Systemic Pathology — Flashcards

Systemic Pathology US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Systemic Pathology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Systemic Pathology Flashcard Deck - 996 Cards

Flashcard 1: Niemann-Pick disease

Answer:

Extra: accumulation of sphingomyelinprogressive neurodegeneration, hepatosplenomegaly, cherry-red spot on macula foam cells Ashkenazi JewAR sphingomyelinase

Flashcard 2: Gaucher's disease

Answer:

Extra: accumulation of glucocerebrosidehepatosplenomegaly, aseptic necrosis of femur, bone crisescrumpled-paper cells Ashkenazi JewARglucocerebrosidase

Flashcard 3: Patau's syndrome

Answer:

Extra: severe mental retardation, rocker-bottom feet, microopthalmia, microcephaly, cleft lip/palate, polydactyly, holoprosencephalyfirst trimester pregnancy screen: decreased - β-hCG, PAPP-A ultrasound: increased nuchal translucency in first trimesterdeath within first yeartrisomy 13

Flashcard 4: In metachromatic leukodystrophy, sulfatides accumulate in the lysosomes of _____

Answer: oligodendrocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 5: _____ is characterized histologically by acanthosis with parakeratosis

Answer: Psoriasis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal/inflammatory-dermatoses/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 6: What type of cast may be seen in end-stage renal disease and chronic renal failure? _____

Answer: Waxy casts

Extra: Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/pathology-diagnostics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Step Up to Medicine: Other: Goljan:

Flashcard 7: IgA nephropathy is characterized by _____ immune complex deposits on electron microscopy

Answer: mesangial

Flashcard 8: Dialysis-associated amyloidosis is characterized by deposition of _____ in joints

Answer: β2-microglobulin

Extra: Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 9: What joint complication is associated with tabes dorsalis? _____

Answer: Charcot joint (especially knee)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 10: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized histologically by detachment of the basal cell layer from the basement membrane? _____

Answer: Bullous pemphigoid

Flashcard 11: DIC typically presents with increased _____ split products, particularly D-dimer

Answer: fibrin

Extra: Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 12: What type of cast may be seen with transplant rejection and tubulointerstitial inflammation? _____

Answer: WBC casts

Flashcard 13: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by ingestion of _____, which is associated with oxalate crystals in the urine

Answer: ethylene glycol

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 14: Sarcoidosis may cause _____ to common skin antigens that usually elicit a type IV HSR immune reaction

Answer: anergy

Extra: Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 15: What pathology may be caused by an isochromosome in the X chromosome? _____

Answer: Turner's syndrome (46,X,i(Xq))

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 16: Osteoarthritis is characterized by _____ formation, which are reactive bony outgrowths

Answer: osteophyte

Extra: Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 17: Negri bodies of Rabies virus can be found in the cytoplasm of the _____ cells and cerebellar purkinje cells

Answer: hippocampal pyramidal

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 18: Myelodysplastic syndromes are caused by _____ or environmental exposure (e.g. radiation, benzene, chemotherapy)

Answer: de novo mutations

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 19: What are the most common renal pathologies seen with analgesic nephropathy? _____

Answer: Papillary necrosis Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis

Extra: * Triangle pointing to renal papillary necrosis Watch Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-tubulointerstitial-nephritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 20: Autosomal dominant PKD is associated with _____, which is an important cause of death

Answer: berry aneurysm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 21: Sarcoidosis is associated with _____ CD4+/CD8+ ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

Answer: elevated

Flashcard 22: Degeneration of the neurons of the _____ leads to dementia (e.g. Alzheimer's)

Answer: cerebral cortex

Extra: Watch Alzheimer Disease & Dementia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-alzheimer-disease-and-dementia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 23: What MSK pathology is caused by low vitamin D in adults? _____

Answer: Osteomalacia

Extra: Watch Vitamin D [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-d?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Osteomalacia & Rickets [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteomalacia-and-rickets?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 24: In ATN, ischemic injury results in vaso_ of the _ arteriole, which impedes blood flow to the glomerulus

Answer: constriction

Flashcard 25: Osteopetrosis is associated with _____ and extramedullary hematopoiesis due to bony replacement of the marrow (myelophthisic process)

Answer: pancytopenia

Extra: * Bone expansion into marrow -> extramedullary hematopoiesis in liver and spleen Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 26: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis is a granulomatous vasculitis that classically involves branches of the _____ artery

Answer: carotid

Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 27: In Glanzmann Thrombasthenia, the ristocetin test is _____

Answer: positive (normal)

Extra: * because vWF and Gp1b are both normal in this disorder Watch Qualitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-qualitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 28: Primary myelofibrosis can cause _ and _ due to extramedullary hematopoiesis

Answer: splenomegaly

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 29: Mycobacteria leprae can cause _____ and lepromatous leprosy

Answer: tuberculoid

Extra: Watch Leprae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-mycobacteria-mycobacterium-leprae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 30: What pathology is characterized by inappropriate laughter, seizures, ataxia, and severe intellectual disability? _____

Answer: Angelman syndrome

Extra: Watch Disorders of Imprinting (Prader Willi & Angelman Syndromes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-disorders-of-imprinting-and-microdeletion-disorders-of-imprinting-prader-willi-and-angelman-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/high-yield-genetic-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 31: Osteopetrosis is due to poor osteo-_____ function, impairing the ability to remodel bone

Answer: clast

Extra: * Osteoclasts unable to generate an acidic environement -> unable to dissolve hydroxyapatite -> unable to resorb bone Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 32: Is bullous pemphigoid associated with a positive Nikolsky sign (separation of epidermis with manual stroking of skin)? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 33: Acute tubular necrosis is characterized histologically by loss of _____ and detachment of tubular cells from the basement membrane

Answer: nuclei

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/pathology-diagnostics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 34: Nephrotic syndrome occurs due to podocyte damage disrupting the glomerular filtration _____ barrier

Answer: charge

Extra: * Nephrotic syndrome may be primary (e.g. direct sclerosis of podocytes/GMB) or secondary (systemic process [e.g. diabetes] damaging podocytes/GMB) Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 35: _____ hydrocephalus is caused by structural blockage of CSF within ventricular circulation

Answer: Non-communicating (obstructive)

Extra: Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 36: Which part of the urinary tract does adenocarcinoma most commonly occur? _____

Answer: Bladder

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 37: Dysplastic kidney is characterized by a cystic kidney with abnormal tissue (especially _____)

Answer: cartilage

Flashcard 38: Acute pyelonephritis affects the _____ of the kidney with relative sparing of glomeruli/vessels

Answer: cortex

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 39: _____ is a cutaneous disorder caused by Pseudomonas spp. that is described as rapidly progressive, necrotic cutaneous lesions

Answer: Ecthyma Gangrenosum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 40: A "_____" glomerular disorder is characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane

Answer: membranous

Flashcard 41: Babesiosis is diagnosed via _ with a characteristic '_' structure within cells

Answer: blood smear

Extra: Watch Babesia spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-babesia-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 42: Immunoblotting for dystrophin (present in BMD) will reveal a(n) _____ at the myocyte cell membrane (absent in DMD)

Answer: brown halo

Extra: * whereas myocytes without dystrophin (as in DMD) will not reveal a brown halo at the cell membrane- Histology picture: Normal at top, DMD below * Boy on top of scottish games sign (left) with blue spotted sash WITHOUT brown halo (DMD): if dystrophin is ABSENT (as in DMD), immunoblotting for dystrophin will NOT reveal a brown halo at the myocyte cell membrane * Adolescent blue spotted sash (right) WITH brown halos (BMD): if dystrophin is PRESENT (even if in small amounts or low molecular weight [as in BMD]), immunoblotting for dystrophin will reveal a brown halo at the myocyte cell membrane https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 43: The cause of minimal change disease is often _____ and may be triggered by recent URI, immunization, or immune stimulus (ex. insect bite)

Answer: idiopathic

Flashcard 44: Whipple disease classically involves the _____ of the small bowel

Answer: lamina propria

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 45: Minimal change disease is characterized by _____-mediated damage of foot processes and loss of glomerular basement anions

Answer: cytokine

Flashcard 46: Multiple myeloma is associated with free _____ excretion in the urine, known as Bence Jones proteinuria

Answer: light chain

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 47: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a localized amyloidosis associated with _____ disease

Answer: Alzheimer's

Flashcard 48: In DMD, BMD, & Myotonic Dystrophy, histology displays myocytes of _____ sizes

Answer: different

Extra: * due to muscle regeneration in different phases https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 49: What pathologic RBC finding is seen in bone marrow with sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning, and myelodysplastic syndrome? _____

Answer: Ringed sideroblasts

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 50: Secondary hyperparathyroidism over time often results in parathyroid _____

Answer: hyperplasia

Extra: * Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 51: What pathology is associated with long, tapering fingers and toes (arachnodactyly) and subluxation of lenses? _____

Answer: Marfan syndrome

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 52: What MSK pathology is characterized by thick, heavy bone that fractures easily due to imbalance of osteoblast and osteoclast function? _____

Answer: Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)

Flashcard 53: Bacterial meningitis is associated with _____ glucose in the CSF

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 54: Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by systemic _____

Answer: amyloidosis

Extra: Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 55: Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis causes CKD, resulting in bilaterally _____ scarred kidneys bilaterally

Answer: small

Extra: Watch Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-tubulointerstitial-nephritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 56: _____ is an autoimmune disorder that initially causes a hyperthyroidism that then becomes a hypothyroidism

Answer: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Extra: * Initially a hyperthyroidism while the thyroid is being damaged (releasing its contents), but burns out and becomes a hypothyroidism https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 57: Spherocytes are characterized by _____ central pallor

Answer: no

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 58: Henoch-Schonlein purpura is associated with _____ (Berger disease)

Answer: IgA nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 59: Which vasculitis is characterized by a triad of: (1) Focal necrotizing vasculitis (2) Necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway (3) Necrotizing glomerulonephritis _____

Answer: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Flashcard 60: What hematologic pathology is associated with increased risk for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? _____

Answer: Sickle cell disease

Extra: * Imagine the guy holding a sickle instead of a sword Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 61: Echinococcus granulosus is a helminth that can form '_____' in the liver, lungs or brain

Answer: hydatid cysts

Extra: Watch Cestodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-cestodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 62: What is more commonly seen in renal osteodystrophy due to CKD? _____

Answer: Osteomalacia

Flashcard 63: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is associated with _____ as well as E. coli infections

Answer: Proteus

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/inflammatory-conditions-and-malignancy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 64: α-thalassemia due to a(n) three gene deletion is characterized by formation of _____ tetramers, known as HbH

Answer: β4

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-iii-acute-decompensation?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 65: Osteopetrosis is characterized by diffuse, symmetric skeletal _____ on X-ray

Answer: sclerosis

Extra: *Most commonly affects the pelvis/spine/skull flagpole (mislabeled in sketchy): should be pointing to the pole holding the X-ray with wide bright cross-bones Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 66: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by giant granules in leukocytes and platelets? _____

Answer: Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 67: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is SLE? _____

Answer: Type III* HSR (immune complex deposition)

Flashcard 68: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is characterized by _____ in Bowman's space of the glomeruli (light microscopy)

Answer: crescents

Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki Robbins: It is a syndrome. Many causes: 1. Anti-GBM 2. immune complex deposition (PSGN, lupus, IgA, HSP) 3. paucci-immune (GPA, microscopic polyangitis) The key is rapid loss of renal function

Flashcard 69: Hemoglobin C disease is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis

Answer: extravascular

Extra: Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 70: Paget disease of bone may present with bone _____ due to microfractures or long bone "chalk stick" fractures

Answer: pain

Flashcard 71: What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in acute tubular necrosis? _____

Answer: < 350 mOsm/kg (low)

Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:

Flashcard 72: _____ syndrome may present with precocious puberty (due to excess LH/FSH) or gigantism (due to excess growth hormone)

Answer: McCune-Albright

Extra: Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 73: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is often caused by _____ mutations

Answer: ADH receptor

Extra: * Or mutations in genes encoding aquaporins Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 74: Molluscum contagiosum can present with histologic ___-philic _ inclusion bodies within ___-cytes known as "molluscum bodies"

Answer: eosino

Extra: Watch Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus, Molluscum contagiosum virus (Poxviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-smallpox-virus-cowpox-virus-molluscum-contagiosum-virus-poxviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 75: Aplastic anemia is characterized by an empty, _____ marrow on biopsy ("dry marrow tap")

Answer: fatty

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 76: Alzheimer disease is characterized by deposition of _____ in the brain, which forms amyloid plaques

Answer: Aβ-amyloid

Flashcard 77: One component of the McCune-Albright triad is _____, characterized by bone pain and fractures

Answer: polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

Flashcard 78: Mutations in _____ can cause hereditary elliptocytosis

Answer: spectrin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a vasculitis that occurs secondary to _____ deposition

Answer: IgA immune complex

Flashcard 80: A feared complication of severe thrombocytopenia is _____ bleeding

Answer: intracranial

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 81: Osteomyelitis in children arises with transient bacteremia that seeds the _____

Answer: metaphysis

Extra: From microbiology section: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 82: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis

Answer: intravascular

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 83: In addition to sickle cells, what other pathological RBC is seen on blood smear in a sickle cell disease patient? _____

Answer: Target cells

Flashcard 84: Sporotrichosis diagnosis is confirmed via _ or _

Answer: culture

Extra: Watch Sporothrix schenckii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-cutaneous-mycoses-sporothrix-schenckii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: Circulating _____ deposition causes glomerular damage and subsequent nephritic syndrome in Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer: immune complex

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki strep pyogenes cell wall antigen + Ab deposits in kidney glomerulus + complement

Flashcard 86: Alzheimer disease is characterized by _____ of sulci

Answer: widening

Flashcard 87: The sticky RBCs of Plasmodium falciparum occlude vessels of the ___, _, and ___

Answer: brain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 88: One clinical feature of Cushing syndrome is abdominal striae which is a result of impaired _____ synthesis, allowing blood vessels to rupture easily

Answer: collagen

Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 89: _____ pyelonephritis is characterized by widespread kidney damage due to granulomatous tissue containing foamy macrophages (rare)

Answer: Xanthogranulomatous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 90: Loss of membrane blebs in hereditary spherocytosis renders RBCs _____ instead of disc-shaped

Answer: round (spherocytes)

Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 91: Which two areas of the CNS are rabies virus Negri bodies found? _____

Answer: Hippocampus (pyramidal cells); Cerebellum (Purkinje cells)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 92: During dialysis, end-stage kidneys often develop _____

Answer: cysts

Extra: Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Step Up to Medicine:

Flashcard 93: Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones are caused by _____ positive organisms

Answer: urease

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: What infectious diseases is membranous nephropathy associated with? _____

Answer: HBV, HCV

Flashcard 95: Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemic injury most commonly affects the _____ and the medullary segment of the thick ascending limb

Answer: proximal tubule

Flashcard 96: IgA nephropathy is characterized by _____ proliferation on light microscopy

