NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: When does the rudimentary cochlea develop in the fetus?

4th to 8th week. 4th to 8th week - The **cochlea** begins its development from the **otic vesicle** around the **4th week** of gestation and undergoes extensive coiling. - By the **8th week**, the cochlea has achieved its characteristic snail-like shape, though further differentiation and maturation continue. *First week* - The first week of embryonic development involves **fertilization**, **cleavage**, and **implantation**, with no organogenesis occurring [1]. - At this stage, the embryo is a **blastocyst**, and specific organ structures like the cochlea have not yet begun to form [1]. *8th to 12th week* - While significant maturation of the inner ear structures occurs during this period, the **rudimentary cochlea** has already formed its basic shape by the 8th week. - This phase involves further differentiation of the **organ of Corti** and development of neural connections, rather than the initial formation of the cochlea itself. *16 to 20th week* - By the 16th to 20th week, the inner ear structures are largely developed and functional, including the **cochlea**, which is capable of responding to sound stimuli. - This period marks the onset of **fetal hearing** and continued fine-tuning of the auditory system, far beyond the rudimentary stage of cochlear development.

Q: Which of the following is the MOST important vital statistic in a population?

Mortality rate. ***Mortality rate*** - The **mortality rate** directly reflects the health status and overall well-being of a population by indicating the number of deaths per unit population. - A high mortality rate signals underlying public health issues, inadequate healthcare, or poor living conditions, making it the **most critical vital statistic** for assessing population health and guiding interventions. - It serves as a **key indicator** for comparing health status across populations and time periods. *Fertility rate* - The **fertility rate** measures the average number of children born to women of reproductive age, influencing future population size and age structure. - While important for demographic planning and population projections, it doesn't directly provide insights into the immediate health challenges or mortality burden of a population. *Morbidity rate* - The **morbidity rate** quantifies the incidence or prevalence of disease in a population, reflecting the disease burden. - Although crucial for understanding health problems and planning healthcare services, it is considered secondary to mortality as a vital statistic since mortality represents the ultimate health outcome. *Birth rate* - The **birth rate** quantifies the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year, contributing to population growth and demographic trends. - Like the fertility rate, it is essential for understanding natality patterns but offers less insight into the overall health status and survival of a population compared to the mortality rate.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute renal failure?

Chronic kidney disease due to analgesic nephropathy. Chronic kidney disease due to analgesic nephropathy - This is a cause of chronic kidney disease, characterized by gradual, irreversible kidney damage over a long period due to prolonged use of certain analgesics. [1] - It does not present as an acute, sudden decline in kidney function, which is the hallmark of acute renal failure. [1] Acute pyelonephritis - Severe cases of acute pyelonephritis (kidney infection) can lead to acute kidney injury due to sepsis, inflammation, and potential obstruction. [1] - The systemic inflammatory response and direct tissue damage can impair kidney function rapidly. [1] Acute kidney injury from snakebite - Snake envenomation can cause acute kidney injury through various mechanisms, including hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, direct nephrotoxicity, and systemic hypotension. - These effects can lead to rapid and severe kidney damage. Acute kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis - Rhabdomyolysis involves the breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue, releasing large amounts of myoglobin into the bloodstream. [1] - Myoglobin is toxic to the renal tubules, leading to acute tubular necrosis and rapid onset of acute kidney injury. [1]

Q: Viral DNA is integrated into Bacterial DNA in:

Lysogenic cycle. ***Lysogenic cycle*** - In the **lysogenic cycle**, the **bacteriophage DNA integrates** into the host bacterial chromosome, becoming a **prophage**. - This integration allows the viral genome to be **replicated along with the host DNA** without immediately lysing the cell. *Bacterial transduction* - **Transduction** involves the transfer of **bacterial DNA** from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage, not the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. - While phages are involved, the primary event is the accidental packaging and transfer of bacterial genes, not viral integration into the host for replication. *Bacterial transformation* - **Transformation** is the process where bacteria take up **naked DNA from their environment** and incorporate it into their own genome. - This DNA is typically from another bacterium or is artificially introduced, not viral DNA undergoing a natural integration process within the cell. *Bacterial conjugation* - **Conjugation** is the transfer of genetic material (usually a **plasmid**) between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact, mediated by a **pilus**. - This process involves the transfer of bacterial or plasmid DNA, not the integration of a viral genome into the host chromosome.

