NEET-PG 2015 - Community Medicine Practice Questions

Q: Most common cause of goiter in India is

Diffuse Endemic Goitre. ***Diffuse Endemic Goitre*** - **Iodine deficiency** is the leading cause of goiter globally, particularly in areas with poor iodine intake like some regions in India, leading to **diffuse endemic goiter** - In response to low iodine, the thyroid gland undergoes **hypertrophy** and **hyperplasia**, increasing in size in an attempt to capture more iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis - Despite the **Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program**, iodine deficiency disorders remain a significant public health concern in several Indian states *Papillary Carcinoma* - While it can cause a thyroid mass, **papillary carcinoma** is a malignant neoplastic condition, not the most common cause of generalized goiter - It presents as a **solitary or dominant nodule** and is not typically associated with widespread iodine deficiency - Accounts for only a small percentage of thyroid enlargements *Toxic Multinodular Goitre* - This condition involves multiple autonomously functioning nodules and primarily causes **hyperthyroidism**, not just goiter as a primary common presentation - More common in **elderly patients** and in regions with prior iodine deficiency (Jod-Basedow phenomenon) - Does not represent the most widespread cause of goiter in the general population of India *Hashimoto's Thyroiditis* - Hashimoto's is an **autoimmune disease** causing chronic lymphocytic thyroid inflammation and often hypothyroidism - While it can cause goiter, it typically produces a **firmer, less diffuse enlargement** than that seen with **iodine deficiency** - Not the most common cause of goiter in India, though its prevalence is increasing in urban areas

Q: According to PCPNDT Act, 1994, what is the punishment for a doctor found guilty of sex determination for the first offense?

3 years. ***3 years*** - The **PCPNDT Act, 1994** (Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act) specifies imprisonment of up to **3 years** for a first-time offense of sex determination. - This is paired with a fine of up to **₹10,000**, and the registration of the medical practitioner is also suspended for a period of **five years** for the first offense. - The Act aims to prevent female feticide and maintain the **sex ratio**. *5 years* - An imprisonment term of **5 years** applies for **subsequent offenses** after conviction for the first offense. - The registration can be permanently cancelled for repeat offenders. *2 years* - This duration is **not specified** in the PCPNDT Act as a punishment for sex determination. - Neither imprisonment nor suspension of registration for 2 years is mentioned in the Act for this offense. *1 year* - A 1-year imprisonment is not specified under the PCPNDT Act for sex determination. - The Act intends to impose stringent penalties (up to 3 years for first offense, up to 5 years for subsequent offense) to deter such practices.

Q: Group of 4-8 experts talking in front of a large group of audience is known as:

Panel discussion. ***Panel discussion*** - A **panel discussion** involves a small group of experts (4-8) presenting their views and discussing a specific topic in front of a larger audience. - The format typically includes an initial presentation by each panelist, followed by a moderated discussion among the panelists and sometimes questions from the audience. *Symposium* - A **symposium** is a formal meeting at which several experts or specialists deliver short presentations on a particular subject. - While it involves experts, it typically consists of a series of individual presentations rather than an interactive discussion among the presenters. *Workshop* - A **workshop** is a training or educational meeting where participants engage in intensive discussion and activity on a particular subject or project. - The primary focus is on hands-on learning and skill development for the attendees, not primarily on experts talking to an audience. *Seminar* - A **seminar** is a meeting or conference for discussion or training, usually involving a small group of students or professionals. - It often involves a leader or speaker presenting information, followed by discussion, but it is typically smaller and more interactive than a large expert panel.

Q: True about rotavirus vaccine:

Given orally. ***Given orally*** - Rotavirus vaccines are **live attenuated vaccines** administered orally to stimulate localized immunity in the gastrointestinal tract. - This oral route is crucial for inducing **mucosal immunity**, which is important for protection against rotavirus infection. *Killed vaccine* - The rotavirus vaccine is an **attenuated live vaccine**, meaning it contains weakened forms of the virus, not killed ones. - Live attenuated vaccines generally provide a **stronger and longer-lasting immune response** compared to killed vaccines. *Should be given before 5 years* - The rotavirus vaccine series is recommended to be completed in **infancy**, typically before 8 months of age, depending on the specific vaccine brand and schedule. - Giving the vaccine at too old an age increases the (still very small) risk of **intussusception** and a lack of efficacy. *Given subcutaneous* - Rotavirus vaccines are administered by the **oral route**, not subcutaneously. - The **subcutaneous route** is used for various other vaccines, but not for rotavirus.

