NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Sec. 176 CrPC is related to?

Magistrate inquest. ***Magistrate inquest*** - Section 176 of the CrPC (Code of Criminal Procedure) specifically deals with the **inquiry by a Magistrate into the cause of death** in certain circumstances. - This section outlines the powers and procedures for a Magistrate to hold an inquest, particularly in cases involving death in police custody, or where there is suspicion of foul play, etc. *Summons* - Summons are dealt with under a different part of the CrPC, primarily starting from **Section 61**, which details the form and service of summons. - They are legal documents compelling an individual to appear in court, and are not related to the inquiry into the cause of death. *Coroner inquest* - While coroner inquests serve a similar purpose of inquiring into the cause of death, the term "coroner" is not primarily used in the Indian legal system; instead, **Magistrates primarily conduct such inquiries**. - The procedure and authority for these inquiries are laid out in the CrPC, which designates the role to Magistrates rather than coroners. *Police inquest* - Police inquests are conducted under **Section 174 CrPC**, where the police investigate the apparent cause of death, often in cases of suicide, accidental death, or when there is doubt about the cause. - While police conduct an initial inquiry and prepare a report, a Magistrate's inquest under Section 176 comes into play when there are specific suspicious circumstances or custodial deaths, providing an additional layer of scrutiny.

Q: A witness, who after taking oath, willfully makes a statement which he knows or believes to be false is guilty of offence under section:

193 IPC. ***193 IPC*** - **Section 193 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)** is the substantive offense provision that prescribes **punishment for giving false evidence** in a judicial proceeding. - Making a false statement under oath, knowing it to be false, makes a person **guilty under Section 193 IPC**, which provides for imprisonment up to 7 years and fine. - This is the operative section under which prosecution is initiated for perjury. *191 IPC* - **Section 191 IPC** defines what constitutes "giving false evidence" - it describes the act but does not prescribe punishment. - While the question describes an act that fits Section 191's definition, the person is charged and found guilty under **Section 193**, which is the punishment provision. - Section 191 is a definitional section, not the offense section itself. *192 IPC* - **Section 192 IPC** deals with **fabricating false evidence**, which involves creating or manufacturing evidence (making false entries in documents, causing circumstances to exist, etc.). - This focuses on the act of *fabricating* rather than directly *giving* a false statement under oath in proceedings. *190 IPC* - **Section 190 IPC** deals with **threat of injury** to induce a person to refrain from applying for protection to a public servant. - This section is entirely unrelated to giving false evidence or making false statements under oath.

Q: Rademecker complex in EEG is seen in -

SSPE. ***SSPE*** - **Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)** is a rare, chronic, progressive encephalopathy characterized by a distinctive EEG pattern known as the **Rademecker complex**. - The **Rademecker complex** (also called Rademecker complexes or periodic stereotyped complexes) consists of high-amplitude, generalized, polyphasic delta waves that occur periodically every 4-15 seconds. *Kuru* - **Kuru** is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) with neurological symptoms like ataxia and tremors, but it does not typically show the **Rademecker complex** on EEG [1]. - EEG abnormalities in Kuru are generally non-specific and may include diffuse slowing, but not periodic complexes [1]. *cCJD* - **Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (cCJD)**, a prion disease, often shows characteristic **periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs)** on EEG. - These PSWCs are typically biphasic or triphasic, occurring at a frequency of 0.5-2 Hz, and are distinct from the slower, high-amplitude Rademecker complexes seen in SSPE. *vCJD* - **Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)**, unlike cCJD, rarely or never shows the characteristic **periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs)** on EEG. - EEG findings in vCJD are usually non-specific, often showing generalized slowing without the unique periodic complexes seen in SSPE or cCJD.

Q: Commonest cause of nosocomial infection is

Staphylococci. ***Staphylococci*** - **Staphylococci**, particularly *Staphylococcus aureus* (including MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci, are the **most common cause** of nosocomial infections according to current surveillance data from CDC, WHO, and Indian hospital studies. - They are the leading cause of **surgical site infections**, **catheter-related bloodstream infections**, **ventilator-associated pneumonia**, and **skin and soft tissue infections** in hospital settings. - Their ability to form biofilms on medical devices, antibiotic resistance (especially MRSA), and widespread colonization of healthcare workers and patients make them the predominant nosocomial pathogen. *Enterobacteriaceae* - The family **Enterobacteriaceae** (including *E. coli*, *Klebsiella*, *Enterobacter*) represents a major group of gram-negative nosocomial pathogens. - They are very common causes of **urinary tract infections**, **pneumonia**, and **bloodstream infections**, particularly associated with indwelling catheters and ventilators. - While collectively representing a large proportion of nosocomial infections, they are the **second most common** group after Staphylococci in most contemporary studies. *Pseudomonas* - *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* is an important nosocomial pathogen, particularly in **ventilator-associated pneumonia**, **burn infections**, and infections in immunocompromised patients. - It accounts for approximately 10-15% of nosocomial infections and is especially problematic due to its intrinsic antibiotic resistance. *Klebsiella* - **Klebsiella** (particularly *K. pneumoniae*) is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family and an important individual pathogen causing **pneumonia** and **urinary tract infections** in healthcare settings. - While a common pathogen, it represents only a subset of both the Enterobacteriaceae family and overall nosocomial infections, making it less common than the entire Staphylococci group.