Q: River blindness is caused by?

Onchocerca volvulus. ***Onchocerca volvulus*** - **River blindness**, or **onchocerciasis**, is caused by the parasitic nematode *Onchocerca volvulus*. - This parasite is transmitted by the bite of infected **blackflies** (genus *Simulium*), which breed in fast-flowing rivers. *Loa loa* - *Loa loa* causes **Loiasis**, also known as African eye worm disease. - While it can manifest as an eye worm and cause itching and swelling, it does not typically lead to permanent blindness or the widespread skin lesions associated with river blindness. *Ascaris* - *Ascaris lumbricoides* causes **ascariasis**, an intestinal infection. - Symptoms are primarily gastrointestinal, such as abdominal pain, malnutrition, and, in severe cases, intestinal obstruction; it does not affect the eyes or cause blindness. *B. malayi* - *Brugia malayi* is one of the causes of **lymphatic filariasis**, also known as **elephantiasis**. - This disease primarily affects the lymphatic system, causing severe swelling in the limbs and genitals, but it does not cause blindness.

Q: Naegler's reaction is due to:

Lecithinase. ***Lecithinase*** - The **Naegler reaction** is a bacterial identification test used to detect the production of **lecithinase** (also known as alpha-toxin) by certain bacteria, particularly *Clostridium perfringens*. - This enzyme hydrolyzes **lecithin** (a lipid found in egg yolk), resulting in a visible opaque precipitate around the bacterial colonies on egg yolk agar. *Coagulase* - **Coagulase** is an enzyme produced by some bacteria (e.g., *Staphylococcus aureus*) that causes the coagulation of blood plasma. - While it is an important virulence factor, it is not involved in the **Naegler reaction**. *Hyaluronidase* - **Hyaluronidase** is an enzyme that breaks down **hyaluronic acid**, a component of connective tissue, facilitating the spread of bacteria. - It is often referred to as a **spreading factor** but is not detected by the **Naegler reaction**. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **Lecithinase** is directly responsible for the **Naegler reaction**.

Q: D Shaped pupil is seen in which condition?

Iridodialysis. ***Iridodialysis*** - **Iridodialysis** is a disinsertion or separation of the iris from its root at the ciliary body. - This separation creates a D-shaped or keyhole pupil, as the detached portion of the iris no longer contributes to the circular pupillary margin. *Anterior Uveitis* - **Anterior uveitis** is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body, primarily causing miosis (constricted pupil), not a D-shaped pupil. - It can lead to posterior synechiae, resulting in an irregular, but not typically D-shaped, pupil. *Anterior synechiae* - **Anterior synechiae** involve adhesions between the iris and the corneal endothelium or trabecular meshwork. - While they can cause an irregular pupil shape, they typically pull the iris towards the cornea rather than creating a D-shape from iris root disinsertion. *Iridodonesis* - **Iridodonesis** refers to tremors or wobbling of the iris, often seen in cases of aphakia or subluxated lenses, due to lack of support. - It describes a movement disorder of the iris rather than an abnormal, fixed pupil shape like a D-shaped pupil.

Q: In a case of myopia, LASIK can correct up to how many diopters?

-12D. ***-12D*** - LASIK can effectively correct myopia up to approximately **-12 diopters** in suitable candidates, though this can vary slightly based on individual corneal thickness and health. - The excimer laser reshapes the **cornea** to reduce its curvature, thereby decreasing the focusing power of the eye and correcting the myopic error. *-20D* - While some highly myopic individuals might desire such a correction, LASIK is generally not recommended or effective for myopia higher than **-12 to -14 diopters** due to limitations in corneal tissue removal and potential for complications. - Correcting very high myopia with LASIK would require removing too much corneal tissue, potentially leading to **corneal instability** or vision-threatening complications like **ectasia**. *-6D* - This is a common and highly successful range for LASIK correction, but it represents only a **moderate level of myopia** and not the maximum correctable range. - Patients with myopia of -6D typically achieve excellent visual outcomes with very low complication rates after LASIK. *-4D* - This is a relatively low level of myopia, and LASIK is very effective for this amount of correction, but it is far from the **upper limit** of what LASIK can achieve. - This level of correction requires minimal corneal reshaping and typically results in a very high success rate and predictable outcomes.