Answer: mesangial

Flashcard 97: Deficiency of early _____ proteins are associated with SLE

Answer: complement

Extra: Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-autoimmune-disease-overview-and-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-autoimmune-disease-overview-and-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 98: Which three organs or diseases are involved in MEN 2B? _____

Answer: Thyroid (medullary carcinoma), pheochromocytomas, and mucosal neuromas

Extra: Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 99: _____ is massive amounts of mucus in the peritoneum

Answer: Pseudomyxoma peritonei

Extra: Watch Ovarian Cysts & Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-cysts-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 100: Histologically, patients with diabetic neuropathy will have endoneural arteriole _____

Answer: hyalinization

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 101: MPGN type I is associated with _____ immune complex deposits

Answer: subendothelial

Flashcard 102: Patients with pemphigoid gestationis have autoantibodies against _____

Answer: hemidesmosomal proteins

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 103: Hyperkalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralysis are examples of _____ myopathies

Answer: ion channel

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 104: What RBC pathology is characterized by formation and loss of membrane blebs over time? _____

Answer: Hereditary spherocytosis

Flashcard 105: Paths of Progression after Primary Mycobacteria tuberculosis infection: _____ infection aka miliary tuberculosis

Answer: disseminated/systemic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 106: Proteus mirabilis is a gram negative bacteria that classically forms large, _____ (form from struvite stones) in the renal pelvis

Answer: 'staghorn' calculi

Extra: Watch Proteus mirabilis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-proteus-mirabilis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 107: Ovarian _____ cystadenoma is a large, multiloculated benign tumor lined by mucus-secreting epithelium

Answer: mucinous

Flashcard 108: Accumulation of sulfatides in metachromatic leukodystrophy results in destruction and impaired production of the _____

Answer: myelin sheath

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 109: Subacute combined degeneration in vitamin B12 deficiency affects the _____, corticospinal tracts, and spinocerebellar tracts

Answer: dorsal columns

Extra: * "SCD: Spinocerebellar tracts, lateral Corticospinal tracts, Dorsal column" Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-e?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 110: In cystic fibrosis, there is _____ Cl- and H2O secretion in the lungs and GI tract

Answer: decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: Immunohistochemistry of glomeruli in Goodpasture syndrome shows extensive deposition of _____

Answer: complement (C3)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 112: The extreme hypoxia and hypertonicity of the renal _____ may cause sickling in patients with sickle cell trait

Answer: medulla

Flashcard 113: Subperiosteal thinning may occur in the clavicles, phalanges, and skull due to elevated _____

Answer: PTH

Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: What vasculitis may cause interstitial restrictive lung disease? _____

Answer: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)

Extra: * due to necrotizing vasculitis in the lungs that produces infarctions and hemoptysis * Numerous pale, cavitating masses/lesions replace the lung tissue (elsewhere is hemorrhagic) on right Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 115: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis can be seen after infection by _ / _, or the rabies / small pox vaccines

Answer: chickenpox

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 116: Goodpasture syndrome is a form of RPGN that presents with a(n) _____ pattern on immunofluorescence

Answer: linear

Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 117: Diffuse cortical necrosis is a renal pathology associated with _____ catastrophes and septic shock

Answer: obstetric

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 118: Congenital risk factors for cataracts include disorders of _____ metabolism

Answer: galactose

Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Galactose [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-galactose?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 119: Hyperfiltration of the existing kidney in unilateral renal agenesis increases risk of _____ later in life

Answer: renal failure

Flashcard 120: What MSK pathology presents with bone pain and systemic signs of infection (e.g. fever, leukocytosis)? _____

Answer: Osteomyelitis

Extra: From microbiology section: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 121: Early renal amyloidosis affects _, whereas later progression of renal amyloidosis affects _

Answer: mesangium

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 122: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of small vessels may cause nodular _____ with Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules; may cause chronic renal failure

Answer: glomerulosclerosis

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 123: Chronic gout may lead to _____ due to deposition of urate crystals in kidney tubules (urate nephropathy)

Answer: renal failure

Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 124: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ RBC mass

Answer: significantly increased

Extra: Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 125: Guillain-Barré syndrome can arise due to the immunologic phenomenon known as _____

Answer: molecular mimicry

Extra: * other causes include vaccination and stress Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 126: Individuals with chronic granulomatous disease are susceptible to _____ colonization due to them both being catalase-positive organisms

Answer: Candida and Aspergillus

Extra: * Note, sketchy says ALL fungal pathogens are catalse positive Watch Candida albicans [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-candida-albicans?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-candida-albicans?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 127: _____ syndrome is an inherited defect in type IV collagen

Answer: Alport

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 128: What pathology is associated with intellectual disability, prominent epicanthal folds, and a single palmar crease? _____

Answer: Down syndrome

Extra: Watch Down Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-trisomy-diseases-downs-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/high-yield-genetic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/peds-neurodevelopmental/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 129: DIC typically presents with _____ fibrinogen

Answer: decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 130: Testicular tumors may arise from either _ or _

Answer: germ cells

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 131: What inherited pathology are cystine kidney stones associated with? _____

Answer: Cystinuria

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 132: Which blood transfusion reaction can be caused by host antibodies against donor HLA antigens and donor WBCs? _____

Answer: Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction

Extra: FA2020: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/blood-transfusion-reactions?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 133: Mucormycosis will penetrate the _ of the skull, entering the _

Answer: cribriform plate

Extra: Watch Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. (mucormycetes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-mucor-spp-rhizopus-spp-mucormycetes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 134: A saddle-nose (thick) with thick cheeks is characteristic of _____ leprosy

Answer: Lepromatous

Flashcard 135: Paget disease of bone may present with "_____ facies" due to involvement of craniofacial bones

Answer: lion-like

Flashcard 136: Type 1 DM is caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells by _____ cells and autoantibodies produced by B cells

Answer: CD8+ T

Extra: * CD8+ killer T-cells attack pancreatic beta cells (occurs as a result of T cells losing "self-tolerance") Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 137: What finding emerges on blood smear following splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis? _____

Answer: Howell-Jolly bodies

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 138: Downward transtentorial (central) herniation may result in rupture of the _____ branches of the basilar artery, which cause Duret hemorrhages

Answer: paramedian

Extra: Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/traumatic-brain-injuries?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 139: _____ of tertiary syphilis can occur on the skin, bones or internal organs

Answer: Gummas

Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 140: When performing Immunohistochemistry; Thyroglobulin can be used to identify malignancies of the _____

Answer: Thyroid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 141: Infantile malignant osteopetrosis is a(n) _____ bone disorder that is often fatal in infancy due to severe leukopenia

Answer: autosomal recessive

Extra: * Over 50% of cases are due to mutations in the TCIRG1 gene Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 142: _____ is characterized by degeneration of the macula

Answer: Age-related macular degeneration

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 143: Type _____ collagen is targeted by autoantibodies in Goodpasture syndrome

Answer: IV

Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 144: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a "fish net" (reticular) pattern on immunofluorescence? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Due to the auto-IgG antibodies attacking desmosomes Oral Mucosa, Net-Like Pattern: Think of a "pimp" having people suck with their mouth, but first he has to put on his net (condom). Atlas:

Flashcard 145: In diabetes mellitus, high serum glucose leads to _____ of the GBM in the kidney

Answer: non-enzymatic glycosylation

Flashcard 146: Secondary amyloidosis is characterized by systemic deposition of _____, which is derived from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)

Answer: AA amyloid

Extra: * Amyloid AA - composed of fragments of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein, a major acute-phase reactant protein, produced predominantly by hepatocytes Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 147: Achondroplasia is associated with increased _____ age

Answer: paternal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/bone?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 148: Tabes Dorsalis is characterized by _____ joints due to loss of proprioception

Answer: charcot

Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 149: Hemochromatosis is associated with HLA-_____

Answer: A3

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 150: Flow Cytometry Example: Cells in the left lower quadrant are CD3_ and CD8_

Answer: -

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 151: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener) is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis

Answer: small

Flashcard 152: What RBC pathology is characterized by the following Hb electrophoresis findings: 90% HbS, 8% HbF, and 2% HbA2 (no HbA) _____

Answer: Sickle cell disease

Flashcard 153: What is the diagnostic test of choice for diagnosing mucormycosis? _____

Answer: Mucosal biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 154: Paget disease of bone is characterized by _____ serum alkaline phosphatase

Answer: elevated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 155: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is _____ located

Answer: centrally

Extra: Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 156: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is characterized by very increased levels of _____

Answer: ferritin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 157: The longer life of reticulocytes in anemia can be corrected for by _____ (reticulocyte production index)

Answer: corrected reticulocyte count / maturation time

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 158: What is the first stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? _____

Answer: Osteoclastic (lytic)

Flashcard 159: Is the metabisulfite screen positive in sickle cell disease or trait? _____

Answer: Both :)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 160: The number of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's correlates with degree of _____

Answer: dementia

Extra: * neurofibrillary tangles - extracellular deposits of amyloid Œ≤ in the grey matter of the brain Watch Alzheimer Disease & Dementia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-alzheimer-disease-and-dementia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 161: Cutaneous involvement in _____ commonly manifests as a verrucous lesion with irregular borders that may mimic squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: blastomycosis

Extra: Watch Blastomyces dermatitidis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-systemic-mycoses-blastomyces-dermatitidis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 162: In adults, woven bone is seen _____ and in Paget disease

Answer: after fractures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 163: Sickle cell anemia is characterized by expansion of hematopoiesis into facial bones, leading to "_____ facies"

Answer: chipmunk

Extra: * may also be seen with Œ≤-thalassemia major Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 164: Reticulocyte count may be falsely _____ in anemia

Answer: elevated

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 165: Hantavirus is a virus that causes _____-renal azotemia

Answer: pre

Extra: Watch Hantavirus, California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-hantavirus-california-encephalitis-virus-rift-valley-fever-virus-bunyaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 166: Gynecological and Breast cancers can produce anti-_____ antibodies which can cause Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration

Answer: Yo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 167: In IgG-mediated hemolytic anemia, the membrane of the antibody-coated RBCs is consumed by splenic macrophages, resulting in _____ formation

Answer: spherocyte

Extra: * Extravascular hemolysis Watch G6PD Deficiency & Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 168: Turner syndrome is most commonly characterized by a(n) _,_ karyotype

Answer: 45

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 169: Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce antibodies against _____, causing Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Answer: presynaptic Ca2+ channels

Extra: Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 170: Hereditary spherocytosis is diagnosed by the _____ test

Answer: osmotic fragility

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 171: _____ (anti-Jo-1) autoantibodies are associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis

Answer: Anti-synthetase

Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 172: Most microcytic anemias are also _____-chromic

Answer: hypo

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-iii-acute-decompensation?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 173: Acquired hydrocele ("noncommunicating") may be secondary to infection, trauma, or tumor and can involve blockage of _____ drainage (adults)

Answer: lymphatic

Extra: Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=46] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 174: Nephrotic syndrome is associated with _-lipidemia and _-cholesterolemia

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 175: On skin biopsy, systemic sclerosis often shows perivascular _____ infiltrate

Answer: CD4+ lymphocytic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 176: In adults, vitamin D deficiency causes _____

Answer: osteomalacia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 177: Hyaline arteriolosclerosis results in reduced vessel caliber with end-organ ischemia, which classically produces _____ scarring

Answer: glomerular

Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 178: The microthrombi of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) cause _____ cell lysis

Answer: red blood

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 179: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect characterized by a generalized reabsorptive defect in the PCT of the nephron

Answer: Fanconi

Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 180: Which region of the lymph node is not well developed in DiGeorge syndrome? _____

Answer: Paracortex

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 181: Neurocysticercosis due to the helminth Taenia solium has a '_____' appearance to the brain on CT/MRI

Answer: swiss cheese

Flashcard 182: One sign of hyperlipidemia is _____, which are plaques or nodules composed of lipid-laden histiocytes in skin

Answer: xanthomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 183: _____ is a well-circumscribed, hyperplastic protrusion of endometrial tissue

Answer: Endometrial polyp

Extra: Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub-and-endometriosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 184: Rabies virus replication occurs in _-philic cytoplasmic inclusions called _ bodies

Answer: eosino

Flashcard 185: _____ renal cysts are very common and account for majority of all renal masses; typically asymptomatic

Answer: Simple

Flashcard 186: Retinitis pigmentosa is a(n) _____ retinal degeneration

Answer: inherited

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/eyes?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 187: When the "Shiga-like" toxin of Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) enters systemic circulation, what occurs? _____

Answer: Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 188: Proteus mirabilis is urease-positive, hence it forms a(n) _ environment that results in _ kidney stone formation

Answer: alkaline

Flashcard 189: Which of the following is associated with development of Osteoarthritis? _____

Answer: Legg-Calvé-Perthes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 190: Which type of kidney stone is associated with staghorn calculi in children? _____

Answer: Cystine kidney stones

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 191: In appendicitis, obstruction leads to _____ intraluminal pressure, which compresses vessels and lymphatics in the appendiceal wall resulting in ischemia and necrosis

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 192: Does sickle cell anemia result in extravascular or intravascular hemolysis? _____

Answer: Both :)

Flashcard 193: Hepatitis _____ infections are more likely to cause membranous glomerulonephritis

Answer: B

Flashcard 194: Chronic hypertension may cause nephrosclerosis/glomerulosclerosis leading to _____ disease, which worsens hypertension

Answer: chronic kidney

Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 195: What pathology may form from milk trapping due to mammary duct obstruction? _____

Answer: Galactocele

Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 196: _____ lymphadenopathy can be seen with chronic inflammation, metastatic carcinoma, or lymphoma

Answer: Painless

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 197: What is the state of the adrenal glands in Cushing syndrome due to primary adrenal adenoma, hyperplasia, or carcinoma? _____

Answer: Atrophy of the uninvolved gland; hyperplasia of the involved gland

Extra: Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 198: Which blistering skin disorder presents with thin-walled bullae that rupture easily? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Flashcard 199: Osteoarthritis is characterized by _____ of the subchondral bone, due to friction from the opposing bone surface

Answer: eburnation (polishing)

Flashcard 200: Rickets is due to decreased mineralization of _____ of epiphyseal growth plates

Answer: hyaline cartilage (type II)

Extra: * as opposed to osteoid mineralization in osteomalacia * defective mineralization in growth plates found in long bones Watch Osteomalacia & Rickets [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteomalacia-and-rickets?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/bone?index=17] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 201: What type of nephrotic syndrome is a patient with SLE most likely to get? _____

Answer: Membranous nephropathy

Extra: Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Step 2: Atlas:

Flashcard 202: Rhabdomyolysis releases heme pigments into the bloodstream, which may cause _____

Answer: acute tubular necrosis (nephrotoxic)

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 203: The diffuse basement membrane thickening in diabetic microangiopathy is caused by overproduction of _____ by vascular fibroblasts

Answer: type IV collagen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 204: Plasmodium spp. infect _____ cells

Answer: red blood

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 205: Neuropathology showing spongiform degeneration and vacuole formation in grey matter structures (e.g. caudate, putamen) without inflammation is suggestive of _____