Q: Causative agents of "Vincent's angina"

Borrelia vincenti and Fusobacterium nucleatum. ***Borrelia vincenti and Fusobacterium nucleatum*** - **Vincent's angina**, also known as **acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)**, is polymicrobial and characteristically involves a synergistic infection of **spirochetes** (like *Borrelia vincenti*, now classified as *Treponema vincentii*) and **fusobacteria** (like *Fusobacterium nucleatum*). - These organisms thrive in an anaerobic environment, leading to the characteristic ulcerative and necrotic lesions of the gingiva and oral mucosa. - This synergistic infection produces the classic "fusospirochaetal" complex seen on microscopy. *Borrelia burgdorferi and Lactobacillus* - *Borrelia burgdorferi* is the causative agent of **Lyme disease**, a tick-borne illness causing systemic symptoms, not Vincent's angina. - *Lactobacillus* species are common commensal bacteria found in the oral cavity, gut, and vagina, and are not pathogenic in the context of Vincent's angina. *Leptospira and Treponema pallidum* - *Leptospira* species cause **leptospirosis**, a zoonotic disease with symptoms like fever, headache, and muscle aches, often affecting the kidneys and liver. - *Treponema pallidum* is the causative agent of **syphilis**, a sexually transmitted infection, which presents with different oral lesions (e.g., chancre, mucous patches) that are distinct from Vincent's angina. *Borrelia recurrentis and Bacteroides* - *Borrelia recurrentis* causes **relapsing fever**, characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and other systemic symptoms, transmitted by lice or ticks. - While *Bacteroides* are common anaerobic bacteria in the oral flora, they are not the primary synergistic pair specifically associated with the distinct clinical presentation of Vincent's angina, as are the spirochetes and fusobacteria.

Q: All the following are common nosocomial infections except:

Mycobacterium. ***Mycobacterium*** - **Mycobacterium** species are not typically considered common causes of **acute nosocomial infections** because they are slow-growing and usually cause chronic infections. - While healthcare workers or patients can acquire tuberculosis in healthcare settings, it is less common for *Mycobacterium* to be the cause of rapidly developing, typical healthcare-associated infections like pneumonia or bloodstream infections. *Staph. aureus* - **_Staphylococcus aureus_** is a very common cause of **nosocomial infections**, particularly **MRSA (methicillin-resistant *S. aureus*)**, leading to surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. - It colonizes healthcare workers and patients, making it easily transmissible in hospital environments. *Enterobacteriaceae* - **Enterobacteriaceae** (e.g., _E. coli_, _Klebsiella_, _Enterobacter_) are frequently implicated in **nosocomial infections**, especially **urinary tract infections (UTIs)**, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. - These bacteria are part of the normal flora but can cause serious infections when introduced into sterile sites or in immunocompromised patients. *P. aeruginosa* - **_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_** is a significant cause of **nosocomial infections**, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs) and among immunocompromised patients. - It is known for causing **ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)**, UTIs, and wound infections, often exhibiting multidrug resistance.

Q: What is luxatio erecta ?

Inferior shoulder dislocation. ***Inferior shoulder dislocation*** - Luxatio erecta is a rare type of shoulder dislocation where the humeral head is displaced **inferiorly** and the arm is fixed in an **elevated position**, often described as looking as if the patient is "waving hello." - This dislocation typically results from **hyperabduction** of the arm, forcing the humeral head out of the glenoid fossa. *Anterior shoulder dislocation* - This is the most common type of shoulder dislocation, where the humeral head is displaced **anteriorly** and **inferiorly** beneath the coracoid process. - The arm is typically held in **abduction** and **external rotation**, not a sustained elevation. *Posterior hip dislocation* - This involves the displacement of the **femoral head** out of the acetabulum in a **posterior direction**, often due to high-energy trauma dashboard injuries. - The leg typically presents in **internal rotation**, adduction, and flexion. *Anterior hip dislocation* - This less common hip dislocation involves the femoral head displacing **anteriorly** relative to the acetabulum. - The affected leg is usually held in **external rotation**, abduction, and slight flexion.

