NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: What is the approximate ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle in the cervix?

Approximately 8:1. ***Approximately 8:1*** - The **cervix** is predominantly composed of **fibrous connective tissue**, which provides its structural integrity and rigidity [1]. - This high ratio of **collagenous connective tissue** to smooth muscle is crucial for maintaining pregnancy and undergoing significant remodeling during parturition [1]. - The approximate ratio is **8:1 to 10:1**, with connective tissue forming about 85-90% of cervical tissue [1]. *2:1* - This ratio would imply a significantly higher proportion of **smooth muscle** (33%), making the cervix much more muscular and less fibrous than it actually is. - Such a composition would compromise the cervical function of maintaining a **closed uterine orifice** during pregnancy. *5:1* - While higher than 2:1, this ratio still underestimates the true dominance of **connective tissue** in the cervical structure. - The **cervix's mechanical properties**, including its ability to resist stretching, are primarily due to its abundant collagen content. *15:1* - This ratio overestimates the proportion of connective tissue, suggesting less than 7% smooth muscle. - While the cervix is indeed fibrous, it does contain a modest amount of **smooth muscle** (10-15%) particularly in the internal os region, making this ratio too extreme [1].

Q: Which chamber of the heart is located anterior to the sternum?

Right ventricle. ***Right ventricle*** - The **right ventricle** forms the majority of the **anterior surface of the heart** and is the chamber closest to the sternum [2]. - This anatomical position is important clinically, for instance, in cases of **pericardial effusion** or **chest trauma**. *Left atrium* - The **left atrium** is located most **posteriorly** in the heart, adjacent to the esophagus [1], [2]. - Due to its posterior position, an enlarged left atrium can compress the esophagus, causing **dysphagia**. *Left ventricle* - The **left ventricle** forms the **apex of the heart** and is located more on the left and posterior aspect compared to the right ventricle [2]. - While it contributes to the anterior surface, the **right ventricle** is more directly anterior to the sternum [2]. *Right atrium* - The **right atrium** is positioned to the right and slightly posterior to the right ventricle. - It receives venous blood from the body and forms the **right border of the heart**.

Q: Sacral promontory is the landmark for

Termination of presacral nerve. ***Termination of presacral nerve*** - The **sacral promontory** is the key anatomical landmark where the **superior hypogastric plexus** (presacral nerve) **bifurcates** into the right and left hypogastric nerves. - This bifurcation typically occurs at the level of the **sacral promontory**, making it a crucial landmark for **presacral neurectomy** procedures. - The superior hypogastric plexus is formed by the fusion of sympathetic fibers and lies anterior to the L5 vertebra and sacral promontory. - Clinically important for **pelvic surgery** and **pain management** procedures. *Origin of superior mesenteric artery* - The **superior mesenteric artery (SMA)** originates from the **anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta** at the level of the **L1 vertebra**. - This is far superior to the sacral promontory, which is at the lumbosacral junction (L5-S1). - The SMA supplies the midgut derivatives. *Origin of inferior mesenteric artery* - The **inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)** originates from the **anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta** at the level of the **L3 vertebra**. - This is also well above the sacral promontory. - The IMA supplies the hindgut derivatives. *None of the options* - This is incorrect as the sacral promontory is indeed a recognized landmark for the **bifurcation/termination of the presacral nerve** (superior hypogastric plexus).

Q: Which muscle will be paralyzed when the radial nerve is injured just below the spiral groove?

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis - The radial nerve travels in the spiral groove of the humerus and gives off branches in a specific sequence. - Proximal to the spiral groove: Branches to triceps and anconeus - Within/at the spiral groove: Branches to brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) - Just distal to the spiral groove: Branch to extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) [1] - this is the first branch after exiting the spiral groove - More distally: The nerve divides into superficial and deep branches (posterior interosseous nerve) [1] - An injury just below the spiral groove would paralyze ECRB while sparing muscles innervated proximal to or within the groove (triceps, anconeus, brachioradialis, ECRL). Supinator - The supinator is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve), which branches off more distally in the proximal forearm. - This muscle would only be affected by injuries distal to the bifurcation of the radial nerve into superficial and deep branches, not by an injury just below the spiral groove. Extensor Digitorum - The extensor digitorum is supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve, which is a continuation of the deep branch [1]. - This innervation occurs significantly distal to the spiral groove in the posterior forearm compartment. - It would be affected by posterior interosseous nerve injuries, not by lesions just below the spiral groove. Abductor Pollicis Longus - The abductor pollicis longus is innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve in the distal forearm [1]. - This is the most distal of all the options and would only be affected by posterior interosseous nerve palsy, not by radial nerve injury at the spiral groove level [1].