Q: What is the primary predisposing factor for retinopathy of prematurity?

Low gestational age. ***Low gestational age*** - **Prematurity** is the most significant risk factor, as the **retinal vasculature** is still immature and susceptible to abnormal development. - The earlier the gestational age, the **higher the risk** of ROP developing and progressing to severe stages. *Low birth weight* - While strongly correlated with ROP, **low birth weight** is often a consequence of prematurity rather than the primary predisposing factor itself. - Many term infants can have low birth weight due to **intrauterine growth restriction** but do not typically develop ROP. *Oxygen toxicity* - **Supplemental oxygen** can exacerbate ROP by causing initial **vasoconstriction** and subsequent abnormal vessel proliferation. - However, it acts as a secondary trigger in an already vulnerable, premature retina, not the primary predisposing factor. *Carbohydrate excess* - **Carbohydrate excess** is not a recognized predisposing factor for retinopathy of prematurity. - This condition is primarily related to the **vascular development of the retina** in premature infants.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a feature of CHARGE syndrome?

Esophageal Atresia. ***Esophageal Atresia*** - While other **tracheoesophageal abnormalities** can occur in CHARGE syndrome, **esophageal atresia** is not typically considered one of the core diagnostic criteria. - The acronym CHARGE stands for a specific set of features, and esophageal atresia is not directly included, unlike **choanal atresia**. *Eye Coloboma* - **Coloboma** of the eye, particularly the iris or retina, is a **major diagnostic feature** of CHARGE syndrome. - This congenital malformation results from incomplete closure of the **choroid fissure** during development. *Congenital heart disease* - Various types of **congenital heart defects**, such as **tetralogy of Fallot** or an **atresia of the aortic valve**, are common in CHARGE syndrome. - These cardiac anomalies are a **major diagnostic criterion** and significantly impact patient management. *Choanal Atresia* - **Choanal atresia** represents the "A" in the CHARGE acronym and is a **major diagnostic criterion**. - This condition involves blockage of the nasal passages and is one of the most characteristic features of the syndrome. *Urinary tract defects* - **Genital and urinary abnormalities** are frequently observed in individuals with CHARGE syndrome. - These can include **hypoplastic genitalia** and **kidney abnormalities**, classifying as a **minor diagnostic feature**.

Question 1

When does the rudimentary cochlea develop in the fetus?

Accepted Answer

4th to 8th week

Answer

First week

Answer

8th to 12th week

Answer

16 to 20th week

Question 2

Which of the following is the MOST important vital statistic in a population?

Accepted Answer

Mortality rate

Answer

Fertility rate

Answer

Morbidity rate

Answer

Birth rate

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease due to analgesic nephropathy

Answer

Acute pyelonephritis

Answer

Acute kidney injury from snakebite

Answer

Acute kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis

Question 4

Viral DNA is integrated into Bacterial DNA in:

Accepted Answer

Lysogenic cycle

Answer

Bacterial transduction

Answer

Bacterial transformation

Answer

Bacterial conjugation

Question 5

River blindness is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Onchocerca volvulus

Answer

Loa loa

Answer

Ascaris

Answer

B. malayi

Question 6

Naegler's reaction is due to:

Accepted Answer

Lecithinase

Answer

Coagulase

Answer

Hyaluronidase

Answer

None of the options

Question 7

D Shaped pupil is seen in which condition?

Accepted Answer

Iridodialysis

Answer

Anterior synechiae

Answer

Anterior Uveitis

Answer

Iridodonesis

Question 8

In a case of myopia, LASIK can correct up to how many diopters?

Accepted Answer

-12D

Answer

-4D

Answer

-20D

Answer

-6D

Question 9

What is the primary predisposing factor for retinopathy of prematurity?

Accepted Answer

Low gestational age

Answer

Oxygen toxicity

Answer

Carbohydrate excess

Answer

Low birth weight

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a feature of CHARGE syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Esophageal Atresia

Answer

Congenital heart disease

Answer

Urinary tract defects

Answer

Eye Coloboma

Answer

Choanal Atresia

NEET-PG 2015

Anatomy

Community Medicine

Internal Medicine

Microbiology

Ophthalmology

Psychiatry