does the amino acid bind?
Answer: 3' CCA sequence
Flashcard 27: What is the conserved sequence found on all tRNAs at the 3' end?
Answer: CCA
Flashcard 28: What is the 2° structure of tRNA? 3°?
Answer: 2° - cloverleaf 3° - L-shape
Flashcard 29: What is the typical length of a tRNA?
Answer: 75-90 nucleotides
Flashcard 30: Give the steps of pre-mRNA splicing.
Answer: 1. Primary transcript combines with snRNPS and proteins to form spliceosome 2. Lariat intermediate formed 3. Lariat is released by joining exons
Flashcard 31: snRNP
Answer: small nuclear ribonucleic particles; involved in splicing of pre-mRNA
Flashcard 32: mRNA
Answer: messenger RNA capped, tailed, spliced pre-MRNA
Flashcard 33: What must occur before RNA is transported out of the nucleus?
Answer: full processing
Flashcard 34: What is the initation signal for Poly-A polymerase?
Answer: AAUAAA
Flashcard 35: What is the template for Poly-A polymerase?
Answer: none needed
Flashcard 36: What are three changes made to pre-mRNA before being transported out of the nucleus?
Answer: 5' 7-methylguanosine cap 3' poly-A tail intron splicing
Flashcard 37: Where does mRNA processing occur in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
Answer: eukaryotes - in the nucleus prokaryotes - no mRNA processing
Flashcard 38: pre-mRNA
Answer: hnRNA destined for translation
Flashcard 39: heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
Answer: the initial, unprocessed RNA transcript
Flashcard 40: What is the mechanism of the death-cap mushroom toxin, α-amanitin?
Answer: Inhibits RNA pol II, thus inibits production of mRNA
Flashcard 41: How many RNA polymerases exist in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
Answer: eukaryotes - 3 prokaryotes - 1 multi-subunit complex
Flashcard 42: RNA polymerase III makes...?
Answer: tRNA
Flashcard 43: RNA polymerase II makes...?
Answer: mRNA
Flashcard 44: RNA polymerase I makes...?
Answer: rRNA
Flashcard 45: What is the most common effect of a promoter mutation?
Answer: Dramatic underexpression of the regulated gene.
Flashcard 46: With relation to the gene they regulate, where are promoters located?
Answer: Immediately upstream of the transcription start point
Flashcard 47: With relation to the gene they regulate, where are enhancers and silencers located?
Answer: may be upstream/downstream, close/far, or within an intron of the gene
Flashcard 48: What is the function of a silencer in DNA transcription?
Answer: binds negative transcription factors (repressors); represses gene expression
Flashcard 49: What is the function of an enhancer in DNA transcription?
Answer: binds transcription factors and enhances gene expression
Flashcard 50: What are some DNA sequences characteristic of promoter regions?
Answer: generally AT rich, often with TATA and CAAT boxes
Flashcard 51: What is the function of a promoter in DNA transcription?
Answer: Site where RNA pol and transcription factors bind DNA; upstream of gene locus.
Flashcard 52: What are the mRNA stop codons?
Answer: UGA, UAA, UAG mnemonic: U Go Away, U Are Away, U Are Gone
Flashcard 53: What does the start codon encode in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
Answer: eukaryotes - methionine prokaryotes - formylmethionine (f-met)
Flashcard 54: What is the mRNA start codon?
Answer: AUG
Flashcard 55: Which RNA is the most abundant?
Answer: rRNA mnemonic: Tiny, Massive, Rampant
Flashcard 56: Which RNA is the shortest?
Answer: tRNA mnemonic: Tiny, Massive, Rampant
Flashcard 57: Which RNA is the longest?
Answer: mRNA mnemonic: Tiny, Massive, Rampant
Flashcard 58: In what direction is protein synthesized?
Answer: N-terminus to C-terminus
Flashcard 59: In what direction is mRNA read?
Answer: 5' to 3'
Flashcard 60: In what direction is DNA/RNA synthesized?
Answer: 5' to 3'
Flashcard 61: What is the function of histone acetylation?
Answer: relaxes DNA coiling, allowing transcription mnemonic: Acetylation Activates
Flashcard 62: What is the effect of histone methylation?
Answer: represses transcription and "silences" nearby DNA mnemonic: Methylation Mutes
Flashcard 63: What are the characteristics of euchromatin?
