NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: In a 3 month fetus, characteristic feature seen is:

Nails are visible. ***Nails are visible*** - By the end of the **third month** (approximately 12 weeks), the fingers and toes are fully formed, and the beginnings of fingernails and toenails usually become visible. - This marks a significant developmental milestone in fetal maturation during the first trimester. *Meconium is present in the intestines* - **Meconium** begins to form during the **second trimester**, typically around weeks 12-16, with significant accumulation in the latter part of the second and throughout the third trimester. - While some gut movements occur earlier, the presence of well-formed meconium for defecation happens later in fetal development. *Anus formation begins* - The formation of the anus is part of the development of the **cloaca**, which begins much earlier, around the **4th to 7th gestational weeks**. - By 3 months, the anorectal canal is already well-differentiated, so its formation has already been completed. *Limb buds are present* - **Limb buds** appear very early in embryonic development, around the **end of the 4th week**. [1] - By 3 months, the limbs are already well-developed with distinct fingers and toes, so these structures would have passed the "bud" stage.

Q: Which of the following snakes is MOST known for venom containing neurotoxins?

Krait. ***Krait*** - Kraits (Bungarus species) are **MOST known for pure neurotoxic venom** with minimal or no local effects at the bite site. - Their venom contains **presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins**, causing classic features of **flaccid paralysis**, ptosis, and respiratory failure. - **Clinical hallmark**: Often described as the prototype of **pure neurotoxic envenomation** with absent local signs (no swelling, no pain). - Among Indian snakes, kraits have the **highest case fatality rate** due to potent neurotoxicity. *Cobra* - Cobras (Naja species) do have **neurotoxic venom** causing paralysis and respiratory failure. - However, cobra venom contains **significant cytotoxic components** causing marked **local tissue necrosis**, pain, and swelling at the bite site. - This mixed venom profile (neurotoxic + cytotoxic) makes it less "purely" neurotoxic compared to kraits. *Sea snake* - Sea snakes have neurotoxic venom causing myotoxicity and paralysis. - Bites are **rare** due to limited human contact and docile nature. - Not as clinically recognized in Indian medical practice compared to terrestrial elapids. *Viper* - Vipers (Russell's viper, Saw-scaled viper) have predominantly **hemotoxic and cytotoxic venom**. - Cause **coagulopathy**, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, and acute kidney injury. - **Not neurotoxic** - this is the key differentiating feature from elapids (kraits, cobras).

Q: Cobras belong to:

Elapidae. ***Elapidae*** - The family **Elapidae** includes cobras, mambas, kraits, and coral snakes, all of which are recognized by their **fixed front fangs** and potent neurotoxic venom. - Elapid venom typically affects the **nervous system**, causing paralysis and respiratory failure. *Colubridae* - This is the **largest snake family**, but most species are **non-venomous** or have mild venom and rear-fanged dentition. - Examples include rat snakes, garter snakes, and king snakes, which are generally not considered as dangerous as elapids. *Boidae* - Boidae are a family of **non-venomous, constricting snakes** that include boas, pythons, and anacondas. - They kill their prey by **suffocation** rather than venom. *Viperidae* - This family includes vipers and pit vipers, characterized by their **long, hinged fangs** that fold back when not in use. - Their venom is often **hemotoxic**, causing tissue damage and bleeding, and includes species like rattlesnakes and adders.

Q: Among the following countries, the first systematic fingerprint identification service was established in:

India. ***India*** - The **first systematic fingerprint identification service** was established in **Calcutta (now Kolkata), India in 1897** by Sir Edward Henry while he was Inspector General of Police in Bengal. - Henry developed the **Henry Classification System** in India, which became the standard fingerprint classification method worldwide. - This preceded the establishment of similar services in other countries, making it the first organized, systematic fingerprint bureau for criminal identification. *England* - England established its fingerprint bureau at **Scotland Yard in 1901**, four years after India. - Sir Edward Henry, who had developed the system in India, became Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and established the Fingerprint Branch in London. - While England popularized fingerprint identification globally, it was not the first to establish a systematic service. *China* - **Ancient China** has historical evidence of using fingerprints on documents and clay seals for identification purposes dating back thousands of years. - However, this was not a systematic, scientific service for criminal identification in the modern sense with a classification system and organized bureau. *Singapore* - Singapore's forensic services, including fingerprint identification, developed later in the 20th century. - It followed the advancements pioneered by India and England and was not among the first countries to establish such services.

Q: 'Phossy jaw' is seen in chronic poisoning with:

Phosphorus. ***Phosphorus*** - **"Phossy jaw"** refers to the severe osteonecrosis of the jaw, historically seen in workers exposed to **white or yellow phosphorus**, particularly in the matchstick industry. - Exposure to **elemental phosphorus** leads to the destruction of bone tissue, infection, and eventually necrosis of the jawbone. *Arsenic* - Chronic arsenic poisoning primarily affects the **skin (hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation)**, and multiple organ systems. - It is not associated with **osteonecrosis of the jaw**. *Thallium* - Thallium poisoning is characterized by **alopecia**, **neuropathy**, and gastrointestinal symptoms. - It does not cause **"phossy jaw"**. *Datura* - Datura refers to a genus of plants containing **tropane alkaloids**, which cause anticholinergic toxidrome. - Symptoms include **dilated pupils**, dry mouth, hallucinations, and tachycardia, not jaw necrosis.