Answer: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Extra: Watch Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, Parkinsons Disease & Huntingtons Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-parkinsons-disease-and-huntingtons-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 206: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is due to _____ of pancreatic β cells by anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

Answer: autoimmune destruction

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 207: Baker cyst forms in the setting of _____ disease

Answer: chronic degenerative or inflammatory joint

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 208: In minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis), _____ may be seen in proximal tubule cells of the nephron (light microscopy)

Answer: lipids

Flashcard 209: Uric acid kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of a(n) _____ or rosettes

Answer: rhomboid

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 210: Diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome is confirmed by presence of focal _____ on labial salivary gland biopsy

Answer: lymphocytic sialadenitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 211: Changes in brain structure associated with CMV can result in mental retardation and _____

Answer: seizures

Extra: Watch Cytomegalovirus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-cytomegalovirus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 212: Imaging of the helminth Echinococcus granulosus reveals hydatid cysts with '_' calcifications, most commonly in the _

Answer: eggshell

Flashcard 213: IL-_____ receptor deficiency is characterized by a decreased Th1 response

Answer: 12

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 214: The monospot test for EBV looks for heterophile _____ antibodies

Answer: anti-sheep/horse RBC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 215: Calcium phosphate kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of a(n) _____

Answer: wedge-shaped prism

Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 216: _____ is the most common cause of dwarfism

Answer: Achondroplasia

Extra: Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 217: Mild osteopetrosis is a(n) autosomal dominant "marble bone disease" that presents in _____

Answer: adolescence or adulthood

Extra: * due to unapposed osteoblast activity, which leads to formation of thick, dense unorganized bone Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 218: Which autoimmune disease is characterized by sclerosis of skin and visceral organs? _____

Answer: Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 219: Which two antibodies are associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis? _____ and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-microsomal)

Answer: Anti-thyroglobulin

Extra: Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Compare with TSI for Graves

Flashcard 220: Is polycystic kidney disease heritable? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 221: Hepatitis _____ infections are more likely to cause membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Answer: C

Flashcard 222: Aldosterone-secreting adenomas often display "_____", which are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions

Answer: spironolactone bodies

Extra: * due to treatment with spironolactone https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 223: What MSK pathology is caused by low vitamin D in children? _____

Answer: Rickets

Flashcard 224: Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with _____, which are areas of fibrinoid necrosis with palisading histiocytes in the skin and visceral organs (e.g. lung)

Answer: rheumatoid nodules

Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 225: _____ of the esophagus is the most common type of esophageal carcinoma in America

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Atlas:

Flashcard 226: _____ is caused by a mutation in the filaggrin gene, resulting in dry, scaly skin

Answer: Ichthyosis vulgaris

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 227: Disorders of fibrinolysis typically present with increased _____ split products

Answer: fibrinogen

Flashcard 228: What pathology is characterized by insatiable appetite (hyperphagia), obesity, intellectual disability, and hypogonadism? _____

Answer: Prader-Willi syndrome

Flashcard 229: Osteogenesis imperfecta may present with _____ due to translucent connective tissue over choroidal veins

Answer: blue sclerae

Extra: - Type 1 collagen in sclera is orthogonal causing it to appear creamy/white covering the choroidal veins - It usually results from autosomal dominant mutations in the genes that encode the Œ±1 and Œ±2 chains of type I collagen Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 230: Patients with infective endocarditis can develop a nephritic syndrome due to deposition of _____

Answer: circulating immune complexes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 231: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by a(n) _____ pattern on immunofluorescence

Answer: granular

Flashcard 232: The myocytes in DMD, BMD, & Myotonic Dystrophy may display nuclei at the _____ of the cells

Answer: center

Extra: * whereas normal muscle cells display nuclei along the periphery; (top) normal, (bottom) internalised nuclei https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 233: DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by _____ number of T cells

Answer: decreased

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 234: DIC typically presents with _____ bleeding time

Answer: increased

Flashcard 235: Which infectious skin disorder is caused by infection with anaerobic "flesh-eating" bacteria or S. pyogenes? _____

Answer: Necrotizing fasciitis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 236: Cysts of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease are lined by _____ cells

Answer: cuboidal epithelial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 237: Which cause of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis is associated with c-ANCA (PR3-ANCA)? _____

Answer: Wegener granulomatosis

Flashcard 238: Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by severe acute _____

Answer: pyelonephritis

Flashcard 239: _____ is an acute generalized cortical infarction of both kidneys

Answer: Diffuse cortical necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 240: Sarcoidosis may cause _____ due to helper T cell dysregulation

Answer: polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia

Extra: * polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia = increase in the serum concentration of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, etc) Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 241: DIC causes depletion of _____-coagulant components of the coagulation cascade

Answer: pro- & anti

Flashcard 242: _____ hematoma is a collection of blood underneath the dura

Answer: Subdural

Extra: Watch Epidural Hematoma, Subdural Hematoma, & Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-epidural-hematoma-subdural-hematoma-and-subarachnoid-hemorrhage?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/aneurysms-and-intracranial-hemorrhage?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 243: _____ may be confirmed via flow cytometry, which detects a lack of CD-55 and CD-59

Answer: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Extra: * CD55= DAF, CD59= MIRL Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 244: Primary _____-angle glaucoma is due to enlargement or forward movement of the lens against the iris

Answer: closed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 245: What chromosomal abnormality is associated with Edwards syndrome? _____

Answer: Trisomy 18

Extra: Watch Edwards & Patau Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-trisomy-diseases-edwards-and-patau-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/high-yield-genetic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 246: What disease is associated with this spinal cord lesion? _____

Answer: Subacute combined degeneration (B12 deficiency)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 247: Which testicular tumor secretes massive amounts of testosterone and estrogen, leading to precocious puberty and gynecomastia? _____

Answer: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

Extra: Watch Ovarian Neoplasms (Germ Cell & Sex Chord Stromal Tumors) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-ovarian-neoplasms-germ-cell-and-sex-cord-stromal-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 248: In thyroid medullary carcinoma, calcitonin often deposits within the tumor as _____, which may be visualized with a(n) congo red stain

Answer: amyloid

Extra: Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 249: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is characterized by epidermolysis of the stratum _____

Answer: granulosum

Flashcard 250: Alport syndrome is characterized by _____ and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane

Answer: thinning

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 251: Which renal arteriole is initially affected by non-enzymatic glycation? _____

Answer: Efferent arteriole

Flashcard 252: In Follicular lymphoma, there is a failure of apoptosis of faulty B cells during _____

Answer: somatic hypermutation

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 253: Lichen sclerosus is characterized by _ of the epidermis and _ of the dermis

Answer: thinning

Extra: Watch Vulvar & Vaginal Lesions [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-vulvar-and-vaginal-lesions?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 254: Which nephritic syndrome may be caused by infections (viral and bacterial) or autoimmune diseases? _____

Answer: Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Extra: * autoimmune disease causes MPGN due to chronic IC formation Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 255: Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma of the bladder can arise from _____, a derivative of cigarette smoke

Answer: naphthylamine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 256: In polycystic kidney disease, cysts are usually _____-lateral

Answer: bi

Extra: Watch Congenital & Cystic Kidney Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-congenital-and-cystic-kidney-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas: Clinical Features: Polycystic kidney disease in adults usually does not produce symptoms until the fourth decade of life, by which time the kidneys are quite large. The most common presenting complaint is flank pain or a heavy, dragging sensation. Acute distention of a cyst, either by intracystic hemorrhage or by obstruction, may cause excruciating pain. Sometimes attention is first drawn to the lesion on palpation of an abdominal mass. Intermittent gross hematuria commonly occurs. The most important complications, because of their deleterious effect on already marginal renal function, are hypertension and urinary infection. Hypertension of variable severity develops in about 75% of individuals with this disorder. Saccular aneurysms of the circle of Willis are present in 10% to 30% of patients and are associated with a high incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Flashcard 257: Hereditary spherocytosis is a cause of microcytic or _____ anemia

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 258: SCID may be caused by mutations in _____ which leads to VDJ recombination defects

Answer: RAG

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/immunodeficiency-syndromes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 259: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is characterized by cysts in the renal _ and _

Answer: cortex

Flashcard 260: Hemophilia (A, B, C) presents with _____ bleeding time

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 261: TTP and HUS present with _____ platelet count

Answer: decreased

Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 262: Patients with renal osteodystrophy present with calciphylaxis, due to high serum _____ binding with Ca2+ leading to metastatic deposits and lowered serum Ca2+

Answer: phosphate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 263: The _____ B cell lacks cytoplasmic μ and surface IgM/IgD

Answer: progenitor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 264: What MSK pathology is associated with an increasing hat size due to skull thickening? _____

Answer: Paget disease of bone

Flashcard 265: Osteopetrosis is caused by an inherited defect in bone _____

Answer: resorption

Flashcard 266: Bernard-Soulier syndrome is characterized by _____ on blood smear

Answer: enlarged platelets

Extra: Watch Qualitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-qualitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 267: Which nephritic syndrome is associated with overactivation of the alternative complement pathway? _____

Answer: MPGN II (dense deposit disease)

Flashcard 268: Hemolytic uremic syndrome will present as _____ failure concurrent with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia

Answer: renal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 269: DPGN is characterized by _____ and sometimes intramembranous immune complexes on electron microscopy

Answer: subendothelial

Extra: * IgG-based immune complexes with C3 protein sometimes Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 270: Dissemination of Histoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients to the liver and spleen results in _, with gross pathology of these organs showing _

Answer: hepatosplenomegaly

Extra: Watch Histoplasma capsulatum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-systemic-mycoses-histoplasma-capsulatum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 271: PSGN may present with peripheral and periorbital _____

Answer: edema

Flashcard 272: Biopsy of nephritic syndrome reveals _____-cellular, inflamed glomeruli

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 273: Osteoporosis is characterized by _____ serum PO43-

Answer: normal

Flashcard 274: McCune-Albright syndrome may manifest as bone pain & fractures due to _____

Answer: polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

Extra: * polyostotic fibrous dysplasia -> replacement of bone & marrow with fibrous tissue https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 275: Reye syndrome presents with _____-vesicular fatty change in the liver, hypoglycemia, vomiting, hepatomegaly, and eventually coma/death

Answer: micro

Extra: * secondary to damaged mitochondria in hepatocytes -> impaired urea cycle -> accumulation of ammonia Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-alcoholic-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki versus hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by macrovascular fatty change Atlas:

Flashcard 276: Nephritic syndrome may lead to hematuria and _____ casts in the urine

Answer: RBC

Flashcard 277: Poly-myositis is characterized by _____-mysial inflammation with necrotic muscle fibers on biopsy

Answer: endo

Flashcard 278: Achondroplasia is characterized by failure of _____ bone growth

Answer: longitudinal

Flashcard 279: Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy is caused by an abnormal _____ of skin and bone at distal extremities

Answer: proliferation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 280: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is associated with _____ thickening and splitting on light microscopy

Answer: basement membrane

Flashcard 281: Cystine kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals that are _____ in shape

Answer: hexagonal

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 282: The primary cause of pseudogout (CPPD) is most commonly _____

Answer: idiopathic

Flashcard 283: Pathogenesis of dermatomyositis involves upregulation of _____, which leads to damage of muscle fibers and capillaries

Answer: type 1 interferon

Extra: * Dirt on muscle bike = dermatomyositis Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 284: The "spike" appearance in _____ is due to the basement membrane engulfing "domes" of subepithelial immune deposits

Answer: membranous glomerulopathy

Flashcard 285: Obstruction distal to the ureters (e.g. VUR, posterior urethral valve, BPH) may cause _____

Answer: bilateral hydronephrosis

Extra: Watch Hydronephrosis & Urinary Tract Obstruction [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-hydronephrosis-and-urinary-tract-obstruction?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 286: Chédiak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by _____ circulating neutrophils

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 287: The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is confirmed by histology at _____ (when possible)

Answer: autopsy

Flashcard 288: What type of nephritic syndrome is a patient with SLE most likely to get? _____

Answer: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 289: Polycystic kidney disease may compress the renal parenchyma and cause irreversible damage leading to _____

Answer: chronic kidney disease

Flashcard 290: Which endocrine tumor is characterized by granular cytoplasm and small nests of spindle-like chromaffin cells "Zellballen"? _____

Answer: Pheochromocytoma

Extra: Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 291: Osteopetrosis may occur due to mutations in _____, which leads to loss of the acidic environment necessary for bone resorption

Answer: carbonic anhydrase II

Extra: - normally, CA II produces carbonic acid (H2CO3) from CO2 and H2O, which dissociates to bicarbonate (HCO3) and a proton (H+) Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 292: The tissue-restricted self-antigens expressed in the thymus for negative selection are due to the action of _____

Answer: autoimmune regulator (AIRE)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 293: Which intracranial hemorrhage more commonly causes a midline shift? _____

Answer: Subdural hematoma

Flashcard 294: PSGN may display _____ infiltrate in the mesangium and endothelium on light microscopy

Answer: leukocyte (lots of nuclei present)

Flashcard 295: What HLA subtypes are associated with Addison disease? _____, DR3, and DR4

Answer: B8

Extra: Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 296: Psoriasis is associated with _____ thickness of the stratum granulosum

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 297: Osteogenesis imperfecta is most commonly caused by gene defects in _ and _

Answer: COL1A1

Extra: - It usually results from autosomal dominant mutations in the genes that encode the Œ±1 and Œ±2 chains of type I collagen - These defects cause misfolding of the mutated collagen polypeptides, and they interfere with the proper assembly of wild-type collagen chains (a dominant negative loss of function) Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 298: What HLA subtype is associated with Goodpasture syndrome? _____

Answer: DR2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 299: Fatty casts ("oval fat bodies") are often associated with the "_____" sign

Answer: Maltese cross

Flashcard 300: Chronic granulomatous thyroiditis is thought to involve HLA-_____ polymorphisms and viral infection

Answer: B35

Extra: * HLA-B35 & viral infection -> molecular mimicry -> recognition of self antigens in the thyroid -> autoimmune destruction of thyroid Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 301: Pathogenesis of _____ involves activation of the humoral immune response, cellular immune response, and complement cascade

Answer: Guillain-Barré syndrome

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 302: What is the third stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? _____

Answer: Osteoblastic (sclerotic)

Flashcard 303: Nephritic syndrome occurs due to _____ disruption

Answer: GBM

Flashcard 304: Death from Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) results from _____ shock

Answer: hemorrhagic (hypovolemic)

Extra: Watch Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus (Filoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-ebolavirus-marburgvirus-filoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 305: Pemphigus vulgaris is due to IgG antibodies against _____

Answer: desmoglein

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Desmosomes (desmogleins 1 & 3) versus the basement membrane (hemidesmosomes) targeted in bullous pemphigoid (bullow, below)

Flashcard 306: Goodpasture syndrome occurs due to antibodies against the _ and _ basement membranes

