Neoplasia — Flashcards

Flashcard 131: Metastasis oncogenes such as _____ and TWIST encode transcription factors whose primary function is to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Answer: SNAIL

Flashcard 132: A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that there is is an increased _____ to cytoplasmic ratio

Answer: nuclear

Flashcard 133: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast) is _____ carcinoma, which is characterized by large, high-grade malignant cells growing in sheets with lymphocytic infiltrate

Answer: medullary

Flashcard 134: _____ tumor is metastatic mucinous tumor that involves both ovaries; most commonly due to metastatic gastric carcinoma (diffuse type)

Answer: Krukenberg

Flashcard 135: Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is due to _____ mutation and presents with multiple oncocytomas, chromophobe RCCs, facial fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax

Answer: BHD gene: folliculin

Flashcard 136: In GIST, a tumor size **< _____ cm** is usually associated with indolent behavior, whereas a mitotic count **> 5** per 50 HPF indicates a high risk of malignancy.

Answer: 2

Extra: GIST risk of malignancy is based on tumor size, mitotic rate, and site (gastric GISTs generally have a better prognosis than small bowel GISTs). **Prognostic Thresholds (Robbins):** * **Indolent/Very Low Risk:** Size < 2 cm and Mitoses < 5/50 HPF. * **High Risk:** Size > 5 cm OR Mitoses > 5/50 HPF (and specifically > 10 cm or > 10 mitoses). Note: The "5 and 5" rule (Size > 5 cm and Mitoses > 5/50 HPF) is a commonly tested threshold for high-risk behavior.

Flashcard 137: Small cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by _____ differentiated small cells and is thus very aggressive

Answer: poorly

Flashcard 138: _____ is a salivary gland tumor composed of chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium

Answer: Pleomorphic adenoma

Flashcard 139: A follicular lymphoma due to Bcl-2 overexpression results from a _____ translocation.

Answer: t(14;18)

Flashcard 140: α-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum tumor marker elevated in (mnemonic: HE-MAN is the alpha male): - H_____ - Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor - Mixed germ cell tumor - Ataxia-telangiectasia - Neural tube defects

Answer: epatocellular carcinoma