General Pharmacology — Flashcards

Flashcard 61: Which nerve fibres are the least susceptible to local anesthetics?

Answer: Type Aα (A-alpha)

Extra: Sensitivity of nerve fibers to local anesthetics (from most to least susceptible): Type B > Type C > Type Aδ (delta) > Type Aγ (gamma) > Type Aβ (beta) > Type Aα (alpha). General rules: 1. Small diameter fibers are more sensitive than large diameter fibers. 2. Myelinated fibers are more sensitive than unmyelinated fibers of the same diameter. 3. Type Aα fibers are the thickest and most heavily myelinated, making them the most resistant (least susceptible) to block.

Flashcard 62: A pharmacologically inert substance used along with active ingredient in a formulation is called as an ____.

Answer: excipient

Flashcard 63: Muscle relaxant which crosses placenta is _____

Answer: Gallamine

Flashcard 64: _____ drugs are for the treatment or prevention of rare diseases with little commercial value for pharmaceutical companies.

Answer: Orphan

Flashcard 65: The intensity of the inebriating effects of alcohols is directly proportional to their _____

Answer: Molecular weight

Flashcard 66: Alkalinization of local anesthetics can lead to _____ pain on local injection

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 67: _____ is a buccal formulation of oxytocin that is similar to oxytocin injection

Answer: Desamino-oxytocin

Flashcard 68: Which covid-19 vaccine consists of suspension of lipid particles which enable delivery of the RNA into host cells to allow expression of the spike (S) antigen?_____

Answer: Moderna and Pfizer

Flashcard 69: _____ is the S(-) enantiomer of bupivacaine

Answer: Levobupivacaine

Extra: Levobupivacaine is the S(-) enantiomer of bupivacaine. It is less cardiotoxic and has a longer duration of action compared to racemic bupivacaine. Ropivacaine is also a pure S-enantiomer, but it is a propyl analogue (not an enantiomer of bupivacaine itself). Both are preferred over racemic bupivacaine for their improved safety profiles.

Flashcard 70: Identify the plant: Known as 'Madar' or Crown flower, it contains cardiac glycosides (Calotropin), produces milky latex, and is commonly used as an abortifacient or in cattle poisoning.

Answer: Calotropis gigantea (Madar)