Answer: uncondensed, transcriptionally active, sterically accessible
Flashcard 64: _____ proteins are specific transcription factors that bind to cAMP response elements (CREs) to cause a response to cAMP
Answer: cAMP response element binding (CREB)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: Does Poly-A polymerase require a template (post-transcriptional processing)? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: Eukaryotic _____ help assemble the 40s ribosomal subunit with the initiator tRNA
Answer: Initiation Factors
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: The direction of protein synthesis is _____-terminus to _____-terminus
Answer: N
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: After translation, the S, M, and E proteins of coronavirus are transported to _____
Answer: the Golgi apparatus
Extra: Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: Where is most of rRNA synthesized? _____
Answer: Nucleolus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: What is the function of the D-arm of tRNA? _____
Answer: Recognition of tRNA by the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: Which nucleotide triphosphate is used in the translocation of tRNA? _____
Answer: GTP
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: mRNA directs ribosomal synthesis of _____, which contains a signal peptide, the A and B chains of insulin, and a connecting peptide (insulin synthesis)
Answer: preproinsulin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: A(n) Northern blot is used to analyze _____
Answer: RNA
Extra: Watch Blotting [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-recombinant-dna-and-biotechnology-blotting?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Promoters serve as binding sites for _____ transcription factors
Answer: general
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: The _____ is the site where RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors bind to DNA upstream from a gene locus
Answer: promoter
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: What process takes RNA and makes protein? _____
Answer: translation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: Steroid receptors are specific transcription factors that bind to _____ to cause a steroid response
Answer: steroid response elements
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: One post-transcriptional modification is the addition of a(n) _____ at the 3' end
Answer: poly-A tail
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: Histone _____ usually activates DNA transcription
Answer: acetylation
Extra: Watch Chromatin Structure [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-chromatin-structure?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: Transcription occurs throughout which cell cycle phases? _____
Answer: Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: _____ ribosomes are unattached to any membrane and are the site of synthesis for cytosolic and organellar proteins
Answer: Free
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: At the base of a tRNA molecule is a(n) _____, which base pairs with a codon of mRNA in a complementary, antiparallel fashion
Answer: anti-codon loop
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: What does AUG encode for in prokaryotes? _____
Answer: N-formylmethionine, or fMet (start codon)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: The placental hormone _____ is structurally related to the TSH, FSH, and LH family - It contains an identical alpha chain and unique beta chain
Answer: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: microRNA often leads to the _____ of target mRNA, thus causing _____ translation into protein
Answer: silencing/inactivation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: One feature of the genetic code is that it is _____: most amino acids are coded by multiple codons
Answer: degenerate/redundant
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: Does a Northern blot require gel electrophoresis before analysis? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: _____ are stretches of DNA that increase gene expression by binding specific transcription factors
Answer: Enhancers
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: One example of a post-translational modification is _____, which entails the removal of N- or C-terminal propeptides from a zymogen to generate mature protein
Answer: trimming
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: One post-transcriptional modification is the splicing out of _____
Answer: introns
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Prokaryotic translation begins when a ribosome binds a(n) _____ sequence
Answer: Shine-Dalgarno
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: A(n) _____ tRNA reads its usual codon but inserts the wrong amino acid
Answer: mischarged
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: A(n) Western blot is used to analyze _____
Answer: protein
Extra: Watch Blotting [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-recombinant-dna-and-biotechnology-blotting?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: Translocation of the ribosome during translation moves peptidyl tRNA from the _____ site to the _____ site
Answer: A
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Proinsulin is packaged in secretory granules in the _____
Answer: Golgi apparatus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: The Kozak sequence is a consensus sequence in eukaryotes that _____ the start codon and aids translation initiation
Answer: surrounds
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: Of the 64 possible codons, how many encode amino acids? _____
Answer: 61 (3 are stop codons)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: In what part of the cell is mRNA formed? _____
Answer: Nucleus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: What is the larger ribosomal subunit used in prokaryotic translation? _____
Answer: 50s
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: Peptide bond formation is facilitated by the ribozyme _____
Answer: peptidyl transferase
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: What is the end effect of steroid hormones? _____
Answer: Synthesis of new proteins
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: Every intron has a 5' _____ site and a 3' _____ site, which are brought together to form the Lariat-shaped loop
Answer: donor
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: The minimum fragment necessary for biologic activity of gastrin is the _____
Answer: C-terminal tetrapeptide
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: Eukaryotic translation begins when a ribosome binds a(n) _____
Answer: 7-methyl-G-cap
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: The shiga toxin of Shigella binds the _____ subunit of ribosomes, inhibiting _____ synthesis
Answer: 60S
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: Where in the cell does synthesis, hydroxylation, and glycosylation of preprocollagen occur? _____
Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Lac Operon: What is the expression level of the Lac genes in the presence of high glucose and lactose unavailable? _____
Answer: No expression
Extra: Watch Lac Operon [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-lac-operon?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: Enhancers increase transcription via enhanced activity of the enzyme _____
Answer: RNA polymerase II
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: Peptide and Protein Hormone Synthesis: The signal peptide of preprohormone attaches to docking proteins on the _____, where translation is completed
Answer: endoplasmic reticulum
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: When proteins are misfolded, multiple _____ are added, which aids in trafficking to the proteasome
Answer: ubiquitins
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Where is most mRNA / tRNA synthesized? _____
Answer: Euchromatin (nucleus)
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: How many different RNA polymerases do prokaryotes have? _____
Answer: One (makes all 3 kinds of RNA)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: _____ are sites where negative regulators (repressors) bind to DNA
Answer: Silencers
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: Enhancers serve as binding sites for _____ transcription factors
Answer: specific
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: Prokaryotic transcription terminates when there is a "_____" sequence, which is a(n) GC rich region
Answer: stem-loop
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: DNA/RNA polymerase always read in the _____ direction
Answer: 3' to 5'
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: Von Hippel-Lindau disease is due to a deletion of the VHL gene on chromosome 3p, leading unregulated activity of _____
Answer: HIF1a
Extra: * "VHL = 3 letters" ; HIF1a allows production of excess EPO Watch Adult CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-adult-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: Which sequence of bases is a start codon (methionine) in mRNA? _____
Answer: AUG
Extra: Watch RNA Structure & Function [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-rna-structure-and-function?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-rna-structure-and-function?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Targets of JAK (tyrosine kinase associated-receptor pathway) include _____, which cause transcription of new mRNAs and new protein synthesis
Answer: STATs
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: What is the total size of the ribosome used in prokaryotic translation? _____
Answer: 70s
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: What is the larger ribosomal subunit used in eukaryotic translation? _____
Answer: 60s
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: _____ polymerase doesn't have to see a RNA primer to bind
Answer: RNA
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: A(n) _____ mutation occurs when a nucleotide substitution codes for the same amino acid
Answer: silent
Extra: Watch DNA Mutations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-mutations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-mutations-damage-and-repair?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: mRNA quality control occurs at _____, which contain exonucleases, decapping enzymes, and microRNAs
Answer: cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: What part of the cell is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins? _____
Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: Familial dysautonomia can be caused by a mutation at _____ sites for the IKAP gene
Answer: splice
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains intervening noncoding segments of DNA? _____
Answer: Introns
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: I-cell disease is characterized by high plasma levels of _____ enzymes
Answer: lysosomal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Steroid hormone-receptor dimers are transcription factors that bind to _____ of DNA and initiate transcription
Answer: steroid-response elements (SREs)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains the actual genetic information coding for protein? _____
Answer: Exons
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and binding of charged tRNA to the codon are responsible for _____ of amino acid selection
Answer: accuracy
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: RNA _____ uses dsRNA complementary to an mRNA of interest to "knock down" gene expression
Answer: interference
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: The initial mRNA of eukaryotes contains _____ and _____, which undergo splicing
Answer: introns
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: Within an enhancer, there are domains known as _____, to which specific transcription factors bind
Answer: response elements (RE)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: A Northern blot is useful for studying gene _____
Answer: expression
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: In the first step of hormone synthesis, _____ is synthesized in the cytosol, directed by specific mRNA
Answer: preprohormone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: What type of oncogene is c-MYC, N-MYC, L-MYC? _____
Answer: Transcription factor (nuclear regulator)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: Does prokaryotic mRNA have post-transcriptional processing? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: Lac Operon: What is the expression level of the Lac genes in the presence of low glucose and lactose available? _____
Answer: Strong expression
Extra: Watch Lac Operon [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-lac-operon?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: tRNA is joined with its specific amino acid via the enzyme _____
Answer: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: Type I interferons (IFN-α/IFN-B) work by _____ cells to the products of viral replication
Answer: presensitizing
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: The N-terminal signal sequence of a newly synthesized protein is bound by a(n) _____, which attaches the complex to the ER membrane
Answer: signal recognition particle (SRP)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: At the 3' end of a tRNA molecule is a(n) _____ sequence, which is the amino acid acceptor stem
Answer: 5'-CCA-3'
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: In the Golgi apparatus, post-translational _____ adds sugars onto the amino acids serine and threonine
Answer: O-glycosylation
Extra: Watch Amino Acids (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acids-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: Accurate base pairing is usually required only in the first two nucleotide positions of a mRNA codon because codons differing in the 3rd "_____" position may code for the same amino acid
Answer: wobble
