Signal Transduction Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Signal Transduction with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Signal Transduction Flashcard Deck - 60 Cards
Flashcard 1: The events that occur during the activation of GPCR are as follows: No answer _____
Answer: :)
Flashcard 2: Cyclin _____ and Cyclin E-CDK2 drive cells from G1 to S phase
Answer: D-CDK4/CDK6
Flashcard 3: Cyclin _____ and Cyclin A-CDK1 are active in S phase
Answer: A-CDK2
Flashcard 4: _____ is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine group.
Answer: Fractalkine
Flashcard 5: Binding of atrial natriuretic peptide to its receptor guanylyl cyclase causes conversion of _____ to cGMP
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 6: _____ exocytosis:Involves the proteins from golgi apparatus initially entering the secretory granules, where the processing of prohormones to mature hormones occurs before exocytosis; and is a Ca2+ dependent process
Answer: Regulated/ Non constitutive
Flashcard 7: A common Ras pathway mutation results in mutations of GAP, resulting in a lack of _____ to GDP inactivation
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 8: Growth factor binding to receptor results in Ras replacing _____ with GTP
Answer: GDP
Flashcard 9: After its use as a second messenger in the adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway, cAMP is degraded to _____ by phosphodiesterase
Answer: 5'-AMP
Flashcard 10: Once bound (activated), the glucocorticoid receptor enters the _____ and binds to glucocorticoid response elements to regulate gene transcription
Answer: nucleus
Flashcard 11: _____ protein inhibits the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, which is mediated by the death receptor.
Answer: FLIP
Flashcard 12: In the adenylyl cyclase mechanism of cellular signaling, the second messenger _____ activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates specific proteins to produce physiologic actions
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 13: TGF- is an _____ and fibroblast growth factor
Answer: epithelial
Flashcard 14: _____ causes decreased degradation of the extracellular matrix due to the inhibition of metalloproteinases.
Answer: TGF-
Flashcard 15: When light strikes the retina, _____ retinal is converted to all-trans retinal
Answer: 11-cis
Flashcard 16: Increased levels of cGMP cause _____ dephosphorylation, preventing its interaction with actin
Answer: myosin light chain
Flashcard 17: _____ receptors bind glycoproteins and contain three domains; an extracellular domain for ligand binding, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain coupled with heterotrimeric G proteins
Answer: G protein coupled
Flashcard 18: Dense granules of platelets contain _____ and ADP
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 19: In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, the _____ generated from PIP2 causes release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum
Answer: IP3
Flashcard 20: NF-kB activation pathway: IkB kinase phosphorylates the _____ complex, leading to ubiquitination of IkB
Answer: IkB-NF-kB
Flashcard 21: _____ often presents with increased levels of urinary cAMP due to the activation of Gs proteins when PTH binds its receptor
Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism
Flashcard 22: Where are estrogen receptors expressed (cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus)? _____
Answer: Cytoplasm
Flashcard 23: In the first step of the adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C mechanism of signaling, binding of hormone to its receptor causes release of _____ from its subunit (s, i, or aq) and replacement by GTP
Answer: GDP
Flashcard 24: The most important of the somatomedins is _____, also known as IGF-1
Answer: somatomedin C
Flashcard 25: _____ of the insulin receptor allows binding of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)
Answer: Autophosphorylation
Flashcard 26: In the adenylyl cyclase mechanism of cellular signaling, the _____ complex activates adenylyl cyclase, which then catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP
Answer: s-GTP
Flashcard 27: _____ activates guanylyl cyclase in the gut, thereby increasing cGMP secretion
Answer: Heat stable toxin
Flashcard 28: In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, the _____ complex activates phospholipase C, which then catalyzes the liberation of DAG and IP3 from PIP2
