NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Ceruminous glands present in the ear are:

Modified apocrine glands. ***Modified apocrine glands*** - **Ceruminous glands** in the ear canal are specialized **apocrine glands** responsible for producing cerumen (earwax). - Like other apocrine glands, they secrete their product via **apical budding** of the cell, releasing fragments of the cell along with the secretion [1]. *Modified eccrine glands* - **Eccrine sweat glands** are distributed throughout the skin and produce a watery sweat for thermoregulation [1]. - They secrete their product directly onto the skin surface via **exocytosis**, without loss of cellular material. *Mucous gland* - **Mucous glands** (e.g., salivary glands, respiratory tract glands) produce **mucus**, a viscous secretion primarily for lubrication and protection. - Their secretions are rich in **mucin glycoproteins**, which is distinct from the lipid-rich cerumen. *Modified holocrine glands* - **Holocrine glands** (e.g., sebaceous glands) release their entire cell contents, including lipids and cellular debris, upon cell lysis. - While sebaceous glands contribute to earwax, ceruminous glands themselves operate via an **apocrine mechanism**, not holocrine [1].

Q: What is the scientific name of the plant commonly known as Thorn apple?

Datura stramonium. ***Datura stramonium*** - This is the correct **scientific name** for the plant commonly known as **Thorn apple** or Jimsonweed. - *Datura stramonium* is known for its **anticholinergic** properties due to alkaloids like atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. *Nux vomica* - This plant is scientifically known as *Strychnos nux-vomica* and is a source of **strychnine** and brucine. - It is known for its **CNS stimulant** and convulsant effects, and is not referred to as Thorn apple. *Papaver somniferum* - This is the **opium poppy**, famous for producing **opium**, from which morphine, codeine, and heroin are derived. - Its common name is not Thorn apple, and its effects are primarily **analgesic** and sedative. *Cannabis sativa* - This plant is commonly known as **marijuana** or hemp, and it produces cannabinoids such as THC and CBD. - It is recognized for its **psychoactive** and medicinal properties, and is not related to Thorn apple.

Q: What is the most common form of leptospirosis?

Anicteric form. ***Anicteric form*** - The **anicteric form** accounts for about 90% of all leptospirosis cases, presenting with milder, flu-like symptoms without jaundice. - Patients typically experience **fever, headache, myalgia**, and conjunctival suffusion during the initial septicemic phase [1], followed by an immune phase that can involve meningitis or uveitis [1]. *Icteric form* - The **icteric form** (Weil's disease) is a severe manifestation, characterized by jaundice, renal failure, and hemorrhage, occurring in a minority of cases (5-10%). - Although more severe and often life-threatening, it is **less common** than the anicteric presentation [1]. *Hepatorenal form* - This term describes the severe complications of leptospirosis, including **liver and kidney dysfunction**, specifically associated with Weil's disease. - While a critical aspect of severe leptospirosis, it is a description of the organ involvement rather than a distinct common form of the disease. *Weil's disease* - **Weil's disease** is the most severe and potentially fatal form of leptospirosis, characterized by **jaundice, renal failure, hemorrhage, and myocarditis**. - It is a severe subset of the icteric form, making it a very serious but **uncommon variant** of the overall disease.

Q: What is the most common age group affected by Streptococcus pyogenes?

5-15 years. ***5-15 years*** - **Streptococcus pyogenes** (Group A Strep) commonly causes **pharyngitis** (strep throat), which primarily affects school-aged children. - This age group is more susceptible due to increased exposure in school and daycare settings. *<5 years* - While younger children can get strep infections, it is less common in those under **3 years of age**, as viral etiologies are more prevalent for pharyngitis in this group. - They are more prone to **non-streptococcal bacterial infections** and certain viral infections. *20-25 years* - Although adults can get **Streptococcus pyogenes** infections, the incidence significantly decreases after childhood. - Pharyngitis in this age group is more often **viral** in origin. *30-40 years* - The prevalence of **Streptococcus pyogenes** infections, particularly pharyngitis, is typically low in this age group compared to children. - Infections, if they occur, may stem from exposure to infected children or close contact environments.

Q: Which of the following methods is not used to measure refractive error?