Extra: Watch RNA Structure & Function [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-rna-structure-and-function?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: One co-transcriptional modification is the addition of a(n) _____ at the 5' end
Answer: 7-methylguanosine cap
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: After T3 binds its nuclear receptor, the T3-receptor complex binds to a thyroid-regulatory element on DNA, where it stimulates _____
Answer: DNA transcription
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: What process takes RNA and makes DNA? _____
Answer: reverse transcription
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: The enzyme which adds TTAGGG to 3' ends of chromosomes to avoid loss of genetic material with every duplication is known as _____
Answer: Telomerase
Extra: Watch DNA Replication [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-replication?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: A(n) _____ mutation occurs when there is a deletion or insertion of a number of nucleotides not divisible by 3, resulting in misreading of all nucleotides downstream
Answer: frameshift
Extra: Watch DNA Mutations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-dna-mutations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-mutations-damage-and-repair?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 151: Mutant huntingtin protein in Huntington's Disease leads to transcriptional repression by inhibiting _____
Answer: histone acetyltransferase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: In the first step of alternative splicing, the primary transcript (hnRNA) combines with _____ and other proteins to form the spliceosome
Answer: small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPS)
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: The _____ strand is the strand of dsDNA that is NOT used during transcription, but is identical to mRNA (substitute T/U)
Answer: coding
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: Capped, tailed, and spliced hnRNA is called _____
Answer: mRNA
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: Thyroglobulin synthesis (as part of thyroid hormone synthesis) occurs in the _____ and _____ of the thyroid follicular cells
Answer: RER
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase requires _____ and releases inorganic PPi
Answer: ATP
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 157: What would happen if there is absent or dysfunctional signal recognition particles (SRPs)? _____
Answer: proteins accumulate in the cytosol
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 158: What is the smaller ribosomal subunit used in eukaryotic translation? _____
Answer: 40s
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: mRNAs may be stored in _____ for future translation
Answer: P-bodies
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: For the Kozak consensus sequence (gccgccRccAUGG) to work properly, the R group positioned 3 bases upstream must be a(n) _____
Answer: purine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 161: On the N terminal side of newly synthesized protein, a stretch of 10-15 hydrophobic amino acids forms the _____ sequence
Answer: N-terminal signal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α acts on renal fibroblasts to cause synthesis of the mRNA for _____
Answer: erythropoietin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: Which tRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome to initiate translation? _____
Answer: Methionine-tRNA
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 164: What is the total size of the ribosome used in eukaryotic translation? _____
Answer: 80s
Extra: Watch Protein Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-protein-protein-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 165: Zinc is a mineral that is important in the formation of _____
Answer: zinc fingers
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 166: RNA polymerase _____ makes mRNA
Answer: II
Extra: Watch Transcription and RNA Processing [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-rna-transcription-and-rna-processing?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 167: In the golgi apparatus, peptide sequences are cleaved from the prohormone to form the _____, which is stored in secretory vesicles for later release
Answer: hormone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 168: Shiga toxin binds to the _____, inhibiting protein synthesis
Answer: 60s subunit of ribosomes
Extra: Watch Shigella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-shigella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 169: In addition to GTP, translocation of the ribosome during translation also requires eukaryotic _____
Answer: elongation factor 2 (eEF-2)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 170: Where in the cell does translation begin? _____
Answer: Cytoplasm
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 171: _____ are abundant, cytosolic ribonucleoproteins that traffic proteins from the ribosome to the RER
Answer: Signal recognition particles (SRPs)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 172: The _____ of tRNA contains the TΨC sequence (ribothymidine, pseudouridine, cytidine) necessary for tRNA-ribosome binding
Answer: T-arm
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 173: _____ is a specific transcription factor that binds kB elements, which regulates expression of many genes in the immune system
Answer: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 174: _____ proteins are specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression during development
Answer: Homeodomain
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 175: In the final step of translation elongation, _____ of the ribosome occurs, advancing the ribosome 3 nucleotides towards the 3' end of mRNA
Answer: translocation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 176: In the ER, co-translational _____ adds sugars onto the amino acid asparagine
Answer: N-glycosylation
Extra: Watch Amino Acids (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acids-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 177: Once bound (activated), the glucocorticoid receptor enters the nucleus and binds to _____ to regulate gene transcription
Answer: glucocorticoid response elements
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Glucocorticoids [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-glucocorticoids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 178: The two ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes are _____S and _____S making _____S
Answer: 60
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 179: ACTH is a(n) _____ hormone
Answer: polypeptide
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 180: _____ will result in: HbA = 0% HbS = 0% HbF ≈ 97.5% HbA2 ≈ 2.5%
Answer: β-thalassemia major (β0/β0)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 181: A new experiment is being conducted to study Burkitt lymphoma. -Western blot analysis of equivalent numbers of treated and untreated cells is shown below. -What processes was most likely directly interrupted by treatment?