Answer: glomerular

Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: autoantibodies against type IV collagen type 2 x type 2 = type 4 collagen sx: hematuria (glomerulus) + hemoptysis (alveoli)

Flashcard 307: What endocrine pathology may cause renal papillary necrosis? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 308: Polyarteritis nodosa is characterized by innumerable renal _____ and spasms on arteriogram

Answer: microaneurysms

Flashcard 309: Holoprosencephaly may be related to mutations in the _____ signaling pathway

Answer: sonic hedgehog

Extra: Watch Neural Tube Defects, Holoprosencephaly, Chiari Malformation & Syringomyelia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-neural-tube-defects-holoprosencephaly-chiari-malformation-and-syringomyelia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 310: What type of hydrocephalus may be seen with Alzheimer disease? _____

Answer: Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Flashcard 311: _____ osteoporosis is characterized by normal osteoclast activity with decreased osteoblast activity

Answer: Type 2 ('senile')

Flashcard 312: In disseminated intravascular coagulation, consumption of platelets and factors results in _____

Answer: bleeding

Extra: * bleeding due to activation of the fibrinolytic system Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 313: _____ glomerulonephritis is a nephritic syndrome that progresses to renal failure in days to weeks

Answer: Rapidly progressive

Flashcard 314: _____ are the most common changes in pre-menopausal breast

Answer: Fibrocystic changes

Flashcard 315: Hereditary spherocytosis is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis

Answer: extravascular

Flashcard 316: Patients with Good Syndrome have deficient levels of what types of lymphocytes? _____

Answer: B & T lymphocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 317: What is the first change that occurs in the kidney in a diabetes mellitus patient? _____

Answer: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of GBM

Flashcard 318: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a special form of disease that is related to exposure to _____ spongiform encephalopathy

Answer: bovine

Flashcard 319: _____ with Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells is diagnostic of Measles (rubeola)

Answer: Lymphadenitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 320: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium forms sticky knobs on RBCs that occlude blood vessels? _____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 321: β-thalassemia major is characterized by expansion of hematopoiesis into facial bones, leading to "_____ facies"

Answer: chipmunk

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-iii-acute-decompensation?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 322: When chronically _____, PTH has catabolic effects on bone, known as osteitis fibrosa cystica

Answer: elevated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 323: _____ is a laboratory technique used to assess size, granularity, and protein expression of individual cells in a sample

Answer: Flow cytometry

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 324: What bone pathology is associated with chronic renal failure? _____

Answer: Renal osteodystrophy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal-failure?ref=anki

Flashcard 325: The most common type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT1A) is a duplication of large region of 17p which results in a mutation of _____

Answer: PMP22

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 326: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by _____-contrast dyes

Answer: radio

Flashcard 327: Minimal change disease is characterized by _____ glomeruli on light microscopy

Answer: normal

Flashcard 328: Budd-Chiari syndrome is associated with a characteristic "_____" appearance of the liver

Answer: nutmeg

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 329: _____ is characterized by sloughing of necrotic renal papillae

Answer: Renal papillary necrosis

Flashcard 330: Fat emboli are characterized by a triad of: - _____emia - neurologic abnormalities - petechial rash overlying the chest

Answer: hypox

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 331: Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide of Gram Negative Bacteria can activate _____, resulting in coagulation and possible DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

Answer: tissue factor

Extra: Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 332: PSGN is characterized by a "_____" immunofluorescence pattern due to immune complex deposition

Answer: lumpy bumpy (granular)

Flashcard 333: Complications of osteomyelitis include osteo-_____ and fractures

Answer: arthritis

Extra: From microbiology section: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 334: What class of diseases is characterized by anticipation? _____

Answer: Trinucleotide repeat diseases (e.g. Huntington disease)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/basics-of-clinical-genetics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 335: When HLA typing, the purpose of testing for a Mixed lymphocyte reaction is to test for MHC class _____

Answer: II (ex HLA-DR)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 336: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy results in death of _____ in the CNS

Answer: oligodendrocytes

Extra: Watch JC polyomavirus, BK polyomavirus (Polyomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-jc-polyomavirus-bk-polyomavirus-polyomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 337: Thyroid adenoma, cancer, and cysts all may cause which type of goiter? _____

Answer: Nodular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 338: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by _____ polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

Answer: hypersegmented

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-b12-cobalamin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 339: A "_____" glomerular disorder is characterized by hypercellular glomeruli

Answer: proliferative

Flashcard 340: Sickle cell _____ arises when two abnormal β genes are present; results in >90% HbS in RBCs

Answer: disease

Flashcard 341: Sloughed epithelial cell accumulation in tubular lumen (obstruction) exacerbates the reduced GFR in _____

Answer: acute tubular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 342: Which two pathologies may present as nephritic and/or nephrotic syndrome? _____

Answer: DPGN, MPGN

Flashcard 343: Berger disease is characterized by Ig_____-based immune complex deposits in the mesangium (seen with immunofluorescence)

Answer: A

Flashcard 344: Rabies virus travels _____-grade along peripheral nerves

Answer: retro

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 345: In β-thalassemia major, α4 tetramers result in _____ erythropoiesis and extravascular hemolysis

Answer: ineffective

Flashcard 346: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by focal and segmental _____ and hyalinosis on light microscopy

Answer: sclerosis

Flashcard 347: Normocytic anemia with extra-vascular hemolysis is associated with enlargement of the _____

Answer: spleen (splenomegaly)

Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 348: The 'tram-track' appearance associated with MPGN is due to basement membrane splitting caused by _____ cell ingrowth

Answer: mesangial

Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other: "Tram-track" is a keyword that may appear in different pathologies (like bronchiectasis on CT). Illustration of keyword below:

Flashcard 349: Disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur secondary to malignancy, such as _____, due to activation of the coagulation cascade by mucin

Answer: adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 350: What ABO type is the universal recipient of plasma? _____

Answer: Type O

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/blood-transfusion-reactions?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 351: Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by _____ fibrosis and atrophy of tubules

Answer: interstitial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 352: Chronic liver transplant rejection typically presents as _____

Answer: vanishing bile duct syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 353: Which zone of the liver is affected by Yellow Fever? _____

Answer: Zone II (intermediate zone)

Extra: Watch Flaviviridae overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-flaviviridae-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 354: Tabes Dorsalis is characterized by loss of _____ due to degeneration of the dorsal roots

Answer: deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 355: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is characterized by faulty collagen synthesis causing _____ joints

Answer: hypermobile

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 356: Type II MPGN is associated with _____ circulating levels of C3

Answer: low

Flashcard 357: Muscle biopsies of patients with mitochondrial myopathies often show "_____" fibers

Answer: ragged red

Extra: Watch Mitochondrial Inheritance Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-mitochondrial-diseases-mitochondrial-inheritance-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics/modes-of-inheritance/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 358: The _____ Coombs test adds anti-human globulin (Coombs reagent) to a sample of a patient's RBCs

Answer: direct

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 359: What MSK pathology is characterized histologically by a mosaic pattern of woven and lamellar bone? _____

Answer: Paget disease of bone

Extra: Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/bone?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki Paget, Remodeling, Mosaic, Hat: Imagine a model with a hat walking down the pageant runway, which is a mosaic. normal = straight lines, paget = mosaic, cement lines Atlas:

Flashcard 360: Mammary duct ectasia may display _____ on mammogram

Answer: radio-opacities

Flashcard 361: In β-thalassemia major, _____ tetramers precipitate and damage RBCs

Answer: α4

Extra: * excess alpha subunits precipitate due to absence of Œ≤ subunits -> inclusion bodies damage RBC membranes -> hemolysis in spleen Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-iii-acute-decompensation?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 362: _____ is the result of recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis

Answer: Chronic pyelonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 363: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is associated with a '_____' appearance on PAS and H&E stain

Answer: tram-track

Flashcard 364: Left heart failure may present with _____, known as heart failure cells, in the lungs

Answer: hemosiderin-laden macrophages

Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 365: End-stage kidneys are often _____

Answer: shrunken

Extra: Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Step Up to Medicine:

Flashcard 366: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura presents with increased _____ on bone marrow biopsy

Answer: megakaryocytes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 367: Initially, NEG of the glomerular basement membrane (diabetes mellitus) causes hyperfiltration injury which leads to the development of _____-uria by promoting production of heparanase

Answer: microalbumin

Flashcard 368: Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones precipitate with _____ urine pH

Answer: high

Flashcard 369: A(n) _____ multinodular goiter occurs when a multinodular goiter has hyperfunctioning follicular cells that work independently of TSH, causing increased release of T3 and T4

Answer: toxic

Extra: * low TSH due to negative feedback from thyroid hormone Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 370: What type of collagen is decreased in osteogenesis imperfecta type I? _____

Answer: Type I

Extra: - autosomal dominant mutations in the genes that encode the Œ±1 and Œ±2 chains of type I collagen - These defects cause misfolding of the mutated collagen polypeptides, and they interfere with the proper assembly of wild-type collagen chains (a dominant negative loss of function) Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/bone?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 371: Adenomyosis grossly presents with a uniformly enlarged, soft, _____ uterus

Answer: globular

Flashcard 372: Is Paget disease of bone a localized or diffuse process? _____

Answer: Localized

Flashcard 373: Whipple disease is characterized by systemic tissue damage with macrophages loaded with _____ organisms

Answer: Tropheryma whipplei

Flashcard 374: The second most common type of kidney stone (15%) is a(n) _____ stone, also known as struvite

Answer: ammonium magnesium phosphate

Flashcard 375: Patients with sarcoidosis may have scattered granulomas in their liver; most commonly affecting the _____

Answer: portal triads

Extra: * Portal triad = Hepatic artery, bile duct, & portal vein; * Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly may present in patient Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 376: Acute interstitial nephritis may be mediated by a type _____ HSR

Answer: I or IV

Extra: * Type I: drug-induced cross-linking of IgE on mast cells -> release of proinflammatory cytokines * Type IV: AIN occurs 1-2 weeks after inciting agent Watch Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-tubulointerstitial-nephritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 377: What MSK pathology is associated with "Looser zones" (pseudofractures) on X-ray? _____

Answer: Osteomalacia

Extra: Watch Osteomalacia & Rickets [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteomalacia-and-rickets?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 378: Which type of calcium kidney stone (calcium-oxalate or calcium-phosphate) is more common? _____

Answer: Calcium oxalate

Flashcard 379: How does type 1 Diabetes Mellitus affect pancreatic islets on histology? _____

Answer: Decreased number & size of pancreatic Islets

Extra: * due to the autoimmune process * in the histology below, pancreatic islets with a mix of healthy islets (1) and infiltrated lymphocytes (2) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 380: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ultimately progresses to _____

Answer: chronic renal failure

Flashcard 381: _____ of tertiary syphilis are characterized as soft growths with firm necrotic centers

Answer: Gummas

Flashcard 382: The hyperfiltration in diabetic glomerulonephropathy can lead to eosinophilic nodular glomerulosclerosis, known as _____ nodules

Answer: Kimmelstiel-Wilson

Flashcard 383: Constitutive activation of FGFR3 _____ chondrocyte proliferation

Answer: inhibits

Flashcard 384: _____ ossification is defective in achondroplasia

Answer: Endochondral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 385: Hereditary spherocytosis is characterized by a(n) _____ RDW

Answer: increased

Flashcard 386: _____ is the age-related hyperplasia of prostatic stroma and glands

Answer: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Extra: Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=45] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 387: When HLA typing and testing for a Mixed lymphocyte reaction, _____ radioactivity signifies lower compatibility

Answer: higher

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 388: Diabetic glomerulonephropathy is associated with _____ proliferation on light microscopy

Answer: mesangial

Flashcard 389: The targetoid appearance of erythema multiforme is due to central epidermal _____, surrounded by erythema

Answer: necrosis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 390: In Riedel thyroiditis, fibrosis may extend to _____, thus mimicking anaplastic carcinoma

Answer: local structures (e.g. airway)

Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 391: Adenocarcinoma of the lung is associated with _____ (clubbing)

Answer: hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Extra: Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 392: Clonorchis sinensis is a helminth that causes _____ inflammation, resulting in pigmented gallstones and ultimately cholangiocarcinoma

Answer: biliary tract

Extra: Watch Trematodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-trematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 393: _____ colloid is a characteristic histological finding associated with Graves disease

Answer: Scalloped

Extra: normal (left), Graves (right) * Colloid is the pink space in follicles Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 394: Periductal mastitis presents as a subareolar mass with _____ due to pull from myofibroblasts during healing

Answer: nipple retraction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 395: Testicular germ cell tumors often present as a(n) _ germ cell tumor; prognosis is based on the _ component

Answer: mixed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 396: _____ is the deposition of calcium in the tubules of the kidney due to primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer: Nephrocalcinosis

Flashcard 397: The "lumpy-bumpy" appearance of PSGN on immunofluorescence is due to deposits with immune complexes consisting of _ / _ and C3

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 398: The normal fetal epithelium of the upper 1/3rd of the vaginal canal is _____ epithelium

Answer: columnar

Flashcard 399: Which two pathologies are associated with increased temperature of the testis? _____

Answer: Varicocele and cryptorchidism

Extra: Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/anatomy/gross-anatomy/videos/pelvic-cavity?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 400: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is usually _____, but can rarely can arise due to exposure to prion-infected human tissue

Answer: sporadic

Flashcard 401: DIC typically presents with _____ platelet count

Answer: decreased

Extra: * due to excessive clotting Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 402: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a linear pattern on immunofluorescence? _____

Answer: Bullous pemphigoid

Flashcard 403: Immunodeficiences with decreased _____-cells tend to produce recurrent viral and fungal infections

Answer: T

Extra: Watch Combined B & T Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-combined-b-and-t-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 404: Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is characterized by cystic dilation of the renal _____

Answer: collecting ducts

Flashcard 405: What immunofluorescence findings are usually associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? _____

Answer: None (no immune complex deposits)

Flashcard 406: What ocular pathology does Krabbe disease often present with? _____

Answer: Optic atrophy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 407: If RPGN has no immunofluorescence pattern, it is termed _____ glomerulonephritis

Answer: pauci-immune

Flashcard 408: _____ tuberculosis can result in granuloma formation in the spleen, liver, adrenal gland and meninges (causing meningitis)

Answer: Miliary

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 409: What cells may be present on a pap smear particularly during menses? _____

Answer: Endometrial cells

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=13] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 410: _____ is the renal pathology associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Answer: IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 411: Osteopetrosis may present with hydrocephalus due to narrowing of the _____

Answer: foramen magnum

Flashcard 412: Wet macular degeneration is due to bleeding, secondary to choroidal _____

Answer: neovascularization

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 413: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by increased levels of Ig_____ in the CSF

Answer: G

Extra: Watch Multiple Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-multiple-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 414: Which infectious skin disorder presents as flesh-colored papules with a rough surface? _____

Answer: Verruca (wart)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 415: In diabetes patients, blindness occurs as a result of osmotic damage to _____ of retinal blood vessels, weakening the vessel wall and causing aneurysm formation