Q: Which is the first steroid intermediate formed in the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones?

Pregnenolone. ***Pregnenolone*** - **Pregnenolone** is the **first steroid intermediate** formed from **cholesterol** in steroidogenesis - The conversion occurs in mitochondria via the **cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc/CYP11A1)** - This is the **rate-limiting step** in steroid hormone biosynthesis - From pregnenolone, all other steroid hormones are subsequently synthesized *Progesterone* - Progesterone is the **second intermediate**, formed from pregnenolone - It serves as a precursor for glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens - Not the first intermediate from cholesterol *Glucocorticoid* - Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) are **end products**, not intermediates - Formed several steps downstream from cholesterol via pregnenolone and progesterone *Mineralocorticoid* - Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) are **end products**, not intermediates - Synthesized from progesterone through multiple enzymatic steps *Estradiol* - Estradiol is a **late-stage product** synthesized from androgens - Requires aromatase enzyme for conversion from testosterone - Multiple steps removed from the initial cholesterol conversion

Q: Carboxypeptidase contains which mineral?

Zinc. ***Zinc*** - **Carboxypeptidase** is a **metalloenzyme**, meaning it requires a metal ion for its catalytic activity. - **Zinc** acts as a crucial cofactor in the active site of carboxypeptidase, enabling its proteolytic function. *Copper* - **Copper** is a component of enzymes like **cytochrome c oxidase** and **superoxide dismutase**, but not carboxypeptidase. - Its presence is essential for processes like **electron transport** and **antioxidant defense**. *Iron* - **Iron** is a central component of **hemoglobin** and **myoglobin** for oxygen transport, and in enzymes like **catalase** and **peroxidase**. - It is not involved in the catalytic mechanism of carboxypeptidase. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **Zinc** is a known and essential mineral for the function of carboxypeptidase. - Carboxypeptidase is a metalloenzyme, and a metal cofactor is required for its activity.

Q: Which of the following molecular interactions are found in the structure of DNA?

All of the options. ***All of the options*** - All three types of molecular interactions listed are present in DNA structure, making this the correct answer. - **Hydrogen bonds** hold together the two strands of the DNA double helix, forming between complementary base pairs (A-T with 2 hydrogen bonds, G-C with 3 hydrogen bonds). - **Glycosidic bonds** (N-glycosidic bonds) link the nitrogenous bases to the C1' carbon of the deoxyribose sugar in each nucleotide. - **Covalent interactions** (phosphodiester bonds) form the strong, stable sugar-phosphate backbone by linking the 3' hydroxyl group of one sugar to the 5' phosphate group of the next. *Hydrogen bond* - This is a **true statement** - hydrogen bonds are essential structural components of DNA. - However, this option alone is **incomplete** as DNA structure also contains glycosidic bonds and covalent phosphodiester bonds. - If only hydrogen bonds were present, there would be no nucleotides or backbone structure. *Glycosidic bond* - This is a **true statement** - glycosidic bonds are present in every nucleotide of DNA. - However, this option alone is **incomplete** as DNA also requires hydrogen bonds for base pairing and phosphodiester bonds for the backbone. - Without other bonds, individual nucleotides could not form a functional double helix. *Covalent interactions* - This is a **true statement** - covalent phosphodiester bonds form the DNA backbone within each strand. - However, this option alone is **incomplete** as it doesn't account for glycosidic bonds (nucleotide formation) or hydrogen bonds (strand pairing). - While the strongest bonds in DNA, they alone cannot create the complete double helix structure.

Q: Kcat/Km is a measure of which of the following?

