NEET-PG 2012 - Community Medicine Practice Questions

Q: Which disease is associated with a propagative cycle?

Filaria. ***Filaria*** - The **filarial worm** undergoes a **biological transmission cycle** in the mosquito vector where microfilariae develop through larval stages (L1 → L2 → L3) with multiplication. - This represents a **cyclopropagative cycle** (both development and multiplication occur in the vector). - In the context of this question and classical teaching, filaria is considered the standard example of biological transmission with vector multiplication. - The infective L3 larvae multiply from a single microfilaria, and multiple larvae can develop within one mosquito. *Plague* - **Plague** (*Yersinia pestis*) is transmitted by fleas through **mechanical transmission**. - Bacteria multiply in the flea's gut causing blockage (blocking transmission), but this is not considered a true biological cycle. - The pathogen does not undergo developmental stages in the vector. *Malaria* - **Malaria** (*Plasmodium* spp.) undergoes the **sporogonic cycle** in the mosquito, which is also a **cyclopropagative cycle**. - Gametocytes → ookinete → oocyst → sporozoites (development with multiplication). - While biologically similar to filaria, in classical epidemiology teaching, filaria is more commonly cited as the example for propagative transmission. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect as filaria demonstrates biological transmission with multiplication in the vector. - Both filaria and malaria technically undergo cyclopropagative cycles, but filaria is the conventional answer in medical education contexts.

Q: School health checkup is primarily managed by which entity?

PHC. ***PHC (Primary Health Centre)*** - The **PHC is the primary entity responsible for managing school health checkups** in India as per the National Health Programs - The Medical Officer and health staff from the PHC conduct **periodic health examinations, immunizations, and screening programs** in schools within their jurisdiction - School health services are an integral component of the **MCH (Maternal and Child Health) services** provided by PHCs - The PHC maintains **health records of school children** and provides referral services for identified health problems *School health committee* - The School Health Committee plays a **coordinating and facilitating role** rather than primary management - It typically comprises school staff, parents, and local health representatives who help in **organizing logistics and follow-up** - While important for implementation, the committee does not conduct the actual medical examinations or manage the clinical aspects of health checkups *CHC* - The **Community Health Centre** serves as a referral center for PHCs and provides specialized services - Its role in school health is **secondary**, mainly providing referral services for cases requiring specialist consultation - CHCs do not directly conduct routine school health checkups *District hospital* - The **District Hospital** provides tertiary care and specialized medical services - Its involvement in school health is limited to **referral cases requiring advanced diagnostics or treatment** - It does not participate in routine primary management of school health checkup programs

Q: What is the common adulterant found in black pepper?

Dried papaya seeds. ***Dried papaya seeds*** - **Dried papaya seeds** are a common adulterant in black pepper due to their similar size, shape, and color, making them difficult to distinguish visually. - Adulteration with papaya seeds is often done to increase the bulk and weight of the black pepper product, thereby reducing production costs. *Khesari dal* - **Khesari dal (Lathyrus sativus)** is a type of lentil known for causing **lathyrism**, a neurotoxic disorder, but it is not typically used to adulterate black pepper. - Its appearance and texture are distinctly different from black pepper, making it an unsuitable adulterant. *Fine sand* - **Fine sand** can be an adulterant in spices, but it is more commonly found in powdered spices like chilli powder or turmeric due to its fine particle size. - While it adds weight, its presence in whole black pepper would be easily detectable due to its abrasive texture and grittiness. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **dried papaya seeds** are a well-documented and common adulterant in black pepper. - The similarities in appearance make it a frequent choice for unscrupulous suppliers.

Q: Multi-purpose worker scheme in India was introduced following the recommendation of ?