Answer: pericytes

Extra: * (arrows pointing to pericytes in DM patient vs. control) Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 416: Which blistering skin disorder presents with tense blisters with eosinophils that don't rupture easily? _____

Answer: Bullous pemphigoid

Flashcard 417: Primary amyloidosis is characterized by systemic deposition of _____, which is derived from Ig light chain

Answer: AL amyloid

Extra: * AL = amyloid light chain; Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 418: Appropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ O2 saturation

Answer: decreased

Extra: * appropriate absolute polycythemia is from Obesity, COPD, high altitude, and congenital heart disease Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 419: Intrarenal azotemia is less commonly due to acute _____ or acute interstitial nephritis

Answer: glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 420: Tuberous Sclerosis may present with _____ hamartomas most common in the cerebral cortex

Answer: glioneuronal "corticol tubers"

Extra: Watch Sturge Weber & Tuberous Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-sturge-weber-and-tuberous-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 421: Calcium oxalate kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of a(n) _____ or dumbbell

Answer: envelope

Extra: * "elongated wedge" shape, FA describes it as envelope Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 422: The most common type of metastases to the bone from the breast are _____

Answer: mixed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 423: Precipitation of Hemoglobin Bart’s (alpha thalassemia major) into inclusion bodies may result in _____

Answer: extravascular hemolysis

Extra: * Should say Hemoglobin Bart's NOT Hemoglobin H in sketchy Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 424: Which autoimmune disease may present with immunoflourescene and liquefactive degeneration/edema at the dermoepidermal skin junction? _____

Answer: SLE

Extra: * between layer of dermis and epidermis Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-autoimmune-disease-overview-and-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 425: The hereditary form of renal cell carcinoma classically rises in _____

Answer: younger adults

Extra: Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 426: Diagnosis of _____ glomerulonephritis may be aided by positive strep titers/serologies

Answer: post-streptococcal

Flashcard 427: Osteoarthritis is characterized by fragments of cartilage floating in the joint space, called "_____"

Answer: joint mice

Flashcard 428: Acute tubular necrosis is associated with _____ casts in the urine

Answer: granular "muddy brown"

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/pathology-diagnostics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 429: Pityriasis Versicolor is characterized by hyper or hypo_____ patches on a patient's skin

Answer: pigmented

Extra: Watch Malassezia furfur [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-cutaneous-mycoses-malassezia-furfur?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypopigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 430: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is due to a mutation in the _____ gene

Answer: WASp

Flashcard 431: In alpha thalassemia intermedia, precipitation of Hemoglobin H into inclusion bodies may result _____ hemolysis

Answer: extravascular

Extra: * Hemoglobin H disease (alpha thalassemia INTERMEDIA)(caused by 3 alpha subunit deletions) https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 432: Hepatitis B virus results in _ glomerulonephropathy transitioning to _ glomerulonephropathy

Answer: membranous

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 433: _____ is caused by infarction of bone and marrow

Answer: Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 434: Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by chronic _____ abuse

Answer: analgesic

Flashcard 435: Segmental necrosis and breaks in glomerular basement membrane are histological changes seen in _____

Answer: RPGN

Flashcard 436: How do serum Na+ levels change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased (hypernatremia)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 437: Dry macular degeneration is characterized by _____, which is deposition of yellowish extracellular material in between Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium

Answer: drusen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 438: Diversion of urine from the urinary tract into the peritoneal cavity can cause urinary ascites and increased _ and _

Answer: BUN

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 439: What peripheral blood smear finding is associated w/ DIC? _____

Answer: Schistocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombocytopenia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 440: Which cytokine typically promotes cancer cachexia? _____

Answer: TNF-a

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 441: Basophilic RBC nuclear remnants _____

Answer: Howell-Jolly bodies

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 442: What neurological pathology presents with pain/temperature loss and muscle weakness in the upper extremities? _____

Answer: Syringomyelia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 443: Mild trauma in elderly and gradual deterioration in mental function = chronic _____ hematoma

Answer: subdural

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/head/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 444: Which types of nephrotic syndrome are associated with hepatitis B infection? _____

Answer: Membranous nephropathy (more common) and MPGN

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 445: Hemophilia A/B/C = _ PT and _ PTT

Answer: ↔

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 446: What does tthe SMORE mnemonic stand for with respect to acid-base pathology? _____

Answer: If the pH changes in the Same direction as pCO2, the acid-base disorder is Metabolic; if pCO2 changes in the Opposite direction as pH, the disorder is REspiratory

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 447: _____ occurs due to untreated severe high PTH, causing bone cysts and brown tumors

Answer: Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 448: Iron deficiency anemia = _____ reticulocyte count

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 449: Which spinal cord disorder involves a fluid-filled, dilated central canal in the spinal cord? _____

Answer: Syringomyelia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 450: _____ is a pathology of the testes that demonstrates heterogeneous echotexture on ultrasound

Answer: Testicular torsion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 451: _____ syndrome is a pathology of the lower spinal cord that results in lower limb hyporeflexia

Answer: Cauda equina

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 452: How do the following laboratory values change in sideroblastic anemia? Serum iron: ___ TIBC: _ % Saturation: _ Ferritin: ___

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 453: Does renal osteodystrophy present with osteopenia and subperiosteal bone reabsorption? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 454: Marked atrophy of the caudate nucleus is seen in _____

Answer: Huntington disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 455: Is dermatomyositis associated with intramuscular inclusion bodies? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 456: Circulating _____ deposition in the mesangium and basement membrane causes post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

Answer: immune complex

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 457: Optic atrophy and globoid cells is suggestive of _____

Answer: Krabbe disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 458: Vitamin D deficiency in adults leads to _____

Answer: osteomalacia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 459: Iron deficiency anemia can be differentiated from thalassemia by an elevated _____

Answer: red cell distribution width (RDW)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 460: Spherocytes may indicate: _____ Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Answer: Hereditary spherocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 461: What autoantibody is classically elevated in granulomatosis with polyangiiitis? _____

Answer: ANCA (typically c-ANCA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 462: Noncaseating granulomas in the lung and hilar nodes may indicate: _____

Answer: Sarcoidosis Berylliosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 463: What is the urine sediment finding in prerenal AKI? _____

Answer: Unremarkable

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 464: Renal biopsy reveals normal kidney architecture among which nephrotic/nephritic syndrome? _____

Answer: Minimal change disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 465: What pathology is associated with microcephaly, intellectual disability, and a high-pitched cry? _, cause by deletion of short arm of chromosome _

Answer: Cri-du-chat syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/peds-neurodevelopmental/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 466: What inherited hematologic pathology is associated with avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis)? _____

Answer: Sickle cell disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 467: Vitamin K deficiency → ↑ ___ time Severe Vitamin K deficiency = ↑ _ and ___ time

Answer: PT

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 468: Osteomyelitis in adults = _ spread Osteomyelitis in kids = _ spread

Answer: contiguous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 469: "Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits _____

Answer: Membranous nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 470: What three conditions precipitate sickling in sickle cell anemia? _____

Answer: Hypoxemia Dehydration Acidosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 471: Hemophilia = mixing normal plasma with patient's plasma (mixing study) = _ PTT time Coagulation factor inhibitor = mixing normal plasma with patient's plasma (mixing study) = _ PTT time

Answer: ↔

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/bleeding/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 472: Immunodeficiency = _____ risk of hodgkin lymphoma

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 473: The presence of RBC casts/dysmorphic RBCs in the urine indicates that hematuria/pyuria is of _____ origin

Answer: glomerular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 474: What hematologic pathology is characterized by thrombocytopenia, MAHA with schistocytes, and acute renal failure following a diarrheal illness? _____

Answer: Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 475: _____ in capillary tufts is a renal finding caused by chronic damage from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer: Sclerosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 476: Nuclear remnants within RBCs (left) = _ Precipitation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid within RBC cytoplasm (right) = _

Answer: asplenia (Howell-Jolly bodies)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 477: Warm agglutinin = _ autoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin = _ autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Answer: IgG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 478: Explain how someone with ureteropelvic junction obstruction still has normal urinary output to flow most of the time? _____

Answer: Only if large diuresis occurs → the narrow area cannot handle it

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/urology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 479: Primary amyloidosis is characterized by systemic deposition of _____, which is derived from Ig light chain

Answer: AL amyloid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 480: Renal insufficiency secondary to multiple myeloma is most commonly due to light chain cast nephropathy with renal _____ injury

Answer: tubular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 481: Myelodysplastic syndrome is associated with _____ anemia, leukopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia

Answer: macrocytic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 482: What is the most accurate test for thalassemia? _____

Answer: Hemoglobin electrophoresis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 483: _____ can lead to polyarteritis nodosa

Answer: HBV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 484: _____ is a pathology of collagen synthesis that may present with recurrent fractures, bowed legs, and joint hypermobility

Answer: Osteogenesis imperfecta

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 485: Acute interstitial nephritis affects the interstitium and the renal _____

Answer: tubules

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 486: This patient likely suffers from _____ in her left arm.

Answer: lymphedema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 487: In myelofibrosis, megakaryocytes produce excess _____ and TGF-b causing activation of fibroblasts and marrow fibrosis

Answer: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 488: Renal cell carcinoma is associated with _____ syndromes (e.g. ectopic EPO, ACTH, PTHrP, renin)

Answer: paraneoplastic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 489: In Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica, there are _____ tumors

Answer: brown

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 490: ASO (anti-streptolysin O) antibodies = _____

Answer: post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 491: _____ = ↑ risk of Alzheimer's

Answer: Down syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 492: What is the cause of anemia in renal failure? _____

Answer: ↓ EPO

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 493: _____ hemorrhage most commonly occurs due to rupture of Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms, secondary to chronic hypertension

Answer: Intraparenchymal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 494: A thyroid nodule is diagnosed as malignant with ultrasound-guided _, which is reliable for all cancers except _

Answer: fine needle aspiration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 495: What musculoskeletal pathology is associated with narrowed joint space, osteophytes, and subchondral sclerosis on radiographs? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 496: _____ is associated with ↑ risk of periductal mastitis

Answer: Smoking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 497: Silver staining spherical tau aggregates in neurons is suggestive of _____

Answer: frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 498: Tabes dorsalis presents with _____ deep tendon reflexes and brief, shooting/burning pain

Answer: decreased/absent

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 499: Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder typically presents with _____ hematuria

Answer: painless

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 500: What is the cause of vitiligo? _____

Answer: Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypopigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 501: Goodpasture syndrome occurs due to auto-antibodies against the _ and _ basement membranes

Answer: glomerular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki specifically against the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen

Flashcard 502: In megaloblastic anemia, _____ in the bone marrow can rupture, releasing LDH and unconjugated bilirubin

Answer: immature megaloblasts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 503: What musculoskeletal pathology is associated with narrowed joint space, osteophytes, and subchondral sclerosis on radiographs? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 504: Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with a disease in which cystic bone spaces are filled with brown fibrous tissue which predisposes patients to pathologic fractures. What is the name of this disease? _____

Answer: Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 505: Graft-versus-Host disease is due to _____-cells attacking the host

Answer: graft T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 506: Reactive CD8+ T-cells (Downey or atypical cells) seen on blood smear in _____ infection

Answer: EBV/CMV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 507: Heinz bodies and bite cells _____

Answer: G6PD deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 508: _____ is an antiphospholipid antibody that results in a falsely elevated PTT

Answer: Lupus anticoagulant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 509: Diagnosis of β-thalassemia minor is confirmed by an isolated increase in _____ (> 3.5%) on electrophoresis

Answer: HbA2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 510: Nephrotic syndrome and solid tumor = _____

Answer: membranous nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 511: Bullous Pemphigoid Causes: ___ Sx: _ Nikolsky Dx and Bx: _ Tx: ___

Answer: Autoimmune, hemidesmosomes that attach the BM cells to the BM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 512: What is the best test to diagnose hereditary hemochromatosis? _____

Answer: Genetic testing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 513: "Tram-track" appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy _____

Answer: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 514: Anemia with (+) osmotic fragility test is suggestive of _____

Answer: hereditary spherocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 515: Hemophilia A = _ clotting factor 8 defect hemophilia B = _ clotting factor 9 defect

Answer: X-linked

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/bleeding/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 516: _____ is an antiphospholipid antibody that may result in false-positive VDRL and RPR tests (syphilis)

Answer: Anti-cardiolipin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 517: Most common 1° nephrotic syndrome in caucasian adults = _____

Answer: membranous nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 518: Intrinsic renal failure is most commonly due to _____

Answer: acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 519: Scleroderma is characterized by _____ activation with resultant collagen deposition in skin and organs

Answer: fibroblast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 520: Autoimmune destruction of presynaptic Ca2+ channels is suggestive of _____

Answer: Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 521: Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune (IgG) destruction of _____ between keratinocytes

Answer: desmoglein/desmosomes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 522: _____ = ↑ megakaryocytes

Answer: ITP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 523: Thalassemia = _ erythrocyte count (RBC) and ↔ RDW Iron deficiency anemia = _ erythrocyte count (RBC) and ↑ RDW

Answer: ↔

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 524: What bone tumor is characterized by a bony mass with a radiolucent core on imaging? _____

Answer: Osteoid osteoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 525: What is the likely etiology of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in a patient that develops symptoms 4 weeks after a severe motor vehicle accident left the patient a quadriplegic? _____

Answer: Immobilization

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki - treat with bisphosphonates (stop osteoclasts)

Flashcard 526: PIG-A mutation leads to _____

Answer: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 527: What inherited hematologic pathology is associated with an increased MCHC? _____

Answer: Hereditary spherocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 528: What brain injury typically occurs from traumatic acceleration/deceleration shearing forces? _____

Answer: Diffuse axonal injury

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/head/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 529: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is due to inhibition or deficiency of the _____ enzyme

Answer: ADAMTS13 (vWF metalloprotease)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombocytopenia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 530: _____ syndrome is a pathology of the lower spinal cord that results in saddle anesthesia

Answer: Cauda equina

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 531: Thyroid papillary carcinoma = _ Thyroid follicular carcinoma = _

Answer: lymphatic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 532: What physical exam findings can distinguish myelofibrosis and aplastic anemia? _____

Answer: Hepatosplenomegaly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 533: Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye") _____

Answer: Reed-Sternberg cells - Hodgkin lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 534: What is the diagnosis for mammography that shows an irregular mass with microcalcif‌ications and oil cysts, and a core biopsy that shows foam cells and muitinucleated giant cells? _____

Answer: Fat necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 535: _____ is an inherited skin condition characterized by mutations of intraepidermal and dermoepidermal adhesion proteins in the basement membrane zone

Answer: Epidermolysis bullosa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 536: One histological feature seen after an ischemic stroke is the presence of _____, which appear between 12 - 24 hours

Answer: red neurons (eosinophilic change with pyknotic nuclei)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 537: Cystine kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals that are _____ in shape

Answer: hexagonal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 538: _____ syndrome is a pathology of the lower spinal cord that results in lower limb hyperreflexia