Enzyme efficiency. **Correct: Enzyme efficiency** - The ratio **kcat/Km** is the definitive measure of an enzyme's **catalytic efficiency** or **specificity constant** - It reflects how effectively an enzyme converts substrate to product at low substrate concentrations - A higher **kcat/Km** value indicates greater efficiency, combining high catalytic rate (kcat) with strong substrate affinity (low Km) - This is the most important parameter for comparing different enzymes or different substrates for the same enzyme *Incorrect: Speed of enzymatic reaction* - **kcat** (turnover number) alone measures the maximum speed when enzyme is saturated with substrate - **kcat/Km** is a more comprehensive measure that includes substrate binding affinity, not just reaction speed - Speed also depends on enzyme and substrate concentrations, which kcat/Km doesn't directly represent *Incorrect: Concentration of substrate* - **Km** (Michaelis constant) represents the substrate concentration at which reaction velocity is half of Vmax - **kcat/Km** is a ratio that describes enzyme performance across substrate concentrations, not the concentration itself - It's particularly useful for predicting enzyme behavior at physiological (low) substrate concentrations *Incorrect: Enzyme turnover* - **kcat** specifically measures enzyme turnover: the number of substrate molecules converted per enzyme molecule per unit time at saturation - **kcat/Km** incorporates both kcat and Km, providing overall efficiency rather than just turnover rate - Turnover is only one component of the efficiency measure

Q: What is the air remaining in the lung after normal expiration?

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC). ***Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)*** - **FRC** represents the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a **normal expiration**. - It is the sum of the **expiratory reserve volume (ERV)** and the **residual volume (RV)**. *Tidal Volume (TV)* - **TV** is the volume of air inspired or expired with a **normal breath**. - It does not represent the total air remaining in the lungs after expiration. *Residual Volume (RV)* - **RV** is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a **maximal expiration**. - It is a component of FRC but does not fully describe the air remaining after a *normal* expiration. *Vital Capacity (VC)* - **VC** is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a **maximal inspiration**. - It represents the maximum amount of air that can be exchanged with a single breath, not the air remaining after normal expiration.

Q: Mechanism of action of cholecystokinin?

Through IP3- DAG system. ***Through IP3- DAG system*** - Cholecystokinin (CCK) primarily acts via **Gq protein-coupled receptors**, leading to the activation of **phospholipase C**. - This activation results in the hydrolysis of **PIP2 into IP3 and DAG**, which then mediate intracellular signaling cascades, causing actions like gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. *Activation of adenylyl cyclase* - This mechanism is typically associated with **Gs protein-coupled receptors**, leading to increased levels of **cyclic AMP (cAMP)**. - Hormones like **glucagon** and **epinephrine** often utilize this pathway, which is distinct from CCK's primary signaling. *Opening of ion channels* - While ion channels are crucial for many cellular processes, CCK's direct mechanism of action typically involves **intracellular second messengers** rather than direct gating of ion channels. - Neurotransmitters like **acetylcholine** can directly open ion channels, but this is not the main signaling pathway for CCK. *Transcription factors* - Transcription factors regulate **gene expression** by binding to DNA, which is a slower, more long-term cellular response. - While CCK can eventually influence gene expression, its direct and immediate effects (e.g., gallbladder contraction) are mediated by **rapid second messenger systems**, not primary transcription factor modulation.

Question 1

What is the approximate ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle in the cervix?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 8:1

Answer

2:1

Answer

5:1

Answer

15:1

Question 2

Which chamber of the heart is located anterior to the sternum?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle

Answer

Left ventricle

Answer

Right atrium

Answer

Left atrium

Question 3

Sacral promontory is the landmark for

Accepted Answer

Termination of presacral nerve

Answer

None of the options

Answer

Origin of inferior mesenteric artery

Answer

Origin of superior mesenteric artery

Question 4

Which muscle will be paralyzed when the radial nerve is injured just below the spiral groove?

Accepted Answer

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Answer

Extensor Digitorum

Answer

Supinator

Answer

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Question 5

Which is the first steroid intermediate formed in the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Pregnenolone

Answer

Glucocorticoid

Answer

Mineralocorticoid

Answer

Estradiol

Question 6

Carboxypeptidase contains which mineral?

Accepted Answer

Zinc

Answer

Copper

Answer

Iron

Answer

None of the options

Question 7

Which of the following molecular interactions are found in the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

All of the options

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Answer

Glycosidic bond

Answer

Covalent interactions

Question 8

Kcat/Km is a measure of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme efficiency

Answer

Speed of enzymatic reaction

Answer

Concentration of substrate

Answer

Enzyme turnover

Question 9

What is the air remaining in the lung after normal expiration?

Accepted Answer

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer

Vital Capacity (VC)

Question 10

Mechanism of action of cholecystokinin?

Accepted Answer

Through IP3- DAG system

Answer

Activation of adenylyl cyclase

Answer

Opening of ion channels

Answer

Transcription factors

NEET-PG 2013

Anatomy

Biochemistry

Physiology