Kartar Singh Committee. ***Kartar Singh Committee*** - The **Kartar Singh Committee** (1973) recommended the implementation of the **multi-purpose worker scheme** in India. - This scheme aimed to integrate several health services at the grassroots level through a single health worker. *Srivastava Committee* - The **Srivastava Committee** (1975) focused on the creation of a **Medical and Health Education Commission** to reform medical education. - It did not specifically recommend the multi-purpose worker scheme. *Bhore Committee* - The **Bhore Committee** (1946), also known as the Health Survey and Development Committee, recommended a comprehensive health service with an emphasis on preventive and curative care. - It laid conceptual groundwork for primary healthcare but did not specifically propose the multi-purpose worker scheme, which came much later. *Chadha Committee* - The **Chadha Committee** (1963) reviewed India's health infrastructure and medical education. - It focused on health center development and medical college expansion, not the multi-purpose worker scheme.

Q: What is the statistical term for the value that occurs most frequently in a data set?

Mode. ***Mode*** - The **mode** is the value that appears most often in a set of data. - It represents the **most frequent observation** within a dataset. *Median* - The **median** is the middle value in a dataset when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order. - It is a measure of **central tendency** that is less affected by outliers than the mean. *Standard deviation* - **Standard deviation** measures the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. - A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be **close to the mean**. *Mean* - The **mean** is the arithmetic average of a dataset, obtained by summing all values and dividing by the number of values. - It is a common measure of **central tendency** but can be influenced by extreme values.

Q: Which of the following diseases has the maximum Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) loss?

Unipolar depression (Major Depressive Disorder). ***Unipolar depression (Major Depressive Disorder)*** - **Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)** is considered a leading cause of **disability worldwide**, contributing significantly to DALYs due to its high prevalence, chronicity, and disabling nature. - The long-term impact on daily functioning, productivity, and overall quality of life makes it the mental disorder with the largest burden of disease. *Schizophrenia (Mental Disorder)* - While **schizophrenia** causes severe disability and is highly impactful on individuals and society, its prevalence is lower than that of unipolar depression. - The DALY burden for schizophrenia is substantial, but **unipolar depression** affects a much larger proportion of the global population. *Bipolar depression (Bipolar Disorder)* - **Bipolar disorder (depressive episodes)** also contributes significantly to disability, but it is less prevalent than unipolar depression. - Although the depressive phases are often more severe than unipolar depression, the overall DALYs are lower due to its **comparatively lower incidence**. *Mania (Bipolar Disorder Episode)* - **Mania**, a component of bipolar disorder, can cause significant impairment during an episode but is typically **episodic** and less frequent than depressive states in bipolar disorder. - The DALYs attributed to manic episodes alone are generally lower than the overall burden of persistent depressive states found in unipolar depression.

Q: India started 2-dose vaccination strategy for measles, in -

2010. ***2010*** - India implemented the **two-dose measles vaccination strategy** as part of its Universal Immunization Program starting in **2010**. - This decision was based on recommendations to improve immunity and reduce measles incidence, moving from a single-dose to a more effective **two-dose schedule**. *2008* - While important immunization initiatives were ongoing, the specific policy of a **two-dose measles vaccination strategy** had not yet been introduced in India during 2008. - At this time, the focus was primarily on ensuring high coverage of the **first dose** of measles vaccine. *2009* - The year 2009 saw continued efforts to strengthen the Universal Immunization Program, but the official launch of the **two-dose measles vaccination strategy** in India occurred later. - Discussions and planning for the transition were likely underway, but implementation began in the subsequent year. *2011* - By 2011, the **two-dose measles vaccination strategy** was already being implemented across India, having been introduced in 2010. - This year marked a period of expanding coverage and consolidation of the new 2-dose schedule rather than its initial introduction.

Q: What is the primary causative vector of Vagabond disease?