Answer: mRNA translation Key: translation due to c-myc protein on gel electrophoresis
Flashcard 182: 32 y/o man is recovering from extensive burns. -Fibrobals near site of injury actively synthesize precursor mRNA. -The finalized mRNA then exits the nucleus and undergoes translation. -Which steps involving processing and handling of mRNA occurs only within the cytoplasm of cells?
Answer: Interaction with P bodies. They play an important role in mRNA translation, regulation and mRNA degradation. They are located in cytoplasm.
Flashcard 183: A series of experiments is being conducted to determine the structure and function of different types of bacterial RNA. -A specific RNA consisting of 90 nucleotides is purified for further analysis. -It contains high amounts of chemically modified bases such as dihydrouridine, pseudouridine, & ribothymidine, & its secondary structure aries from bases pairing within the chain. -What is the most likely composition of the 3' end of this molecules?
Answer: CCA because the structure is a tRNA structure due to chemically modified bases such as dihydrourine, pseudouridine, & ribothymine.
Flashcard 184: A geneticist is performing an experiment to alter proteins structure. -She finds that aminoacyl tRNA synthetase in the fibroblasts loads lysine residues onto tRNA molecules containing the anticodon UUU. -This residue most likely attaches to tRNA at which site in the image below?
Answer: Into the 3' prime site of tRNA
Flashcard 185: In an experiment, radiolabeled cystein residues are attached to their appropriate tRNAs by enzyme aminoacyt-tRNA synthetase. -The bound cystein residues are then chemically modified to form alanine. -The end product of this reaction is a tRNA moleucle that contains the cysteine anticodon but is mischarged with alanine. -What is the most likely to occur to this alanine residue during polypeptide synthesis of alpha-hemoglobin?
Answer: It will incorported into the polypeptide chain at a site requiring cysteine. which means it will put it at the cysteine site.
Flashcard 186: 8 y/o boy present with reduced sensitivity to pain, impaired tear formation. -Disorder is caused by loss of function of the IKAP protein. -IKAP gene sequencing reveals a single nucleotide subtitution that causes a guanine residue to be replaced by adenine. -His mRNA contains both exon and introns -What is the most likely effect of this mutation?
Answer: Incorrect splicing of pre-mRNA. because splisosome usually cut at "GUAG" 5' GU & 3' AG of the introns. Ex: 5'GU-----------------------AG3'.
Flashcard 187: Describe the following points in the tRNA?
Answer: A.) 3' end: Amino acid binding site B.) T loop: site of tRNA binding to ribosome C.) variable loop. It's not present in all tRNA. Useless. D.) Anticodon loop, it will bind to mRNA codon. E.) D loop: serve as a recognition site. F.) 5' end, it doesn't participate in binding.
Flashcard 188: A researcher is studying expression pattern of aparticular gene. -Messenger RNA is isolated from several tissues, subjected to gene electrophoresis containing sequences from exon 4 of that gene. -An X-ray film is placed over the blotting membrane, with results of autoradiogram shown below: What is the best explaination to the autoradiogram findings in the different tissues?
Answer: Alternative RNA splicing due to diversity.
Flashcard 189: What are the followings in relation to processin of mRNA that only occurs within the cytoplasm of cells? -5' terminal guanosine triphosphate addition -Mehylation of the 5'terminal guanine -Multiple adenine nucleotide attachment to the 3'end -Interaction with snRNP -Removal of intervening sequences -Interaction with P bodies
Answer: They all process inside the nucleus except Interaction with P bodies that occurs within cell cytoplasms.
