NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Mechanism of cyanide poisoning is by inhibiting:

Cytochrome oxidase. ***Cytochrome oxidase*** - Cyanide poisoning works by **irreversibly binding** to the ferric ion (Fe3+) in **cytochrome c oxidase** (Complex IV) of the electron transport chain. - This binding prevents the enzyme from carrying electrons to oxygen, thereby **halting cellular respiration** and ATP production. *Mitochondrial DNA synthesis* - While mitochondria are affected, cyanide does not primarily disrupt **DNA synthesis** in these organelles. - Its main target is the process of energy generation, not genetic replication. *ATP production* - Although cyanide poisoning ultimately leads to a **cessation of ATP production**, this is the *consequence* of its action, not the primary mechanism. - The direct mechanism involves inhibiting a key enzyme in the electron transport chain. *Electron transport chain* - Cyanide does indeed inhibit the **electron transport chain**, but this option is too broad. - The most specific mechanism targets a particular complex within the chain, which is **cytochrome oxidase**.

Q: Cafe coronary commonly occurs when a person is:

Intoxicated. ***Intoxicated*** - **Intoxication**, particularly with alcohol, impairs the **gag reflex** and **swallowing coordination**, increasing the risk of aspiration and airway obstruction [1]. - Reduced awareness and slowed reactions due to intoxication make it difficult for an individual to clear their airway effectively if food becomes lodged, leading to a "cafe coronary" [1]. *Eating meat* - While meat can be a common culprit in cafe coronary incidents due to its **fibrous texture** and potential for large boluses, it's not the primary underlying condition [1], [2]. - The act of eating meat itself does not inherently cause the impaired protective reflexes seen in cafe coronary. *Eating fish* - Fish typically presents a relatively **low risk** for airway obstruction compared to other foods, as it is generally softer and breaks down more easily. - Although bones can be an issue, the specific "cafe coronary" scenario refers to significant airway obstruction by a bolus, not usually associated with typical fish consumption [2]. *Eating fatty food* - Eating fatty foods primarily relates to **digestive issues** or cardiovascular risk, not typically to acute airway obstruction. - Fatty foods do not inherently impair swallowing reflexes or significantly increase the risk of aspiration in the same way intoxication does.

Q: Hurt is defined under section:

319 IPC. ***319 IPC*** - Section **319 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)** defines the term "hurt" as causing bodily pain, disease, or infirmity to any person. - This section lays the foundational legal definition, distinguishing simple hurt from grievous hurt. *320 IPC* - Section 320 of the IPC defines **"grievous hurt"**, listing eight specific types of injuries considered severe. - This section details more serious injuries, such as emasculation, permanent privation of sight, or fracture of a bone, which are distinct from simple hurt. *321 IPC* - Section 321 of the IPC deals with **"voluntarily causing hurt"**, which is the act of intentionally causing hurt to someone. - This section describes the mental element (intention) required for the offense of causing hurt. *323 IPC* - Section 323 of the IPC prescribes the **punishment for voluntarily causing hurt**, which is imprisonment for a term that may extend to one year, or with fine up to one thousand rupees, or both. - This section outlines the legal consequence for the act of voluntarily causing simple hurt, rather than defining hurt itself.

Q: Not seen in fingerprints:

Grid pattern. ***Grid pattern*** - **Grid patterns** are not a characteristic ridge pattern found in human fingerprints. Fingerprints are formed by epidermal ridges that follow specific, identifiable patterns. - The primary patterns of fingerprints are **loops, whorls, and arches**, which are used for classification and identification. *Whorl* - A **whorl** is one of the three basic fingerprint patterns, characterized by circular or spiral ridges. - Whorls are a common and identifiable feature used in **dermatoglyphics** for fingerprint analysis. *Loop* - A **loop** is the most common fingerprint pattern, characterized by ridges that enter from one side, curve around, and exit from the same side. - **Loops** are a fundamental pattern recognized in forensic science for fingerprint classification. *Arch* - An **arch** is the simplest fingerprint pattern, characterized by ridges that enter from one side, rise in the middle, and exit from the opposite side without forming loops or deltas. - **Arches** are one of the three primary patterns used to classify fingerprints.