Louse. ***Louse*** - Vagabond disease is a term historically used to describe the chronic skin changes (such as **pigmentation**, **lichenification**, and **excoriations**) resulting from persistent **pediculosis corporis** (body lice infestation). - The **body louse** (*Pediculus humanus corporis*) is the causative agent responsible for these chronic dermatological changes through prolonged infestation. - Body lice are also vectors that can transmit other diseases like **epidemic typhus**, **louse-borne relapsing fever**, and **trench fever**, but vagabond disease itself is the direct result of chronic louse infestation rather than a transmitted pathogen. *Mite* - Mites are responsible for various conditions, such as **scabies** (caused by *Sarcoptes scabiei*) and serve as vectors for **scrub typhus** (transmitted by chiggers, the larval form of trombiculid mites). - However, they are not associated with vagabond disease or the chronic dermatological changes caused by body lice. *Tick* - Ticks are known vectors for a wide range of diseases, including **Lyme disease**, **Rocky Mountain spotted fever**, **anaplasmosis**, and **babesiosis**. - These diseases are transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, which are distinct from the louse-related conditions associated with vagabond disease. *Black Fly* - Black flies (*Simulium* species) are vectors for **onchocerciasis** (river blindness), caused by the parasitic nematode *Onchocerca volvulus*. - While they can cause itchy bites and transmit significant disease, they are not involved in the chronic skin condition known as vagabond disease.

Q: Which of the following studies has given coronary risk factors?

Framingham. ***Framingham*** - The **Framingham Heart Study** is a landmark prospective cohort study that has identified many of the well-known **risk factors for cardiovascular disease**, including hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. - This ongoing study, started in 1948, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of **coronary artery disease** development and prevention strategies. *North Karelia* - The **North Karelia Project** was a comprehensive community-based prevention program in Finland that successfully reduced cardiovascular disease risk factors. - While influential in demonstrating how to **implement prevention strategies**, it applied already-known risk factors rather than discovering new ones. - The program focused on reducing smoking, cholesterol, and blood pressure in the population. *Stanford study* - While Stanford University has conducted numerous influential medical studies, there isn't a single "Stanford study" primarily recognized for giving us the comprehensive list of coronary risk factors. - Many institutions contribute to medical knowledge, but the **Framingham Heart Study** stands out for this specific contribution. *MONICA* - The **MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease)** Project was a multinational WHO project that aimed to monitor cardiovascular disease trends and determinants. - While it provided valuable data on the **epidemiology of cardiovascular disease** and its risk factors, it primarily assessed trends in established risk factors rather than initially identifying them.

Question 1

Which disease is associated with a propagative cycle?

Accepted Answer

Filaria

Answer

None of the options

Answer

Plague

Answer

Malaria

Question 2

School health checkup is primarily managed by which entity?

Accepted Answer

PHC

Answer

CHC

Answer

District hospital

Answer

School health committee

Question 3

What is the common adulterant found in black pepper?

Accepted Answer

Dried papaya seeds

Answer

Khesari dal

Answer

Fine sand

Answer

None of the options

Question 4

Multi-purpose worker scheme in India was introduced following the recommendation of ?

Accepted Answer

Kartar Singh Committee

Answer

Srivastava Committee

Answer

Bhore Committee

Answer

Chadha Committee

Question 5

What is the statistical term for the value that occurs most frequently in a data set?

Accepted Answer

Mode

Answer

Median

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Question 6

All following are at-risk group adults meriting Hepatitis B vaccination in low endemic areas except for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Diabetics on insulin

Answer

Medical/nursing personnel

Answer

Patients with chronic liver disease

Answer

Patients on chronic hemodialysis

Question 7

Which of the following diseases has the maximum Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) loss?

Accepted Answer

Unipolar depression (Major Depressive Disorder)

Answer

Schizophrenia (Mental Disorder)

Answer

Bipolar depression (Bipolar Disorder)

Answer

Mania (Bipolar Disorder Episode)

Question 8

India started 2-dose vaccination strategy for measles, in -

Accepted Answer

2010

Answer

2008

Answer

2009

Answer

2011

Question 9

What is the primary causative vector of Vagabond disease?

Accepted Answer

Louse

Answer

Mite

Answer

Tick

Answer

Black Fly

Question 10

Which of the following studies has given coronary risk factors?

Accepted Answer

Framingham

Answer

Stanford study

Answer

MONICA

Answer

North Karelia

NEET-PG 2012 — Community Medicine