Answer: Conus medullaris

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 539: Polycystic kidneys tend to produce excess _____

Answer: renin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 540: Fine needle aspiration of a breast cyst with yellow-tinged fluid suggests _____ aspirate

Answer: bloody

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 541: What is the most definitive test for diagnosis of polymyositis? _____

Answer: Muscle biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 542: Persistent pain / swelling / chronic wound with sinus tract formation is suggestive of _____

Answer: chronic osteomyelitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 543: Non-enzymatic glycosylation (NEG) makes the _____ more rigid, which further accelerates hyperfiltration and mesangial expansion

Answer: efferent glomerular arterioles

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 544: Spherocytes may indicate: _____ immune-mediated hemolysis (auto / drugs)

Answer: hereditary spherocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 545: Disorder of bone remodeling caused by ↑ osteoclast bone resorption is suggestive of _____

Answer: paget disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 546: Subareolar mass and nipple retraction in smokers is suggestive of _____

Answer: periductal mastitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 547: Methemoglobinemia is a blood pathology that presents with saturation gap and a(n) _____ PaO2

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 548: In multiple myeloma, neoplastic plasma cells stimulate _____ factor, which activates the RANK receptor on osteoclasts, leading to bone destruction

Answer: osteoclast activating

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 549: What is the location of bone thinning in renal osteodystrophy? _____

Answer: Subperiosteal region

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 550: _____ syndrome is a pathology of the lower spinal cord that results in bilateral, severe radicular pain

Answer: Cauda equina

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 551: What MSK pathology is characterized by impaired relaxation after a single muscle contraction? _____

Answer: Myotonic dystrophy

Extra: Watch Muscular Dystrophies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-muscle-muscular-dystrophies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 552: What pathologic RBC is seen in liver disease and abetalipoproteinemia? _____

Answer: Acanthocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 553: _____ will result in: HbA ≈ 93% HbS = 0% HbF ≈ 2% HbA2 ≈ 5%

Answer: β-thalassemia minor (β/β+)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 554: Graft-versus-host disease is mediated via recipient T-cells in the graft _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 555: Clear cell renal carcinoma is often preceded by the formation of multiple _____

Answer: renal cysts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 556: _____ is generally preceded by either group A strep pharyngitis AND/OR GAS skin infections (impetigo)

Answer: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 557: Dermatitis Herpetiformis Causes: ___ Sx: _ Dx and Bx: _ Tx: ___

Answer: IgA Abs on transglutaminase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 558: c-ANCA antibodies are most associated with _____

Answer: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 559: Dissemination of Histoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients to the liver and spleen results in _, with gross pathology of these organs showing _

Answer: hepatosplenomegaly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 560: Thrombosis of graft vessels = ___ rejection dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate with vasculitis of graft vessels = _ rejection fibrosis / arteriosclerosis / wall thickening and luminal narrowing = ___ rejection

Answer: hyperacute

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 561: _____ most commonly involves defects in ankyrin, spectrin, band 3.1, or protein 4.2 which are proteins that anchor the cytoskeleton to RBC membrane

Answer: Hereditary spherocytosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 562: Autoimmune destruction of β islet cells leading to hyperglycemia is suggestive of _____

Answer: T1DM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 563: Pseudogout (c alcium pyrophosphate deposition disease ) is characterized by synovial fluid with: - ___-shaped crystals - _ birefringence under polarized light - ___ when parallel to polarized light

Answer: Rhomboid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 564: History of eczema/psoriasis and _____ = lichen simplex chronicus

Answer: chronic scratching

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 565: Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli _____

Answer: Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (nodular glomerulosclerosis due to diabetes)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 566: Why can a reddish hue sometimes be seen behind the tympanic membrane in _____? Excessive bony resorption can expose underlying blood vessels

Answer: otosclerosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 567: Chronic _____ can look similar to TB and sarcoidiosis (hilar adenopathy, non-caseating granulomas, reticulonodular infiltrates)

Answer: Histoplasmosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 568: Hürthle cell metaplasia and lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers in thyroid is seen in _____

Answer: Hashimoto thyroiditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 569: _____ is a general term for degenerative changes of the spine

Answer: Spondylosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 570: _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

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Flashcard 571: Podocyte fusion or "effacement" on electron microscopy _____

Answer: Minimal change disease left: normal; right: MCD

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Flashcard 572: In alpha thalassemia, there is a(n) _____ in RBC count

Answer: increase

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Flashcard 573: What conditions are associated with target cells on blood smear? _____

Answer: HbC disease Asplenia Liver disease Thalassemia

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Flashcard 574: How do complement levels change in an acute lupus flare? _____

Answer: Decrease

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Flashcard 575: Multiple sclerosis = _____

Answer: MRI

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Flashcard 576: Cellular cresents in Bowman capsule _____

Answer: Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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Flashcard 577: _____ is the most common cause of spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Answer: Amyloid angiopathy

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Flashcard 578: What are the followings in relation to splenomegaly? -Inflammatory infiltration -Myeloproliferative disorder -Passive splenic congestion -Presence of circulating immune complexes -Red pulp hyperplasia -Undegraded metabolite accumulation

Answer: Inflammatory infiltration: could lead to splenomegaly by chronic infections. -Myeloproliferative disorder: splenomegaly by Leukemia & lymphoma. -Passive splenic congestion: Splenomegaly by portal hypertension, splenic vein thrombosis, or congestive heart failure. -Presence of circulating immune complexes: splenomegaly by infective endocarditis. -Red pulp hyperplasia. splenomegaly by removing deform RBC in spleen due to lack of ATP. -Undegraded metabolite accumulation: splenomegaly caused by lysosomal storage diseases ( Nieman pick & gaucher disease) due to accumulation of sphyngomyelin & glucocerebrosides.

Flashcard 579: What kind of pathology those organs will most likely develop secondary to mutation? -Aorta -Heart -Joints -Liver -Pancreas

Answer: Aorta: Marfan syndrome due to defect in fibrillin-1. -Heart & liver: glycogen storage disease (Very Poor Carbs Metabolism) Von Gierke - glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (hepatomegaly) Pompee - a1,4-glucosidase deficiency (heart, liver, & muscle) Cori disease - a1,6-glucosidase deficiency McArdle disease - glycogen phosphorylase. -Pancreas: is affected in Cystic fibrosis (pancreatitis)

Flashcard 580: Sickle cell anemia is characterized by expansion of hematopoiesis into facial bones, leading to "_____ facies"

Answer: chipmunk

Flashcard 581: What chromosomal abnormality is associated with Edwards syndrome?_____

Answer: Trisomy 18

Flashcard 582: Which immunodeficiency presents with defective class switching? _____

Answer: Hyper-IgM syndrome

Flashcard 583: Which immunodeficiency may present after administration of the BCG vaccine?_____

Answer: IL-12 deficiency

Flashcard 584: Which classes of immunoglobulin are decreased in Bruton agammaglobulinemia? _____

Answer: All classes

Flashcard 585: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is characterized by very increased levels of _____.

Answer: ferritin

Flashcard 586: Job (hyper-IgE) syndrome is characterized by _____ IFN-

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 587: Which immunodeficiency is associated with an absent in vitro T-cell proliferation in response to Candida antigens due to T-cell dysfunction? _____

Answer: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Flashcard 588: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with hypertrophy of bladder wall smooth muscle with increased risk for _____ formation

Answer: diverticulum

Flashcard 589: SCID may be caused by MHC class _____ deficiency

Answer: II

Flashcard 590: Which immunodeficiency is caused by failure to repair DNA double strand breaks? _____

Answer: Ataxia-telangiectasia

Flashcard 591: Is Klinefelter syndrome characterized by the presence of an inactivated X chromosome (Barr body)?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 592: Which classes of immunoglobulin are normal or decreased in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome? _____

Answer: IgG and IgM

Flashcard 593: Is Paget disease of bone a localized or diffuse process? _____

Answer: Localized

Flashcard 594: Osteopetrosis is characterized by diffuse, symmetric skeletal _____ on X-ray

Answer: sclerosis

Flashcard 595: What pathology is associated with long, tapering fingers and toes (arachnodactyly) and subluxation of lenses?_____

Answer: Marfan syndrome

Flashcard 596: Osteoporosis can lead to _____ compression fractures, which result in loss of height and kyphosis

Answer: vertebral

Flashcard 597: What pathology is associated with disruption of the cranial end of the neural tube? _____

Answer: Anencephaly

Flashcard 598: Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by _____ thinning of bones

Answer: subperiosteal

Flashcard 599: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the GBM results in _____ arteriolosclerosis

Answer: hyaline

Flashcard 600: What is the mode of inheritance of Hemoglobin C disease? _____

Answer: Autosomal recessive

Flashcard 601: Hyper-IgM syndrome is characterized by absent _____ on lymph node biopsy

Answer: germinal centers

Flashcard 602: Retinal _____ is due to separation of the neurosensory layer of the retina (rods, cones) from the outer pigment epithelium layer

Answer: detachment

Flashcard 603: What is the first stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? _____

Answer: Osteoclastic (lytic)

Flashcard 604: "Leonine facies" are characteristic of _____

Answer: Lepromatous leprosy (Mycobacteria leprae)

Flashcard 605: What is the fourth stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? _____

Answer: Quiescent (minimal osteoclast/osteoblast activity)

Flashcard 606: DIC typically presents with _____ fibrinogen

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 607: SCID is characterized by absent _____ on lymph node biopsy

Answer: germinal centers

Flashcard 608: What connective tissue disease is associated with berry aneurysms? _____

Answer: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Flashcard 609: Infertility due to testicular involvement is characteristic of _____ leprosy

Answer: Lepromatous

Flashcard 610: A necrotizing skin condition of diabetes mellitus that occurs more commonly in women is _____

Answer: necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum

Flashcard 611: Osteopetrosis may present with hydrocephalus due to narrowing of the _____

Answer: foramen magnum

Flashcard 612: Which type of transplant rejection presents with vasculitis of graft vessels with dense interstitial monocytic / lymphocytic infiltrate? _____

Answer: Acute

Flashcard 613: What pathology is associated with vitamin C deficiency?_____

Answer: Scurvy

Flashcard 614: Aplastic anemia is characterized by an empty, _____ marrow on biopsy ("dry marrow tap")

Answer: fatty (characteristic)

Flashcard 615: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura presents with _____ bleeding time / PFA

Answer: increased

Flashcard 616: The cold serum agglutination test involves IgM cold hemagglutinins and blood group antigen _____ of human RBCs

Answer: I

Flashcard 617: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by decreased T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs)? _____

Answer: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Flashcard 618: What MSK pathology is associated with "Looser zones" (pseudofractures) on X-ray? _____

Answer: Osteomalacia

Flashcard 619: Osteopetrosis is associated with _____ and extramedullary hematopoiesis due to bony replacement of the marrow (myelophthisic process)

Answer: pancytopenia

Flashcard 620: Type II MPGN is also known as _____ disease

Answer: dense deposit

Flashcard 621: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis used to be referred to as _____

Answer: Wegeners granulomatosis

Flashcard 622: Diabetic glomerulonephropathy is associated with _____ proliferation on light microscopy

Answer: mesangial

Flashcard 623: _____ is characterized by bone spicule-shaped deposits around the macula

Answer: Retinitis pigmentosa

Flashcard 624: What is the second stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? _____

Answer: Mixed osteoblastic-osteoclastic

Flashcard 625: What pathology is characterized by a defective type IV collagen? _____

Answer: Alport syndrome

Flashcard 626: _____ are soft, flesh-coloured, cauliflower-like papules that appear on the skin due to HPV infection of keratinocytes.

Answer: Verruca (Warts)

Flashcard 627: What MSK pathology is characterized by a reduction in trabecular and cortical bone mass and interconnections? _____

Answer: Osteoporosis

Flashcard 628: The neuritic plaques seen in Alzheimer's are composed of _____ with entangled neuritic processes

Answer: A amyloid

Flashcard 629: X-linked muscular dystrophy is characterized by muscle wasting and replacement of skeletal muscle by _____ tissue

Answer: adipose

Flashcard 630: What is the third stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? _____

Answer: Osteoblastic (sclerotic)

Flashcard 631: Which type of transplant rejection presents with vascular smooth muscle proliferation, parenchymal atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis? _____

Answer: Chronic

Flashcard 632: What MSK pathology is characterized histologically by a mosaic pattern of woven and lamellar bone? _____

Answer: Paget disease of bone

Flashcard 633: What MSK pathology is characterized by thick, heavy bone that fractures easily due to failure of bone resorption? _____

Answer: Osteopetrosis

Flashcard 634: Does sickle cell trait (one HbS allelle) protect against malaria? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 635: -thalassemia _____ is the mildest form of disease; asymptomatic with increased RBC count

Answer: minor (/+)

Flashcard 636: What is the mode of inheritance of SCID secondary to ADA deficiency? _____

Answer: Autosomal recessive

Flashcard 637: Paget disease of bone may present with "_____ facies" due to involvement of craniofacial bones

Answer: lion-like

Flashcard 638: What MSK pathology is characterized by thick, heavy bone that fractures easily due to imbalance of osteoblast and osteoclast function? _____

Answer: Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)

Flashcard 639: Which vasculitis is characterized by a triad of:(1) Focal necrotizing vasculitis(2) Necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway(3) Necrotizing glomerulonephritis_____

Answer: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Flashcard 640: Loss of eyebrows is characteristic of _____ leprosy

Answer: Lepromatous

Flashcard 641: Communicating high pressure hydrocephalus is characterized by _____ ICP, which may cause papilledema and herniation

Answer: increased

Flashcard 642: Paget disease of bone may present with bone _____ due to microfractures or long bone "chalk stick" fractures

Answer: pain

Flashcard 643: What pathology is associated with disruption of the caudal end of the neural tube? _____

Answer: Spina bifida

Flashcard 644: The number of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's correlates with degree of _____

Answer: dementia

Flashcard 645: IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) may slowly progress to _____

Answer: renal failure

Flashcard 646: Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by widespread _____ granulomas

Answer: noncaseating

Flashcard 647: _____ muscular dystrophy is typically due to a non-frameshift deletion, resulting in a partially functional dystrophin protein

Answer: Becker

Flashcard 648: The _____ in pH caused by Proteus mirabilis results in precipitation of ammonium magnesium phosphate

Answer: increase

Flashcard 649: DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by _____ number of T cells

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 650: _____ anemia may be induced by viral agents (e.g. parvovirus B19, EBV, HIV, hepatitis)

Answer: Aplastic

Flashcard 651: Which type of transplant rejection presents as grafted immunocompetent T cells proliferating and rejecting host cells with 'foreign' proteins? _____

Answer: Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD)

Flashcard 652: _____ casts are nonspecific and are often seen in concentrated urine samples (can be a normal finding)

Answer: Hyaline

Flashcard 653: Congenital varicella syndrome can result in _____ (cutaneous pathology)

Answer: dermatomal scarring

Flashcard 654: What is the effect of acute tubular necrosis on GFR? _____

Answer: Decreased GFR

Flashcard 655: The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is confirmed by histology at _____ (when possible)

Answer: autopsy

Flashcard 656: Paget disease of bone is characterized by _____ serum PO43-

Answer: normal

Flashcard 657: One consequence of autosplenectomy in sickle cell disease is presence of _____ and target cells on blood smear

Answer: Howell-Jolly bodies

Flashcard 658: Behcet syndrome occurs due to immune-complex _____ involving primarily small vessels

Answer: vasculitis

Flashcard 659: What cystic congenital kidney disease is non-inherited?_____

Answer: (Multicystic) dysplastic kidney

Flashcard 660: The _____ Coombs test answers the question: "Are the patient's RBCs already bound by immunoglobulin (or complement)?"