Q: RULE OF HALVES RELATED TO-

HYPERTENSION. ***HYPERTENSION*** - The **rule of halves** in hypertension refers to the observation that often **only half of people** with hypertension are diagnosed, only half of those diagnosed are treated, and only half of those treated achieve adequate control. - This rule highlights challenges in the **diagnosis, treatment, and management** of hypertension at a population level. *OBESITY* - While obesity is a significant public health issue, the **rule of halves** is not a commonly used principle to describe its diagnosis and management. - Obesity is typically assessed using **Body Mass Index (BMI)** and associated health risks. *BLINDNESS* - The **rule of halves** is not a recognized concept in the context of blindness or visual impairment. - Blindness is often addressed through efforts in **prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation**. *BURNS* - The **rule of halves** is unrelated to the assessment or management of burns. - The severity of burns is commonly assessed using the **Rule of Nines** (Wallace Rule of Nines) [1] to estimate the percentage of total body surface area affected.

Q: Infective period of chicken pox is

2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance. ***2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance*** - The **infective period** for **chickenpox (varicella)** begins approximately **1-2 days before the rash appears** and continues until **all lesions have crusted over**, which typically occurs around **5-7 days after rash onset**. - According to **CDC guidelines** and standard medical references, patients are contagious from 1-2 days prior to rash onset until all vesicles are scabbed. - The timeframe of **2 days before and 5 days after** represents the **clinically accepted standard** for isolation and infection control purposes. *4 days before and 5 days after rash appearance* - This option **overestimates the start of the infective period**. - The incubation period of chickenpox is 10-21 days, but **infectivity does not begin 4 days before rash** - it starts only 1-2 days prior. - This extended timeframe is not supported by standard medical literature. *4 days before and 4 days after rash appearance* - This option **overestimates when infectivity begins** and **underestimates the duration after rash onset**. - Infectivity starts 1-2 days before rash, not 4 days before. - The period after rash onset should extend until all lesions are crusted (typically 5-7 days). *2 days before and 2 days after rash appearance* - While this option correctly identifies when infectivity begins, it **significantly underestimates the duration after rash onset**. - Patients remain contagious until **all lesions have crusted over**, which usually takes **5-7 days** after rash appearance, not just 2 days. - Premature discontinuation of isolation at 2 days would pose significant infection control risks.

Q: Disinfection of urine is which type of disinfection ?

Concurrent. ***Concurrent*** - **Concurrent disinfection** refers to the immediate disinfection of infectious materials and objects **as soon as they are discharged** from the body of an infected person. - Disinfection of **body excretions** (urine, feces, sputum) and articles contaminated by them is done **promptly after they are voided**, making it concurrent disinfection. - In the context of urine from infected patients, it should be disinfected **immediately after collection** to prevent spread of infection. *Terminal* - **Terminal disinfection** is performed **after the patient has been discharged, died, or is no longer infectious**. - It involves thorough cleaning and disinfection of the **room, furniture, and environment** that the patient occupied. - Terminal disinfection is not the routine disinfection of body excretions, but rather the final cleaning of the patient's surroundings. *Preconcurrent* - **"Preconcurrent"** is not a standard or recognized term in the classification of disinfection types. - This option does not describe a method or timing of disinfection that is medically or scientifically established. *Precurrent* - Similar to "preconcurrent," **"precurrent"** is not a recognized category or term used to describe a type of disinfection process. - The standard classifications include **concurrent, terminal, and prophylactic disinfection**.

Question 1

Most common cause of goiter in India is

Accepted Answer

Diffuse Endemic Goitre

Answer

Papillary Carcinoma

Answer

Toxic Multinodular Goitre

Answer

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Question 2

According to PCPNDT Act, 1994, what is the punishment for a doctor found guilty of sex determination for the first offense?

Accepted Answer

3 years

Answer

5 years

Answer

2 years

Answer

1 year

Question 3

Group of 4-8 experts talking in front of a large group of audience is known as:

Accepted Answer

Panel discussion

Answer

Symposium

Answer

Workshop

Answer

Seminar

Question 4

True about rotavirus vaccine:

Accepted Answer

Given orally

Answer

Killed vaccine

Answer

Should be given before 5 years

Answer

Given subcutaneous

Question 5

RULE OF HALVES RELATED TO-

Accepted Answer

HYPERTENSION

Answer

OBESITY

Answer

BLINDNESS

Answer

BURNS

Question 6

Infective period of chicken pox is

Accepted Answer

2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance

Answer

4 days before and 5 days after rash appearance

Answer

4 days before and 4 days after rash appearance

Answer

2 days before and 2 days after rash appearance

Question 7

Disinfection of urine is which type of disinfection ?

Accepted Answer

Concurrent

Answer

Terminal

Answer

Preconcurrent

Answer

Precurrent

NEET-PG 2015 — Community Medicine