Q: In criminal cases, conduct money is paid by:

No conduct money is given. ***No conduct money is given*** - In most criminal law systems, **witnesses compelled to testify** by the prosecution are generally not entitled to conduct money. - The state bears the cost of investigation and prosecution, and witnesses are expected to cooperate in the interest of justice. - This is in contrast to civil cases where the party calling the witness typically pays conduct money for their attendance. *Court* - The court itself does not typically pay conduct money to witnesses in criminal cases. - While it oversees the legal process, the financial aspects of witness appearance are usually handled by the parties involved or the state. *Judge* - A **judge** does not personally disburse funds for conduct money. - The judge's role is to preside over the trial and ensure due process, not to manage financial transactions related to witnesses. *Opposing party* - The opposing party (typically the defense) also does not pay conduct money to witnesses testifying for the prosecution in a criminal case. - If the defense calls its own witnesses, their appearance costs would be a matter for the defense, but this differs significantly from the concept of conduct money in civil cases.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of close-range shotgun wounds?

Beveling of bone at exit wound. ***Beveling of bone at exit wound*** - **Beveling of bone is NOT a characteristic feature specific to close-range shotgun wounds** - Beveling relates to the **projectile-bone interaction** and the mechanics of bone perforation, not the range of fire - **Internal (exit) beveling** occurs when the projectile creates a cone-shaped defect as it exits the bone, occurring at **any firing distance** when bone is perforated - This is a feature determined by **projectile trajectory and energy**, not by whether the wound is close-range or distant *Contact wound with stellate laceration* - This is **highly characteristic** of contact or very close-range shotgun wounds (muzzle pressed against skin) - The **hot gases expand beneath the skin** causing irregular, star-shaped (stellate) tearing - Classic forensic finding in contact shotgun wounds *Powder tattooing around entry wound* - **Powder tattooing (stippling) IS characteristic** of close-range shotgun wounds - Occurs at **intermediate range (typically 6 inches to 3 feet)** where unburnt powder grains embed in the skin - Creates a characteristic pattern of small abrasions and contusions around the entry wound - Absent only in contact wounds (powder driven into wound) or distant wounds (powder disperses) *Abrasion collar around entry wound* - **Abrasion collar IS characteristic** of close-range shotgun wounds (and most gunshot wounds) - Results from the **bullet or pellets abrading the skin** as they enter - Creates a rim of scraped epidermis around the wound margin - Present in both close-range and distant shotgun wounds

Q: Which parameter in vitreous humor is most commonly used to estimate the time since death?

K+ level. ***K+ level*** - After death, cell membranes lose their integrity, leading to a steady leakage of **potassium ions** from intracellular to extracellular compartments, including the vitreous humor. - The rate of increase in **vitreous potassium** is relatively predictable and is thus a reliable indicator for estimating the **post-mortem interval (PMI)**. *Urea level* - While urea is present in vitreous humor, its post-mortem changes are not as consistent or well-defined for precise **PMI estimation** compared to potassium. - Urea levels are more influenced by pre-mortem renal function and other physiological factors, making it less reliable. *Na+ level* - **Sodium ion** concentrations in the vitreous humor tend to be relatively stable after death for a longer period compared to potassium. - The changes are not as pronounced or as linearly progressive as potassium, making it a less accurate marker for early **PMI estimation**. *Glucose level* - **Vitreous glucose** levels decrease rapidly after death due to continued glycolysis by residual cells and microorganisms. - While the decrease is significant, it's highly variable and influenced by factors like environmental temperature and bacterial contamination, making it less consistent for precise **PMI estimation**.

Q: Erotomania is seen in:

Delusional disorder. ***Delusional disorder*** - Erotomania (De Clérambault's syndrome) is **classically a subtype of delusional disorder** known as **erotomanic type** in DSM-5. - Characterized by a **non-bizarre delusion** that another person, usually of higher social status, is in love with the individual. - The delusion persists despite clear evidence to the contrary and is the **primary psychiatric diagnosis** for erotomania. - Patients may engage in behaviors like following, attempting contact, or surveillance of the object of their delusion. *Bipolar mania* - While **psychotic features can occur** in severe manic episodes, they typically involve **grandiose delusions** about one's own abilities, power, wealth, or special identity. - Erotomania is **not a characteristic or common psychotic feature** of bipolar mania. - Manic psychosis more commonly presents with mood-congruent grandiose delusions rather than erotomanic delusions. *Obsessive compulsive disorder* - Characterized by **obsessions** (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and **compulsions** (repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety). - These thoughts are **ego-dystonic** and recognized as excessive or irrational by the patient. - Erotomania is a **fixed delusional belief** without insight, fundamentally different from OCD phenomenology. *Mania without psychotic features* - By definition involves elevated mood, increased energy, and decreased need for sleep **without delusions or hallucinations**. - Erotomania is a **delusional belief**, indicating presence of psychotic features. - This diagnosis would exclude any presentation with erotomanic delusions.