Answer: direct

Flashcard 661: Autosomal dominant and recessive PKD are associated with _____ cysts in addition to renal cysts (benign)

Answer: hepatic

Flashcard 662: What type of hydrocephalus may be seen with Alzheimer disease? _____

Answer: Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Flashcard 663: Spherocytes are characterized by _____ central pallor

Answer: no

Flashcard 664: _____ is a characterized by well-circumscribed, salmon-colored plaques with silverly scale

Answer: Psoriasis

Flashcard 665: Riedel thyroiditis is characterized by replacement of thyroid by _____ tissue with inflammatory infiltrate

Answer: fibrous

Flashcard 666: A '_____' glomerular disorder is characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane

Answer: membranous

Flashcard 667: In dysplastic kidney, cysts are usually _____-lateral

Answer: uni

Flashcard 668: There is an increased frequency of renal angiomyolipoma in patients with _____

Answer: tuberous sclerosis

Flashcard 669: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ultimately progresses to _____

Answer: chronic renal failure

Flashcard 670: Which type of thalassemia ( or ) is associated with a "crewcut" skull appearance on X-ray?_____

Answer: -thalassemia (major)

Flashcard 671: Malassezia furfur can cause many more problems, other than just Pityriasis Versicolor, in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised

Flashcard 672: Nephritic syndrome may lead to hematuria and _____ casts in the urine

Answer: RBC

Flashcard 673: Does subacute sclerosing panencephalitis affect gray matter or white matter?_____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 674: Complications of osteomyelitis include osteo-_____ and fractures

Answer: arthritis

Flashcard 675: Which classes of immunoglobulin are increased in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome? _____

Answer: IgA and IgE

Flashcard 676: What type of amyloidosis is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?_____

Answer: Secondary (AA) amyloidosis

Flashcard 677: The Herpes rash is said to have a "_____" appearance

Answer: dew drops on a rose petal

Flashcard 678: Chronic gout may lead to _____ due to deposition of urate crystals in kidney tubules (urate nephropathy)

Answer: renal failure

Flashcard 679: Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by _____ and interstitial fibrosis and atrophy of tubules

Answer: periglomerular

Flashcard 680: Normocytic anemia with extravascular hemolysis is associated with marrow _____ with corrected reticulocyte count > 3%

Answer: hyperplasia

Flashcard 681: The arthropathy in hemochromatosis occurs due to _____ deposition

Answer: calcium pyrophosphate

Flashcard 682: What is the mode of inheritance of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome? _____

Answer: Autosomal dominant

Flashcard 683: The second stage of acute tubular necrosis is the _____ phase

Answer: maintenance

Flashcard 684: What RBC abnormalities (2) are seen on blood smear post-splenectomy? _____

Answer: Howell-Jolly bodies and target cells

Flashcard 685: What pathologic RBC is seen in liver disease and abetalipoproteinemia (states of cholesterol dysregulation)?_____

Answer: Acanthocytes

Flashcard 686: Lewy body dementia is characterized by intracellular lewy bodies primarily in the _____

Answer: cortex (location in the brain)

Flashcard 687: Alzheimer disease is characterized by deposition of _____ in the brain, which forms amyloid plaques

Answer: A-amyloid

Flashcard 688: _____ muscular dystrophy typically presents before 5 years of age

Answer: Duchenne

Flashcard 689: Biopsy of a chancre in primary syphilis will reveal _____ with lymphocytes and plasma cells

Answer: obliterative endarteritis (specific pathology)

Flashcard 690: What microbe can increase the risk of squamous cell bladder cancer?_____

Answer: Schistosoma haematobium

Flashcard 691: Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) can ultimately result in Rheumatic Fever and _____

Answer: Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

Flashcard 692: Which skin disorders presents with epidermal hyperplasia and darkening of the skin ("velvet-like" skin)?_____

Answer: Acanthosis nigricans

Flashcard 693: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by acantholysis? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Flashcard 694: _____ is an enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules

Answer: Multinodular goiter

Flashcard 695: Diagnosis of amyloidosis requires _____; the abdominal fat pad and rectum are easily accessible targets

Answer: tissue biopsy

Flashcard 696: Alzheimer disease is characterized by _____ of sulci

Answer: widening

Flashcard 697: _____ is the renal pathology associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Answer: IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

Flashcard 698: Which nervous system cell is typically damaged by Guillain-Barre syndrome? _____

Answer: Schwann cells

Flashcard 699: Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is associated with _____ levels of complement

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 700: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by widespread _____ formation, resulting in ischemia and infarction

Answer: microthrombi

Flashcard 701: What bone pathology is associated with chronic renal failure? _____

Answer: Renal osteodystrophy

Flashcard 702: International normalized ratio (INR) is calculated from _____ (PT or PTT)

Answer: PT

Flashcard 703: Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is characterized by cystic dilation of the renal _____

Answer: collecting ducts

Flashcard 704: Klinefelter syndrome is associated with testicular _____ (size)

Answer: atrophy

Flashcard 705: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presents with _____ lesion(s) (one/many)

Answer: many

Flashcard 706: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura presents with increased _____ on bone marrow biopsy

Answer: megakaryocytes

Flashcard 707: Autosomal dominant PKD is associated with _____, which is an important cause of death

Answer: berry aneurysm

Flashcard 708: The cause of minimal change disease is often _____ and may be triggered by recent URI, immunization, or immune stimulus (ex. insect bite)

Answer: idiopathic

Flashcard 709: What RBC pathology is characterized by formation and loss of membrane blebs over time?_____

Answer: Hereditary spherocytosis

Flashcard 710: Vaso-occlusive infarcts in bones of the hands and feet due to sickle cell anemia cause _____

Answer: dactylitis (painful swelling of hands and feet)

Flashcard 711: Which layer of the cerebellum is most affected by global cerebral ischemia? _____

Answer: Purkinje layer

Flashcard 712: What type of nephritic syndrome is a patient with SLE most likely to get? _____

Answer: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 713: As limb compartment syndrome progresses, patients can develop _____ deficits

Answer: motor

Flashcard 714: Alzheimer disease is characterized histologically by _____ plaques in gray matter

Answer: neuritic (senile)

Flashcard 715: Sickle cell _____ is characterized by the presence of only one mutated -chain

Answer: trait

Flashcard 716: Osteogenesis imperfecta is characterized by multiple recurrent _____ with minimal trauma

Answer: fractures

Flashcard 717: Which type of calcium kidney stone (calcium-oxalate or calcium-phosphate) is more common? _____

Answer: Calcium oxalate

Flashcard 718: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a targetoid rash and bullae? _____

Answer: Erythema multiforme

Flashcard 719: Patients with sarcoidosis may have scattered granulomas in their liver; most commonly affecting the _____

Answer: portal triads

Flashcard 720: Pseudo-Pelger Huet anomaly is typically seen after _____

Answer: chemotherapy

Flashcard 721: Negri bodies of Rabies virus can be found in the cytoplasm of the hippocampal pyramidal cells and _____ cells

Answer: cerebellar purkinje

Flashcard 722: What is the prognosis of Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease? _____

Answer: Poor prognosis

Flashcard 723: Alport syndrome is associated with a '_____' appearance on electron microscopy

Answer: basket-weave

Flashcard 724: What is used to differentiate between primary CNS lymphoma and toxoplasmosis?_____

Answer: Brain biopsy

Flashcard 725: What pathologic RBC finding is seen in bone marrow with sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning, and myelodysplastic syndrome? _____

Answer: Ringed sideroblasts

Flashcard 726: The tumors seen in Hodgkin lymphoma are mostly composed of reactive _____ cells

Answer: inflammatory

Flashcard 727: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by fever and sloughing of skin at the dermal-epidermal junction? _____

Answer: Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Flashcard 728: Which ocular complication is associated with congenital toxoplasmosis?_____

Answer: Chorioretinitis

Flashcard 729: Patients with Refsum Disease can have skeletal and craniofacial dysmorphism due to _____

Answer: epiphyseal dysplasia

Flashcard 730: What pathology is associated with a defective PAX gene?_____

Answer: Klein Waardenburg Syndrome

Flashcard 731: _____ tuberculosis can result in granuloma formation in the spleen, liver, adrenal gland and meninges (causing meningitis)

Answer: Miliary

Flashcard 732: What spinal cord level is most commonly affected by tabes dorsalis? _____

Answer: Lumbar levels

Flashcard 733: Which two pathologies may present as nephritic and/or nephrotic syndrome? _____

Answer: DPGN, MPGN

Flashcard 734: Nephritic syndrome is typically associated with immune-complex deposition, which activates _____

Answer: complement (e.g. C5a)

Flashcard 735: Folate deficiency is characterized by _____ neutrophils

Answer: hypersegmented

Flashcard 736: Patients with the O blood type cannot receive which blood types?_____

Answer: Receiving any non-O blood type will cause an Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

Flashcard 737: What HLA subtype is associated with Goodpasture syndrome? _____

Answer: DR2

Flashcard 738: What type of red blood cell is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation? _____

Answer: Schistocytes (due to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia)

Flashcard 739: Do the Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis effectively stimulate primary T cells via antigen presentation?_____

Answer: No (functionally immature)

Flashcard 740: One consequence of autosplenectomy in sickle cell disease is increased risk of infection with _____ organisms

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 741: Uric acid kidney stones precipitate with _____ urine pH

Answer: low

Flashcard 742: Early diagnosis and treatment of strep throat _____ prevent post-strep glomerulonephritis

Answer: cannot (can/cannot)

Flashcard 743: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by giant granules in leukocytes and platelets? _____

Answer: Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Flashcard 744: Which cutaneous manifestation, Kaposi sarcoma or Bacillary angiomatosis, is associated with lymphocytic infiltrate?_____

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma

Flashcard 745: Glanzmann thrombasthenia presents with _____ platelet count

Answer: normal

Flashcard 746: What pathology is associated with "elfin" facies, intellectual disability, and extreme friendliness with strangers?_____

Answer: Williams syndrome

Flashcard 747: Which immunodeficiency may be diagnosed with the dihydrorhodamine flow cytometry test or nitrotetrazolium blue test?_____

Answer: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

Flashcard 748: _____ hydrocephalus is almost always caused by decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granulations (no obstruction of CSF flow from the ventriculi to subarachnoid space)

Answer: Communicating high pressure

Flashcard 749: In addition to sickle cells, what other pathological RBC is seen on blood smear in a sickle cell disease patient? _____

Answer: Target cells

Flashcard 750: _____ glomerulonephritis is a nephritic syndrome that progresses to renal failure in days to weeks

Answer: Rapidly progressive

Flashcard 751: What demographic (age group) is associated with Paget disease of bone? _____

Answer: Late adulthood (age > 60)

Flashcard 752: What is the most common type of Cervical Carcinoma?_____

Answer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (80%)

Flashcard 753: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by _____, which can occur with crush injuries

Answer: myoglobinuria

Flashcard 754: What renal pathology is associated with berry aneurysms? _____

Answer: Autosomal dominant PKD

Flashcard 755: Which type of MPGN is more often associated with a 'tram track' appearance on H&E stain? _____

Answer: Type I

Flashcard 756: Which Langerhans cell histiocytosis presents as scalp rash, lytic skull lesions, diabetes insipidus, and exophthalmos?_____

Answer: Hand-Schuller-Christian disease

Flashcard 757: RPGN with a granular immunofluorescence pattern is less commonly due to _____

Answer: diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 758: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by _____-contrast dyes

Answer: radio

Flashcard 759: What is the mode of inheritance of hyper-IgM syndrome? _____

Answer: X-linked recessive

Flashcard 760: Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized histologically by _____ in the connective tissue between renal tubules

Answer: inflammatory infiltrate

Flashcard 761: How does -thalassemia with one gene deleted present?_____

Answer: Asymptomatic

Flashcard 762: What lysosomal storage disease presents with central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia and dementia?_____

Answer: Metachromatic leukodystrophy

Flashcard 763: Multiple myeloma may deposit in tissue, causing _____ amyloidosis

Answer: primary (AL)

Flashcard 764: Myasthenia gravis is associated with HLA-_____.