Spectrometry. ***Spectrometry*** - **Spectrometry** measures the absorption or emission of light by a substance at different wavelengths, primarily used for chemical analysis and material science. - It does not directly assess the **focal power** of the eye or its refractive state. *Keratometry* - **Keratometry** measures the curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea, which is essential for determining astigmatism and fitting contact lenses. - While it doesn't measure the entire refractive error, it provides crucial data used in **refractive error assessment**. *Retinoscopy* - **Retinoscopy** is an objective method for determining the eye's refractive error by observing the movement of reflected light in the patient's pupil as a light source is swept across the eye. - It helps determine the approximate sphere and cylinder power needed for proper vision correction, especially useful in **uncooperative patients** or children. *Refractometry* - **Refractometry** (often performed with an autorefractor) is an automated method that uses light reflections from the retina to estimate the eye's refractive error. - It provides an objective measurement of the **spherical, cylindrical, and axial components** of refractive error, serving as a starting point for subjective refraction.

Q: What does a lensometer measure?

The refractive power of corrective lenses. ***The refractive power of corrective lenses*** - A **lensometer**, also known as a focimeter or vertometer, is an ophthalmological instrument used to measure the **refractive power** of spectacle lenses, contact lenses, and intraocular lenses. - It determines parameters such as **sphere**, **cylinder**, and **axis**, providing essential information for dispensing and fabricating corrective eyewear. *Corneal topography* - **Corneal topography** maps the curvature and shape of the cornea and is performed by a **topographer**. - This instrument is primarily used to diagnose and monitor conditions like **keratoconus** and to plan refractive surgeries. *Biochemical constitution of lens* - The **biochemical constitution** of the lens refers to its molecular makeup, including proteins and metabolites. - This is typically assessed through laboratory techniques like **spectroscopy** or **chromatography**, not a lensometer. *Power of IOL* - While a lensometer can measure the power of an **intraocular lens (IOL)** once it is manufactured, the initial power calculation for an IOL before implantation is determined using **biometry** (e.g., A-scan ultrasound or optical biometry). - **Biometry** measures the axial length of the eye and corneal curvature to calculate the appropriate IOL power.

Q: What term describes a condition where the axial length of the eye does not match its refractive power?

Axial Ametropia. ***Axial Ametropia*** - This term precisely describes a refractive error where the **axial length** of the eye is either too long or too short relative to its **optical power**, leading to images focusing in front of or behind the retina. - Examples include **myopia** (eye too long) and **hyperopia** (eye too short), which are fundamentally caused by a mismatch in axial length. *Anisokonia* - This condition refers to a significant difference in the **perceived size of images** between the two eyes, often due to unequal refractive errors between the eyes. - It does not directly describe the mismatch between axial length and refractive power itself, but rather a perceptual consequence that can result from asymmetric refractive errors. *Curvature ametropia* - This type of ametropia occurs when the **curvature** of the cornea or lens is abnormal, causing light rays to converge incorrectly. - While it's a form of refractive error, it specifically relates to the curvature of refractive surfaces, not the overall **axial length** of the eyeball. *Emmetropia* - This is the state of having **perfect vision**, where the refractive power of the eye correctly matches its axial length, allowing light to focus precisely on the retina without accommodation. - It describes the absence of refractive error, which is the opposite of the condition described in the question.

Q: Which tumor is characterized by the presence of cells that resemble tennis rackets?

Langerhans cell histiocytosis. ***Langerhans cell histiocytosis*** - This condition is characterized by **Birbeck granules** within the Langerhans cells, which have a distinctive **tennis racket-like appearance** on electron microscopy. - The cells are also positive for **CD1a** and **S-100** immunohistochemical markers. *Sarcoma botyroides* - This is a subtype of **embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma** typically found in mucosal sites, presenting as a polypoid, grape-like mass. - Its histology shows small, undifferentiated cells with primitive skeletal muscle differentiation, but **not tennis racket-shaped cells**. *Vaginal adenocarcinoma* - This is a rare malignancy of the vagina, often associated with **diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure** in utero, presenting as glands. - The cells show glandular differentiation and produce mucin, but **lack Birbeck granules**. *Seminoma* - This is a germ cell tumor of the testis characterized by large, uniform cells with clear cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli, divided into lobules by fibrous septa containing lymphocytes. - There are **no tennis racket-shaped cells** or Birbeck granules associated with seminoma.