Flashcard 190: NF-kB activation pathway: Pattern-Recognition Receptors recognize PAMPs which leads to activation of _____ kinase
Answer: IKB
Flashcard 191: Does Poly-A polymerase require a template (post-transcriptional processing)? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 192: Prokaryotic translation begins when a ribosome binds a _____ sequence
Answer: Shine-Dalgarno
Flashcard 193: Are enhancers/silencers close or far from the gene it regulates?_____
Answer: May be close to, far from, or within the gene (in an intron)
Flashcard 194: mRNA directs ribosomal synthesis of _____, which contains a signal peptide, the A and B chains of insulin, and a connecting peptide (insulin synthesis)
Answer: preproinsulin
Flashcard 195: Where in a cell does N-linked oligosaccharide addition take place?_____
Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 196: Enhancers serve as binding sites for _____ transcription factors (specific/general)
Answer: specific
Flashcard 197: _____ are abundant, cytosolic ribonucleoproteins that traffic proteins from the ribosome to the RER
Answer: Signal recognition particles (SRPs)
Flashcard 198: The _____ of tRNA contains the TC sequence (ribothymidine, pseudouridine, cytidine) necessary for tRNA-ribosome binding
Answer: T-arm
Flashcard 199: _____ polymerase doesn't have to see a RNA primer to bind
Answer: RNA
Flashcard 200: mRNAs may be stored in _____ for future translation
Answer: P-bodies
Flashcard 201: _____ are stretches of DNA that increase gene expression by binding specific transcription factors
Answer: Enhancers
Flashcard 202: In the first step of collagen synthesis, translation of collagen alpha chains forms _____
Answer: preprocollagen
Flashcard 203: Which vesicular trafficking protein is responsible for retrograde Golgi transport (cis-Golgi and ER) and intra-Golgi transport? _____
Answer: COPI
Flashcard 204: Lac Operon: Increased cAMP (low glucose) leads to activation of _____, which resides upstream from the promoter, causing increased transcription
Answer: catabolite activator protein (CAP)
Flashcard 205: One post-transcriptional modification is the addition of a _____ at the 3' end
Answer: poly-A tail
Flashcard 206: _____ are the most abundant RNAs
Answer: rRNAs
Flashcard 207: Where is most mRNA / tRNA synthesized?_____
Answer: Euchromatin (nucleus) (chromatin)
Flashcard 208: In the final step of translation, a stop codon is recognized by _____ and the completed polypeptide is released from the ribosome
Answer: factor
Flashcard 209: The _____ of tRNA contains dihydrouridine residues necessary for tRNA recognition by the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Answer: D-arm
Flashcard 210: Different exons are frequently combined by _____ to produce a larger number of unique proteins
Answer: alternative splicing
Flashcard 211: What is the function of the D-arm of tRNA? _____
Answer: Recognition of tRNA by the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Flashcard 212: Enhancers increase transcription via enhanced activity of the enzyme _____
Answer: RNA polymerase
Flashcard 213: After the spliceosome has been formed in alternative splicing, a _____ intermediate is generated
Answer: lariat-shaped (looped)
Flashcard 214: In what part of the cell is mRNA translated?_____
Answer: Cytosol
Flashcard 215: Lac Operon: What is the expression level of the Lac genes in the presence of low glucose and lactose available? _____
Answer: Strong expression
Flashcard 216: Within an enhancer, there are domains known as _____, to which specific transcription factors bind
Answer: response elements (RE)
Flashcard 217: _____ proteins are specific transcription factors that bind to cAMP response elements (CREs) to cause a response to cAMP
Answer: cAMP response element binding (CREB)
Flashcard 218: What class of protein receptor is common to all steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and vitamins A/D? _____
Answer: Zinc finger
Flashcard 219: Transcription occurs throughout which cell cycle phases?_____
Answer: Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Flashcard 220: Promoters serve as binding sites for _____ transcription factors (general/specific)
Answer: general
Flashcard 221: Which RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter site?_____
Answer: RNA polymerase II
Flashcard 222: A mutation in the promoter commonly results in a dramatic _____ in the level of gene transcription
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 223: mRNA quality control occurs at _____, which contain exonucleases, decapping enzymes, and microRNAs
Answer: cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies)
Flashcard 224: In eukaryotes, each gene has it's own _____, to which RNA polymerase II may bind
Answer: promoter
Flashcard 225: How many different RNA polymerases do prokaryotes have? _____
Answer: One (makes all 3 kinds of RNA)
Flashcard 226: Of the 64 possible codons, how many encode amino acids?_____
Answer: 61 (3 are stop codons)
Flashcard 227: The Kozak sequence is a consensus sequence in eukaryotes that _____ the start codon and aids translation initiation
Answer: surrounds
Flashcard 228: In what part of the cell is mRNA formed?_____
Answer: Nucleus
Flashcard 229: Capped, tailed, and spliced hnRNA is called _____
Answer: mRNA
Flashcard 230: Is RNA synthesis high or low fidelity? _____
Answer: Low (no proof-reading)
Flashcard 231: The _____ site of the ribosome holds empty tRNA as it exits
Answer: E
Flashcard 232: Proinsulin is packaged in secretory granules in the _____