Q: Which of the following is not true about sleep -

REM sleep comes earlier than NREM sleep. ***REM sleep comes earlier than NREM sleep*** - This statement is **incorrect** because the sleep cycle typically begins with **NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep**, specifically NREM stage 1, before progressing to NREM stages 2 and 3, and then finally entering REM sleep. - NREM sleep accounts for about **75% of total sleep time** and occurs prior to REM sleep in a typical nocturnal sleep episode. *Dreams come in REM sleep* - This statement is **true** as **vivid, memorable dreams** are most commonly associated with **REM sleep**. - During REM sleep, brain activity significantly increases, mimicking the awake state, which facilitates complex dream formation. *REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep* - This statement is **true** because **REM sleep** is characterized by **high brain activity** (similar to wakefulness) and rapid eye movements, yet the body experiences **muscle atonia**, leading to a state of profound relaxation. - This paradoxical combination of an active brain and a paralyzed body gives it the name **paradoxical sleep**. *Sleep walking comes in NREM sleep* - This statement is **true** as **sleepwalking (somnambulism)** typically occurs during **slow-wave sleep**, which is **NREM stage 3 (deep sleep)**. - During this stage, arousal thresholds are very high, and complex motor behaviors can occur while the individual remains in a sleep state.

Q: Most recently identified taste sensation is?

Umami. ***Umami*** - **Umami** is the most recently identified **fifth basic taste**, often described as a savory or meaty taste. - Its discovery and recognition as a distinct taste sensation occurred in the **early 20th century** by Kikunae Ikeda, who isolated glutamate from kombu. *Sour* - The sensation of **sourness** is one of the traditionally recognized basic tastes, identified much earlier than umami. - It is typically associated with **acids**, such as those found in lemons or vinegar. *Bitter* - **Bitterness** is another long-standing basic taste that serves an important protective function, often signaling potential toxins. - It is one of the earliest tastes understood and recognized, with receptors for a wide range of bitter compounds. *Sweet* - **Sweetness** is a fundamental and ancient taste, universally recognized as pleasurable and indicating energy-rich foods. - The perception of sweet taste, primarily from sugars, has been understood for centuries.

Q: Vibration sense is detected by ?

Deep receptors. ***Deep receptors*** - **Vibration sense** is primarily mediated by **Pacinian corpuscles** and **Meissner's corpuscles**, which are considered deep receptors. - **Pacinian corpuscles** are located in the **deep dermis** and **subcutaneous tissue** and are highly sensitive to **high-frequency vibration** (200-300 Hz). - **Meissner's corpuscles** in dermal papillae detect **lower frequency vibration** and are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors. *Superficial receptors* - **Superficial receptors** like **Merkel cells** primarily detect **sustained touch** and **pressure**, providing information about texture. - While they contribute to tactile sensation, they are **slowly adapting** and not specialized for rapidly oscillating stimuli like vibration. *Free nerve endings* - **Free nerve endings** are unmyelinated or lightly myelinated nerve terminals that detect **pain**, **temperature**, and **crude touch**. - They are not specialized mechanoreceptors and lack the structural organization needed to transduce vibratory stimuli. *Nociceptors* - **Nociceptors** are specialized sensory receptors that detect **noxious (harmful) stimuli** and mediate the sensation of **pain**. - They respond to extreme temperatures, intense mechanical stress, or chemical irritants, not to non-painful vibration.

Question 1

Sec. 176 CrPC is related to?

Accepted Answer

Magistrate inquest

Answer

Summons

Answer

Coroner inquest

Answer

Police inquest

Question 2

A witness, who after taking oath, willfully makes a statement which he knows or believes to be false is guilty of offence under section:

Accepted Answer

193 IPC

Answer

192 IPC

Answer

191 IPC

Answer

190 IPC

Question 3

Rademecker complex in EEG is seen in -

Accepted Answer

SSPE

Answer

Kuru

Answer

cCJD

Answer

vCJD

Question 4

Commonest cause of nosocomial infection is

Accepted Answer

Staphylococci

Answer

Klebsiella

Answer

Enterobacteriaceae

Answer

Pseudomonas

Question 5

Causative agents of "Vincent's angina"

Accepted Answer

Borrelia vincenti and Fusobacterium nucleatum

Answer

Borrelia burgdorferi and Lactobacillus

Answer

Leptospira and Treponema pallidum

Answer

Borrelia recurrentis and Bacteroides

Question 6

All the following are common nosocomial infections except:

Accepted Answer

Mycobacterium

Answer

Staph. aureus

Answer

Enterobacteriaceae

Answer

P. aeruginosa

Question 7

What is luxatio erecta ?

Accepted Answer

Inferior shoulder dislocation

Answer

Anterior shoulder dislocation

Answer

Posterior hip dislocation

Answer

Anterior hip dislocation

Question 8

Which of the following is not true about sleep -

Accepted Answer

REM sleep comes earlier than NREM sleep

Answer

Dreams come in REM sleep

Answer

REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep

Answer

Sleep walking comes in NREM sleep

Question 9

Most recently identified taste sensation is?

Accepted Answer

Umami

Answer

Sour

Answer

Bitter

Answer

Sweet

Question 10

Vibration sense is detected by ?

Accepted Answer

Deep receptors

Answer

Superficial receptors

Answer

Free nerve endings

Answer

Nociceptors

NEET-PG 2015

Forensic Medicine

Internal Medicine

Microbiology

Orthopaedics

Physiology