Q: All are true about GFR except:

Best estimated by creatinine clearance. ***Best estimated by creatinine clearance*** - While **creatinine clearance** can be used as a measure of GFR, it is not the *best* estimate; it tends to slightly **overestimate** GFR due to tubular secretion of creatinine. [1] - The gold standard for measuring GFR involves methods like **inulin clearance**, but in clinical practice, GFR is often *estimated* using equations based on **serum creatinine** (e.g., CKD-EPI, MDRD). [2] *30-40% decrease after 70 years of age* - **Aging** is associated with a physiological decline in GFR, with a general decrease often cited as 30-40% after the age of 70 years. - This decline is part of the normal **age-related changes in renal function**. *GFR is dependent on height in children* - In children, GFR is often adjusted for **body surface area (BSA)**, which is calculated based on both **height and weight**, making height an important factor. [1] - This adjustment is crucial for accurate assessment of renal function in a growing pediatric population. *Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for 3 months or more.* - This statement accurately reflects the widely accepted definition of **Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)** according to clinical guidelines. [3] - A GFR below this threshold sustained for more than three months indicates persistent kidney damage or dysfunction.

Q: All are included in sleep hygiene except which of the following?

Exercising vigorously before sleep. ***Exercising vigorously before sleep*** - **Vigorous exercise** elevates body temperature, heart rate, and stimulates the central nervous system, making it harder to fall asleep and reducing sleep quality. - This practice directly contradicts the principles of sleep hygiene, which promote relaxing activities before bedtime. - While regular exercise is beneficial for sleep, it should be completed at least **3-4 hours before bedtime**. *Healthy diet* - A **balanced diet** and mindful eating patterns are important components of sleep hygiene. - Sleep hygiene recommendations include avoiding **heavy meals, caffeine, and alcohol** close to bedtime, as these can disrupt sleep quality. - Proper nutrition supports the physiological processes necessary for restorative sleep. *Sleeping on time* - Maintaining a **consistent sleep schedule**, even on weekends, helps regulate the body's natural **circadian rhythm**. - This consistency reinforces the sleep-wake cycle, making it easier to fall asleep and wake up naturally. - Going to bed and waking up at the same time daily is a cornerstone of good sleep hygiene. *Sleeping in a dark room* - A **dark environment** signals to the brain that it's time to release **melatonin**, the hormone that promotes sleep. - Exposure to light, especially blue light from screens, can suppress melatonin production and interfere with sleep onset. - Creating an optimal sleep environment (dark, quiet, cool) is a fundamental sleep hygiene principle.

Question 1

Ceruminous glands present in the ear are:

Accepted Answer

Modified apocrine glands

Answer

Modified eccrine glands

Answer

Mucous gland

Answer

Modified holocrine glands

Question 2

What is the scientific name of the plant commonly known as Thorn apple?

Accepted Answer

Datura stramonium

Answer

Nux vomica

Answer

Papaver somniferum

Answer

Cannabis sativa

Question 3

What is the most common form of leptospirosis?

Accepted Answer

Anicteric form

Answer

Icteric form

Answer

Hepatorenal form

Answer

Weil's disease

Question 4

What is the most common age group affected by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Accepted Answer

5-15 years

Answer

30-40 years

Answer

<5 years

Answer

20-25 years

Question 5

Which of the following methods is not used to measure refractive error?

Accepted Answer

Spectrometry

Answer

Keratometry

Answer

Retinoscopy

Answer

Refractometry

Question 6

What does a lensometer measure?

Accepted Answer

The refractive power of corrective lenses

Answer

Corneal topography

Answer

Biochemical constitution of lens

Answer

Power of IOL

Question 7

What term describes a condition where the axial length of the eye does not match its refractive power?

Accepted Answer

Axial Ametropia

Answer

Anisokonia

Answer

Emmetropia

Answer

Curvature ametropia

Question 8

Which tumor is characterized by the presence of cells that resemble tennis rackets?

Accepted Answer

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Answer

Seminoma

Answer

Vaginal adenocarcinoma

Answer

Sarcoma botyroides

Question 9

All are true about GFR except:

Accepted Answer

Best estimated by creatinine clearance

Answer

30-40% decrease after 70 years of age

Answer

GFR is dependent on height in children

Answer

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for 3 months or more.

Question 10

All are included in sleep hygiene except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Exercising vigorously before sleep

Answer

Healthy diet

Answer

Sleeping on time

Answer

Sleeping in dark room

NEET-PG 2015

Anatomy

Forensic Medicine

Internal Medicine

Microbiology

Ophthalmology

Pathology

Physiology

Psychiatry