Answer: Golgi apparatus
Flashcard 233: Translation is initiated by _____ hydrolysis
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 234: At what site of the ribosome does tRNA bind to for translation elongation? _____
Answer: A site
Flashcard 235: c-MYC is a transcription factor that sits on chromosome _____
Answer: 8
Flashcard 236: In cells, expression of RNA polymerase I is restricted to the _____
Answer: nucleolus
Flashcard 237: Practice: If a DNA template sequence is TAGC, what is the mRNA sequence?_____
Answer: GCUA
Flashcard 238: The bond formed between an -carboxyl group and an -amino group of adjacent amino acids is a _____
Answer: peptide bond
Flashcard 239: HIV RNA is transcribed to dsDNA by _____
Answer: HIV reverse transcriptase
Flashcard 240: One example of a post-translational modification is _____, which entails the removal of N- or C-terminal propeptides from a zymogen to generate mature protein
Answer: trimming
Flashcard 241: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and binding of charged tRNA to the codon are responsible for _____ of amino acid selection
Answer: accuracy
Flashcard 242: The _____ ribosomal subunit initiates translation by binding to the 7-methylguanosine cap
Answer: 40s
Flashcard 243: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase requires _____ and releases inorganic PPi
Answer: ATP
Flashcard 244: In addition to GTP, translocation of the ribosome during translation also requires eukaryotic _____
Answer: elongation factor 2 (eEF-2)
Flashcard 245: Eukaryotic _____ help assemble the 40s ribosomal subunit with the initiator tRNA
Answer: Initiation Factors (eIF)
Flashcard 246: How many amino acids are made from the 64 possible codons? _____
Answer: 20
Flashcard 247: What sequence of bases (6) represents a polyadenylation signal?_____
Answer: AAUAAA
Flashcard 248: How many possible combinations of 3 base codons are there?_____
Answer: 64
Flashcard 249: Which tRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome to initiate translation? _____
Answer: methionine-tRNA
Flashcard 250: Does prokaryotic mRNA have introns and exons?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 251: The _____ strand is the dsDNA strand used for transcription; it is complementary and antiparallel to mRNA
Answer: template
Flashcard 252: What does AUG encode for in eukaryotes?_____
Answer: Methionine (start codon)
Flashcard 253: Familial dysautonomia can be caused by a mutation at _____ sites for the IKAP gene
Answer: splice
Flashcard 254: Which three sequences of bases are mRNA stop codons? _____
Answer: UGA, UAA, UAG
Flashcard 255: While DNA polymerase binds to a primer, RNA polymerase binds to a _____
Answer: promoter
Flashcard 256: Peptide and Protein Hormone Synthesis: The signal peptide of preprohormone attaches to docking proteins on the _____, where translation is completed
Answer: endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 257: In the final step of translation elongation, _____ of the ribosome occurs, advancing the ribosome 3 nucleotides towards the 3' end of mRNA
Answer: translocation
Flashcard 258: One feature of the genetic code is that it is _____: it is read from a fixed starting point as a continuous sequence of bases
Answer: commaless, nonoverlapping
Flashcard 259: tRNA is joined with its specific amino acid via the enzyme _____
Answer: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Flashcard 260: Does RNA polymerase have 3' exonuclease activity (proof-reading)? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 261: What do homeobox genes code for? _____
Answer: Transcription factors
Flashcard 262: _____ is a specific transcription factor that binds kB elements, which regulates expression of many genes in the immune system
Answer: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)
Flashcard 263: At what site of the ribosome does tRNA bind to for translation initiation? _____
Answer: P site
Flashcard 264: The process that allows transmembrane vs secreted Ig, tropomyosin variants in muscle, and dopamine receptors in the brain to all come from respective single hnRNA transcripts is known as _____
Answer: alternative splicing
Flashcard 265: Targets of JAK (tyrosine kinase associated-receptor pathway) include _____, which cause transcription of new mRNAs and new protein synthesis
Answer: STATs
Flashcard 266: The _____ subunits of the anterior pituitary hormones TSH, FSH, HCG and LH are identical
Answer:
Flashcard 267: Only _____-amino acids are found in proteins
Answer: L
Flashcard 268: In the first step of strand elongation, an _____ binds to the A site
Answer: aminoacyl-tRNA
Flashcard 269: Which nucleotide triphosphate is used in the translocation of tRNA?_____
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 270: After preprohormone has been formed, signal peptides are cleaved, producing a _____, which is transferred to the golgi apparatus
Answer: prohormone
Flashcard 271: Which enzyme is responsible for mature HIV virion formation from a large polypeptide?_____
Answer: Aspartate protease
Flashcard 272: A _____ tRNA reads its usual codon but inserts the wrong amino acid
Answer: mischarged
Flashcard 273: One class of post-translational modifications is _____, which include phosphorylation, glycosylation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination
Answer: covalent alterations
Flashcard 274: Genetic mutations often result in the cellular production of abnormal proteins, which are expressed on _____ molecules
Answer: MHC class I