Answer: q-GTP
Flashcard 29: Protein kinase G activates the enzyme _____, which dephosphorylates myosin light chain causing smooth muscle relaxation
Answer: phosphatase
Flashcard 30: Once nitric oxide diffuses into muscle cells, it activates soluble (cytosolic) guanylyl cyclase, which converts _____ to cGMP
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 31: _____ stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis
Answer: PDGF
Flashcard 32: The alpha subunit of G proteins has intrinsic _____ activity and may bind GDP (inactive) or GTP (active)
Answer: GTPase
Flashcard 33: NF-kB activation pathway: Ubiquitination of IkB results in destruction of _____ and release of the NF-kB transcription factor
Answer: IkB
Flashcard 34: Once the mitochondrial membrane has been made permeable, _____ can leak out and activate initiator caspases
Answer: Cytochrome C
Flashcard 35: Inhibition of Gi via the pertussis toxin results in _____ levels of cAMP
Answer: increased
Flashcard 36: p53 induces apoptosis by activating _____ and BAK, which dimerize and form a pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane
Answer: BAX
Flashcard 37: Glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine induce _____ leading to phosphorylation of serine / threonine residues of the insulin receptor and IRS-1
Answer: insulin resistance
Flashcard 38: The Cell Cycle is regulated by Cyclins andCyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) which when _____ allow cells to bypass restriction points (checkpoints)
Answer: complexed
Flashcard 39: Vibrio cholerae produces _____ toxin, which ADP-ribosylates and activates Gs resulting in a(n) increase in cAMP in epithelial cells
Answer: cholera
Flashcard 40: Gi proteins _____ the cAMP signaling cascade
Answer: inhibit
Flashcard 41: Gq proteins _____ the IP3-DAG signaling cascade
Answer: activate
Flashcard 42: PTCH1 is a membrane receptor and a _____ regulator of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
Answer: negative
Flashcard 43: In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, _____ and diacylglycerol (DAG) activate protein kinase C, which phosphorylates specific proteins to produce physiologic actions
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 44: The insulin receptor is a tetramer consisting of two _____ subunits and two beta subunits
Answer: alpha
Flashcard 45: Glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by positive feedback by _____ via the alpha receptor (liver and muscle)
Answer: epinephrine
Flashcard 46: Cytokines such as _____ and prolactin hormone also acts by JAK STAT pathway.
Answer: interferon-gamma
Flashcard 47: TGF- is a growth factor that mediates _____ and angiogenesis. It inhibits inflammation
Answer: fibrosis
Flashcard 48: Elevated levels of hCG (e.g. choriocarcinoma) may cause _____ (males) or hyperthyroidism due to homology between hCG and TSH, FSH, and LH
Answer: gynecomastia
Flashcard 49: Which caspase binds to Cyt c and APAF-1 complex?_____
Answer: Caspase 9
Flashcard 50: In termination phase of hepatocyte regeneration, hepatocytes return to quiescence with the involvement of antiproliferative factors like _____
Answer: TGF-
Flashcard 51: Caspase- _____ activates the biologically active form of IL-1.
Answer: 1
Flashcard 52: Which caspase is activated in extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?_____
Answer: Caspase-8 and 10
Flashcard 53: Intercellular communication in eukaryotes is by _____.
Answer: Exosome
Flashcard 54: Which caspase is activated in intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (in response to ER stress)?_____
Answer: Caspase-12
Flashcard 55: Cyclin _____ is essential in the G2-M transition
Answer: B-CDK1
Flashcard 56: Which interleukin induces production of C-reactive protein by the liver?_____
Answer: IL-6
Flashcard 57: Which caspase is activated in intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (in response to UVR, chemorx, hypoxia)?_____
Answer: Caspase-9
Flashcard 58: Caspase _____ and 10 (Extrinsic pathway) and Caspase _____ (Intrinsic pathway) are initiators of Apoptosis
Answer: 8; 9
Flashcard 59: _____ is responsible for signal transmission as well as the generation of impulses in the retina
Answer: Phosphatidylinositol (PI)::Phospholipid
Flashcard 60: _____ in cytosol, recognize products released from damaged/necrotic cells
Answer: NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
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