Q: Mental Health Care Act of India was passed in the year:

2017. ***2017*** - The **Mental Health Care Act of India** was specifically enacted in **2017**, introducing a comprehensive rights-based approach to mental healthcare. - This act replaced the outdated **Mental Health Act 1987** and focuses on protecting the rights of persons with mental illness while ensuring quality care. *1948* - This year marks the **Universal Declaration of Human Rights** globally, but no mental health legislation was enacted in India. - India's mental health framework was still governed by the colonial-era **Indian Lunacy Act of 1912** during this period. *2007* - No significant mental health legislation was passed in India during this year. - The **Mental Health Act 1987** remained in effect, and the new Mental Health Care Act was still a decade away. *1987* - The **Mental Health Act 1987** (without "Care" in the title) was passed in this year, not the Mental Health Care Act. - This act provided the legal framework for mental health services but lacked the comprehensive **rights-based approach** later introduced in 2017.

Q: Type of schizophrenia with intellectual disability:

Pfropf schizophrenia. ***Pfropf schizophrenia*** - **Pfropf schizophrenia** is a historical term specifically used to describe a form of schizophrenia that develops in individuals with **pre-existing intellectual disability** (formerly termed mental retardation). - The term "Pfropf" is derived from German, meaning "grafted" or "engrafted," referring to schizophrenia being "grafted onto" pre-existing intellectual disability. - This term distinguishes it from other types of schizophrenia where intellectual disability is not a primary defining characteristic. - While this classification is largely historical (modern DSM-5 has removed schizophrenia subtypes), it remains relevant for older examination questions. *Catatonic schizophrenia* - Characterized primarily by prominent **psychomotor disturbances**, which can include stupor, catalepsy, waxy flexibility, mutism, and negativism. - While intellectual disability might coexist, it is not a defining feature of the catatonic subtype itself. *Paranoid schizophrenia* - Marked by the prominence of **delusions**, typically persecutory or grandiose, and **auditory hallucinations**. - Intellectual disability is not a core diagnostic criterion or a defining characteristic of this subtype. *Hebephrenic schizophrenia* - Also known as **disorganized schizophrenia**, this type is characterized by marked **disorganization of thought processes**, flat or inappropriate affect, and bizarre behavior. - While it often presents early and can lead to significant functional impairment, intellectual disability is not a defining feature; rather, the primary disturbance is in thought and emotion.

Question 1

Mechanism of cyanide poisoning is by inhibiting:

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome oxidase

Answer

Mitochondrial DNA synthesis

Answer

ATP production

Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 2

Cafe coronary commonly occurs when a person is:

Accepted Answer

Intoxicated

Answer

Eating meat

Answer

Eating fish

Answer

Eating fatty food

Question 3

Hurt is defined under section:

Accepted Answer

319 IPC

Answer

320 IPC

Answer

321 IPC

Answer

323 IPC

Question 4

Not seen in fingerprints:

Accepted Answer

Grid pattern

Answer

Whorl

Answer

Loop

Answer

Arch

Question 5

In criminal cases, conduct money is paid by:

Accepted Answer

No conduct money is given

Answer

Court

Answer

Judge

Answer

Opposing party

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of close-range shotgun wounds?

Accepted Answer

Beveling of bone at exit wound

Answer

Contact wound with stellate laceration

Answer

Abrasion collar around entry wound

Answer

Powder tattooing around entry wound

Question 7

Which parameter in vitreous humor is most commonly used to estimate the time since death?

Accepted Answer

K+ level

Answer

Urea level

Answer

Na+ level

Answer

Glucose level

Question 8

Erotomania is seen in:

Accepted Answer

Delusional disorder

Answer

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer

Bipolar mania

Answer

Mania without psychotic features

Question 9

Mental Health Care Act of India was passed in the year:

Accepted Answer

2017

Answer

1948

Answer

2007

Answer

1987

Question 10

Type of schizophrenia with intellectual disability:

Accepted Answer

Pfropf schizophrenia

Answer

Catatonic schizophrenia

Answer

Paranoid schizophrenia

Answer

Hebephrenic schizophrenia

NEET-PG 2013

Biochemistry

Forensic Medicine

Psychiatry