Flashcard 275: For the Kozak consensus sequence (gccgccRccAUGG) to work properly, the R group positioned 3 bases upstream must be a _____
Answer: purine
Flashcard 276: Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains the actual genetic information coding for protein? _____
Answer: Exons
Flashcard 277: Steroid receptors are specific transcription factors that bind to _____ to cause a steroid response
Answer: steroid response elements
Flashcard 278: Peptide bond formation is facilitated by the ribozyme _____
Answer: peptidyl transferase
Flashcard 279: _____ are specific transcription factors that bind to peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) causing increased peroxisome expression
Answer: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)
Flashcard 280: Ricin is a potent toxin that inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving the rRNA component of the eukaryotic _____ subunit
Answer: 60S
Flashcard 281: Mutant huntingtin protein in Huntington's Disease leads to transcriptional repression by inhibiting _____
Answer: histone acetyltransferase
Flashcard 282: The minimum fragment necessary for biologic activity of gastrin is the _____
Answer: C-terminal tetrapeptide
Flashcard 283: _____ ribosomes are unattached to any membrane and are the site of synthesis for cytosolic and organellar proteins
Answer: Free
Flashcard 284: Accurate base pairing is usually required only in the first two nucleotide positions of a mRNA codon because codons differing in the 3rd "_____" position may code for the same amino acid
Answer: wobble
Flashcard 285: In the first step of hormone synthesis, _____ is synthesized in the cytosol, directed by specific mRNA
Answer: preprohormone
Flashcard 286: Zinc is a mineral that is important in the formation of _____ (transcription factor motif)
Answer: zinc fingers
Flashcard 287: Which sequence of bases is a start codon (methionine) in mRNA? _____
Answer: AUG
Flashcard 288: Where in the cell does translation begin?_____
Answer: cytoplasm
Flashcard 289: What is the end effect of steroid hormones? _____
Answer: Synthesis of new proteins
Flashcard 290: The _____ of mRNA is the portion of mRNA which contains no protein information
Answer: untranslated region (UTR)
Flashcard 291: Eukaryotic translation begins when a ribosome binds a _____
Answer: 7-methyl-G-cap
Flashcard 292: Where in the cell does synthesis, hydroxylation, and glycosylation of preprocollagen occur?_____
Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 293: What does AUG encode for in prokaryotes?_____
Answer: N-formylmethionine, or fMet (start codon)
Flashcard 294: After aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the A site of the ribosome, _____, a ribozyme, catalyzes peptide bond formation (translation)
Answer: peptidyl transferase
Flashcard 295: Type I Interferons downregulate _____ to resist potential viral replication
Answer: protein synthesis
Flashcard 296: Which nucleotide triphosphate is used in the charging of tRNA?_____
Answer: ATP
Flashcard 297: The _____ strand is the strand of dsDNA that is NOT used during transcription, but is identical to mRNA (substitute T/U)
Answer: coding
Flashcard 298: A Northern blot is useful for studying gene _____
Answer: expression
Flashcard 299: The _____ ribosomal subunit initiates translation by binding to the shine-dalgarno sequence
Answer: 30s
Flashcard 300: Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains intervening noncoding segments of DNA? _____
Answer: Introns
Flashcard 301: Peptide and Protein Hormone Synthesis: Translation of a preprohormone begins in the _____ with a signal peptide at the N terminus
Answer: cytoplasm
Flashcard 302: What type of probe is used to bind protein when using a Western blot? _____
Answer: Labeled antibody
Flashcard 303: On the N terminal side of newly synthesized protein, a stretch of 10-15 hydrophobic amino acids forms the _____ sequence
Answer: N-terminal signal
Flashcard 304: What is the function of the T-arm of tRNA? _____
Answer: tRNA-ribosome binding
Flashcard 305: Does prokaryotic mRNA have post-transcriptional processing?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 306: What is the smaller ribosomal subunit used in prokaryotic translation? _____
Answer: 30s
Flashcard 307: What would happen if there is absent or dysfunctional signal recognition particles (SRPs)?_____
Answer: proteins accumulate in the cytosol
Flashcard 308: The initial (primary) transcript transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is _____
Answer: heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
Flashcard 309: At the base of a tRNA molecule is an _____, which base pairs with a codon of mRNA in a complementary, antiparallel fashion
Answer: anti-codon loop
Keywords: Transcription/translation flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
RNA polymerase structure and function
Flashcards
Promoters and transcription factors
Flashcards
Initiation of transcription
Flashcards
Elongation and termination of transcription
Flashcards
Post-transcriptional modifications
Flashcards
RNA splicing and alternative splicing
Flashcards
Translation initiation
Flashcards
Elongation and termination of translation
Flashcards
Post-translational modifications
Flashcards
Protein folding and chaperones
Flashcards
Regulation of gene expression
Flashcards
Epigenetic mechanisms
Flashcards
RNA interference and microRNAs
Flashcards
Want unlimited flashcards?
Get full access to all flashcards, spaced repetition, and progress tracking.
Start For Free