Q: Oximes are contraindicated in which poisoning:

Carbamate. ***Carbamate*** - Traditionally, oximes were considered **contraindicated** in carbamate poisoning based on concerns they could worsen the **cholinergic crisis** by reactivating carbamylated acetylcholinesterase. - Carbamates spontaneously **decarbamylate** from acetylcholinesterase within minutes to hours, so their inhibition is typically **short-lived and reversible**. - **Clinical relevance**: While modern evidence suggests oximes are more likely **ineffective** rather than harmful in carbamate poisoning, they are generally **not recommended** as they provide no therapeutic benefit. For exam purposes, particularly in historical contexts (NEET 2012-2013), carbamate poisoning is the answer for oxime contraindication. *Diazinon* - Diazinon is an **organophosphate**, and oximes like pralidoxime are **strongly indicated** for reactivating **acetylcholinesterase** inhibited by organophosphates. - Oximes are a crucial part of recommended antidotal therapy alongside **atropine** for severe organophosphate poisoning. - Must be administered early (within 24-48 hours) before **aging** of the phosphorylated enzyme occurs. *Phorate* - Phorate is a highly toxic **organophosphate pesticide**, and oximes are **indicated** for treatment of phorate poisoning. - Oximes work by **dephosphorylating** (nucleophilic attack on) the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which has been inhibited by the organophosphate, restoring its catalytic function. *Malathion* - Malathion is an **organophosphate insecticide**, and oxime reactivators are **effective** in malathion poisoning. - The mechanism involves **cleaving the phosphate bond** from the serine residue on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, allowing it to metabolize acetylcholine again and reverse cholinergic toxicity.

Q: An IQ of 40 corresponds to which level of intellectual disability?

Moderate. ***Moderate*** - An **IQ score between 35 and 49** is classified as moderate intellectual disability. - Individuals with moderate intellectual disability often require **supervision** but can develop some communication and self-care skills. *Mild* - **IQ scores between 50 and 69** are indicative of mild intellectual disability. - Individuals with mild intellectual disability can often achieve academic skills up to a **sixth-grade level** and live independently with support. *Profound* - **IQ scores below 20** signify profound intellectual disability. - Individuals with profound intellectual disability require **intensive support** for all activities of daily living and have minimal communication skills. *Severe* - **IQ scores between 20 and 34** fall into the severe intellectual disability category. - Individuals with severe intellectual disability have significant **impairments in adaptive functioning** and require substantial support for self-care and communication.

Q: Periorbital ecchymosis without direct orbital trauma (raccoon eyes) is most commonly associated with injury to:

Base of skull. ***Base of skull*** - **Periorbital ecchymosis** (raccoon eyes) is a classic sign of a **basilar skull fracture**, particularly one involving the **anterior cranial fossa**. - The fracture allows blood to leak from the cranial cavity and track along fascial planes into the periorbital soft tissues. - The key feature is that ecchymosis occurs **without direct trauma to the orbit or eye**, indicating the primary injury is to the **skull base**. - Often associated with CSF rhinorrhea and requires CT imaging for diagnosis. *Eye* - The question specifically states the ecchymosis occurs "**without direct orbital trauma**," meaning the eye/orbit is NOT the site of injury. - The eye region is where the sign **manifests** (blood tracks to this area), but it is not the site of the underlying injury. - Direct eye trauma would cause immediate localized periorbital swelling, not the delayed bilateral "raccoon eyes" pattern. *Pinna* - Pinna (ear) injury can be associated with head trauma, and Battle's sign (retroauricular ecchymosis) indicates temporal bone fracture. - However, pinna injury does not cause periorbital ecchymosis; these are separate findings. *Scalp* - Scalp injuries cause localized bleeding and swelling at the impact site. - While scalp trauma may accompany basilar skull fracture, the scalp itself is not the source of periorbital ecchymosis. - Blood from scalp wounds tracks superficially, not into deep fascial planes leading to the orbits.

Question 1

In a 3 month fetus, characteristic feature seen is:

Accepted Answer

Nails are visible

Answer

Meconium is present in the intestines.

Answer

Anus formation begins.

Answer

Limb buds are present.

Question 2

Which of the following snakes is MOST known for venom containing neurotoxins?

Accepted Answer

Krait

Answer

Sea snake

Answer

Cobra

Answer

Viper

Question 3

Cobras belong to:

Accepted Answer

Elapidae

Answer

Colubridae

Answer

Boidae

Answer

Viperidae

Question 4

Among the following countries, the first systematic fingerprint identification service was established in:

Accepted Answer

India

Answer

England

Answer

China

Answer

Singapore

Question 5

'Phossy jaw' is seen in chronic poisoning with:

Accepted Answer

Phosphorus

Answer

Arsenic

Answer

Thallium

Answer

Datura

Question 6

Oximes are contraindicated in which poisoning:

Accepted Answer

Carbamate

Answer

Diazinon

Answer

Phorate

Answer

Malathion

Question 7

An IQ of 40 corresponds to which level of intellectual disability?

Accepted Answer

Moderate

Answer

Mild

Answer

Profound

Answer

Severe

Question 8

Anxiety is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Excessive worry and emotional distress without loss of reality (Anxiety disorder)

Answer

A specific fear leading to avoidance behavior (Phobic disorder)

Answer

A mental disorder with delusions or hallucinations (Psychosis)

Answer

Enduring maladaptive personality traits (Personality disorder)

Question 9

Frotteurism is:

Accepted Answer

Sexual gratification by rubbing against a non-consenting person

Answer

Sexual practice involving three people

Answer

Sexual pleasure in watching people getting undressed

Answer

Sexual pleasure obtained by witnessing urination

Question 10

Periorbital ecchymosis without direct orbital trauma (raccoon eyes) is most commonly associated with injury to:

Accepted Answer

Base of skull

Answer

Pinna

Answer

Scalp

Answer

Eye

NEET-PG 2013

Anatomy

Forensic Medicine

Pharmacology

Psychiatry

Surgery