Answer: B8

Flashcard 765: What is the most common testicular tumor?_____

Answer: Seminoma

Flashcard 766: Alzheimer disease is characterized by widespread cortical _____

Answer: atrophy

Flashcard 767: What MSK pathology is associated with an increasing hat size due to skull thickening? _____

Answer: Paget disease of bone

Flashcard 768: Iron deficiency anemia is associated with a(n) _____ red cell distribution width (RDW)

Answer: increased

Flashcard 769: Viral meningitis is associated with _____ glucose in the CSF

Answer: normal

Flashcard 770: Which two breast pathologies affect the stroma of the breast tissue?_____

Answer: Fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor

Flashcard 771: Is diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?_____

Answer: Can be either or both

Flashcard 772: Most microcytic anemias are also _____-chromic

Answer: hypo

Flashcard 773: Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis

Answer: small

Flashcard 774: What RBC pathology is characterized by the following Hb electrophoresis findings:90% HbS, 8% HbF, and 2% HbA2 (no HbA)_____

Answer: Sickle cell disease

Flashcard 775: Hydronephrosis is usually caused by urinary tract _____

Answer: obstruction

Flashcard 776: TTP and HUS present with _____ bleeding time

Answer: increased

Flashcard 777: The most commonly involved organ in systemic amyloidosis is the _____

Answer: kidney

Flashcard 778: Which cutaneous manifestation, Kaposi sarcoma or Bacillary angiomatosis, is associated with neutrophilic infiltrate?_____

Answer: Bacillary angiomatosis

Flashcard 779: When the "Shiga-like" toxin of Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) enters systemic circulation, what occurs?_____

Answer: Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Flashcard 780: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized histologically by a "tombstone" appearance? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Flashcard 781: Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by chronic _____ abuse

Answer: analgesic

Flashcard 782: What is the most common form of spongiform encephalopathy? _____

Answer: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Flashcard 783: What is the most common malignant ovarian neoplasm? _____

Answer: Serous cystadenocarcinoma

Flashcard 784: Which renal tumor is characterized by large eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria, but without perinuclear clearing? _____

Answer: Renal oncocytoma

Flashcard 785: Bullous pemphigoid is due to Ig_____ antibodies against hemidesmosome components (BP180)

Answer: G

Flashcard 786: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis

Answer: intravascular

Flashcard 787: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a Type _____ hypersensitivity rxn

Answer: III

Flashcard 788: In myelofibrosis, megakaryocytes produce excess _____, causing marrow fibrosis

Answer: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Flashcard 789: _____ is the deposition of calcium in the tubules of the kidney due to primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer: Nephrocalcinosis

Flashcard 790: What finding on blood smear is characteristic of HELLP syndrome?_____

Answer: schistocytes (due to thrombotic microangiopathy)

Flashcard 791: In IgG-mediated hemolytic anemia, the membrane of the antibody-coated RBCs is consumed by splenic macrophages, resulting in _____ formation

Answer: spherocyte

Flashcard 792: The nephrotoxicity caused by calcineurin inhibitors can result in histologic findings that include early arteriolar hyalinization and tubular _____

Answer: vacuolization

Flashcard 793: What endocrine pathology is a risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 794: What vasculitis is a granulomatous, necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilia?_____

Answer: Churg-Strauss syndrome (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis)

Flashcard 795: Which horn of the spinal cord is most affected by poliovirus infection? _____

Answer: Ventral (anterior) horn

Flashcard 796: Photoaging results in gradual _____ of the epidermis, allowing the stratum corneum to become dessicated

Answer: thinning

Flashcard 797: Glanzmann thrombasthenia is characterized by no _____ clumping on blood smear

Answer: platelet

Flashcard 798: What organ is most commonly affected by systemic amyloidosis? _____

Answer: Kidney

Flashcard 799: Patients with pemphigoid gestationis have autoantibodies against _____

Answer: hemidesmosomal proteins

Flashcard 800: Histology of type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrates islets with _____

Answer: amyloid deposits

Flashcard 801: What pathologic RBC is seen with hereditary elliptocytosis?_____

Answer: Elliptocytes

Flashcard 802: What is another name for the p-ANCA antibody? _____

Answer: Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA

Flashcard 803: Dysplastic kidney is characterized by a cystic kidney with abnormal tissue (especially _____)

Answer: cartilage

Flashcard 804: What immunofluorescence findings are associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis? _____

Answer: Granular deposits (immune complex deposition)

Flashcard 805: Why does extravascular hemolysis result in splenomegaly? _____

Answer: Hyperplasia of splenic macrophages (red pulp hyperplasia)

Flashcard 806: _____ is a complication of GAS pharyngitis or skin infection that presents with hematuria (cola-colored urine) and facial swelling.

Answer: PSGN (post strep glomerulonephritis)

Flashcard 807: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy results in death of _____ in the CNS

Answer: oligodendrocytes

Flashcard 808: Negri bodies of Rabies virus can be found in the cytoplasm of the _____ cells and cerebellar purkinje cells

Answer: hippocampal pyramidal

Flashcard 809: On imaging, patients with Diffuse Axonal Injury will show multiple _____ at grey-white matter junctions

Answer: punctate hemorrhages

Flashcard 810: In addition to RBCs, megaloblastic anemia also leads to megaloblastic change in cells that are _____

Answer: rapidly-dividing

Flashcard 811: Which leukodystrophy presents with optic atrophy and globoid cells?_____

Answer: Krabbe disease

Flashcard 812: In addition to TSH, the TSH receptor on thyroid glands may be activated by _____ (Graves disease)

Answer: Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb)

Flashcard 813: IgA nephropathy is characterized by _____ proliferation on light microscopy

Answer: mesangial

Flashcard 814: Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by systemic _____

Answer: amyloidosis

Flashcard 815: Herpes encephalitis is associated with increased _____ in the CSF

Answer: lymphocytes / RBCs (cell type / types)

Flashcard 816: _____ is a type II HR that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis.

Answer: Rheumatic fever

Flashcard 817: Wilson disease is also known as _____

Answer: hepatolenticular degeneration

Flashcard 818: Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones are caused by _____ positive organisms

Answer: urease

Flashcard 819: The presence of endometrial tissue (endometriosis) in the uterine myometrium is known as _____

Answer: adenomyosis

Flashcard 820: Patients with cavernous hemangiomas in the brain are at risk of developing an _____

Answer: intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Flashcard 821: Which form of hydrocephalus is caused by decreased brain tissue (atrophy)? _____

Answer: Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Flashcard 822: Chronic gout leads to _____ formation, which are white, chalky aggregates of uric acid crystals

Answer: tophus

Flashcard 823: _____ is a trinucleotide repeat disorder that causes degeneration of the cerebellum and multiple spinal cord tracts

Answer: Friedreich ataxia

Flashcard 824: What immunofluorescence findings are usually associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? _____

Answer: None (no immune complex deposits)

Flashcard 825: von Willebrand disease is associated with an abnormal _____ assay

Answer: Ristocetin

Flashcard 826: Dissemination of Histoplasmosis to the liver and spleen occurs in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised

Flashcard 827: Reye syndrome presents with _____-vesicular fatty change in the liver, hypoglycemia, vomiting, hepatomegaly, and eventually coma/death

Answer: micro

Flashcard 828: Which renal arteriole is initially affected by non-enzymatic glycation? _____

Answer: Efferent arteriole

Flashcard 829: _____ is the age-related hyperplasia of prostatic stroma and glands

Answer: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Flashcard 830: Fibrocystic change of the breast presents as cysts with a _____ appearance on gross exam

Answer: blue-domed

Flashcard 831: Adenomyosis grossly presents with an uniformly enlarged, soft, _____ uterus

Answer: globular

Flashcard 832: Osteoarthritis is characterized by fragments of cartilage floating in the joint space, called "_____"

Answer: joint mice

Flashcard 833: Congential Syphilis is characterized by _____ teeth, or notched-incisors

Answer: Hutchinson's

Flashcard 834: With a factor VIII coagulation factor inhibitor, mixing normal plasma with a patient's plasma _____ correct the PTT (does or doesn't)

Answer: doesn't

Flashcard 835: Residual chronic findings of multiple sclerosis include hypertrophy and hyperplasia of _____

Answer: astrocytes

Flashcard 836: Do spherocytes persist following splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 837: Which cause of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis is associated with c-ANCA (PR3-ANCA)? _____

Answer: Wegener granulomatosis

Flashcard 838: A '_____' glomerular disorder involves < 50% of glomeruli

Answer: focal

Flashcard 839: Is polycystic kidney disease associated with enlargement of the kidneys? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 840: Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by _____ serum iron

Answer: increased

Flashcard 841: Poliovirus causes a(n) _____ paralysis (symmetric/asymmetric)

Answer: asymmetric

Flashcard 842: What is the most common (and severe) form of renal disease in SLE patients? _____

Answer: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN)

Flashcard 843: Spherocytes are less able to maneuver through splenic sinusoids and are thus consumed by _____

Answer: splenic macrophages

Flashcard 844: Patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis have an increased risk for _____; presents as an enlarging thyroid late in disease course

Answer: B-cell (marginal zone) lymphoma

Flashcard 845: A leukemoid reaction is a severe elevation in WBC, typically >_____ cells/mm3

Answer: 50,000

Flashcard 846: During dialysis, end-stage kidneys often develop _____

Answer: cysts

Flashcard 847: Thyroid adenoma, cancer, and cysts all may cause which type of goiter? _____

Answer: Nodular

Flashcard 848: How does urinary excretion of Ca2+ change in Bartter syndrome?_____

Answer: Increased (hypercalciuria)

Flashcard 849: Psoriasis is due to excessive _____ proliferation

Answer: keratinocyte

Flashcard 850: Testicular torsion causes _____ infarction of the testicle

Answer: hemorrhagic

Flashcard 851: What is the first change that occurs in the kidney in a diabetes mellitus patient?_____

Answer: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of GBM

Flashcard 852: Hemoglobin electrophoresis of a patient with -thalassemia major shows little or no _____

Answer: HbA

Flashcard 853: Herpes encephalitis is associated with _____ protein in the CSF

Answer: increased

Flashcard 854: One risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is long-standing _____ (kidney)

Answer: nephrolithiasis

Flashcard 855: Cystine kidney stones may form _____ calculi

Answer: staghorn

Flashcard 856: What renal pathology is associated with sickle cell anemia? _____

Answer: Renal papillary necrosis

Flashcard 857: Which joint pathology is caused by a progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, most often due to "wear and tear"?_____

Answer: Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)

Flashcard 858: What is the most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?_____

Answer: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

Flashcard 859: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is associated with _____ as well as E coli infections

Answer: Proteus

Flashcard 860: Loss of membrane blebs in hereditary spherocytosis renders RBCs _____ instead of disc-shaped

Answer: round (spherocytes)

Flashcard 861: Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by severe acute _____

Answer: pyelonephritis

Flashcard 862: What renal pathology is associated with eosinophils in the urine? _____

Answer: Acute interstitial nephritis

Flashcard 863: Is the metabisulfite screen positive in sickle cell disease or trait? _____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 864: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium are protective against in sickle cell disease?_____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 865: What HLA subtype is associated with multiple sclerosis? _____

Answer: DR2

Flashcard 866: When performing Immunohistochemistry; a _____ stain can be used to identify Astrocytomas, Glioblastomas, Oligodendrogliomas, Ependymomas

Answer: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)

Flashcard 867: Which joint pathology is caused by a synovitis leading to formation of a pannus (inflamed granulation tissue)?_____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Flashcard 868: Which region of the lymph node is not well developed in DiGeorge syndrome?_____

Answer: Paracortex

Flashcard 869: Toxic multinodular goiter is most often due to _____ mutations (60% of cases)

Answer: TSH receptor

Flashcard 870: _____ is a multifocal inflammation and demyelination after infection or vaccination

Answer: Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis

Flashcard 871: Minimal change disease is characterized by _____ glomeruli on light microscopy

Answer: normal

Flashcard 872: Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a form of _____ hydrocephalus (communicating or non-communicating)

Answer: communicating

Flashcard 873: The presence of _____ in a pap smear indicates adequate sampling

Answer: glandular endocervical cells

Flashcard 874: What is the mode of inheritance of Chediak-Higashi syndrome? _____

Answer: Autosomal recessive

Flashcard 875: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of small vessels may cause nodular _____ with Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules; may cause chronic renal failure

Answer: glomerulosclerosis

Flashcard 876: Type II MPGN is associated with _____ circulating levels of C3

Answer: low

Flashcard 877: What chromosomal deletion is associated with DiGeorge syndrome? _____

Answer: 22q11 microdeletion

Flashcard 878: Membranous nephropathy ultimately progresses to _____

Answer: chronic renal failure

Flashcard 879: Fibrocystic changes of the breast generally are _____ (malignant potential)

Answer: benign

Flashcard 880: Frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease) may have ubiquitinated _____ inclusions seen on histology

Answer: TDP-43

Flashcard 881: Osmotic demyelination syndrome is characterized by massive axonal demyelination of the _____ (brain stem area)

Answer: pons

Flashcard 882: Vaginal carcinoma arises from the _____ epithelium lining the vaginal mucosa

Answer: stratified squamous

Flashcard 883: Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) kidney stones classically form _____ in renal calyces

Answer: staghorn calculi

Flashcard 884: Reticulocyte count may be falsely _____ in anemia

Answer: elevated

Flashcard 885: What eye pathology is associated with galactokinase deficiency? _____

Answer: Cataracts

Flashcard 886: Chronic pyelonephritis with scarring at the upper and lower poles is characteristic of _____

Answer: vesicoureteral reflux

Flashcard 887: The third most common type of kidney stone (5%) is a _____ stone

Answer: uric acid

Flashcard 888: Chronic Caisson disease (decompression sickness) is characterized by multifocal ischemic necrosis of _____

Answer: bone

Flashcard 889: Circulating _____ deposition causes glomerular damage and subsequent nephritic syndrome in Post-strep glomerulonephritis

Answer: immune complex

Flashcard 890: The 'tram-track' appearance associated with MPGN is due to basement membrane splitting caused by _____ cell ingrowth

Answer: mesangial

Flashcard 891: Nephritic syndrome occurs due to _____ disruption

Answer: GBM

Flashcard 892: Which type(s) of cells line the fibrovascular projections of an intraductal papilloma of the breast? _____

Answer: both epithelial (luminal) and myoepithelial cells

Flashcard 893: _____ is a CNS tumor that is similar to germ cell tumors (e.g. testicular seminoma)

Answer: Pinealoma

Flashcard 894: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-strauss) is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis

Answer: small

Flashcard 895: What finding emerges on blood smear following splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis? _____

Answer: Howell-Jolly bodies

Flashcard 896: What type of kidney stone may result from ethylene glycol (antifreeze) ingestion? _____

Answer: Calcium oxalate

Flashcard 897: What MSK pathology presents with bone pain and systemic signs of infection (e.g. fever, leukocytosis)?_____

Answer: Osteomyelitis

Flashcard 898: What is the diagnostic test of choice for diagnosing mucormycosis?_____

Answer: Mucosal biopsy

Flashcard 899: Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is the infantile form (type 1) of _____

Answer: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

Flashcard 900: Tabes Dorsalis is characterized by _____ joints due to loss of proprioception

Answer: charcot

Flashcard 901: Microscopic polyangiitis is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis

Answer: small

Flashcard 902: The E. coli O157:H7 _____-toxin damages endothelial cells, resulting in platelet microthrombi (e.g. HUS)

Answer: vero

Flashcard 903: Which skin disorder is characterized by congenital lack of pigmentation?_____

Answer: Albinism

Flashcard 904: What is the mode of inheritance of tuberous sclerosis?_____

Answer: Autosomal dominant

Flashcard 905: Hemoglobin C disease is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis

Answer: extravascular

Flashcard 906: What MSK pathology is associated with metaphyseal cupping/fraying?_____

Answer: Rickets

Flashcard 907: Acute interstitial nephritis may progress to renal _____ necrosis

Answer: papillary

Flashcard 908: What significant laboratory finding is associated with microscopic polyangiitis?_____

Answer: positive p-ANCA

Flashcard 909: What is the prognosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis? _____

Answer: Poor prognosis

Flashcard 910: What CNS complication can arise with measles (rubeola)?_____

Answer: Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis (SSPE) (long)

Flashcard 911: A '_____' glomerular disorder involves > 50% of glomeruli

Answer: diffuse

Flashcard 912: Does non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia present with hypersegmented neutrophils? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 913: Some forms of osteogenesis imperfecta have tooth abnormalities, including opalescent teeth that wear easily due to lack of _____

Answer: dentin

Flashcard 914: Cystine kidney stones precipitate with _____ urine pH

Answer: low

Flashcard 915: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by impaired phagolysosome formation? _____

Answer: Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Flashcard 916: Myeloproliferative disorders may progress to marrow _____ or transform to acute leukemia

Answer: fibrosis

Flashcard 917: _____ is the result of recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis

Answer: Chronic pyelonephritis

Flashcard 918: Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease (ADTKD) has the potential to present with cysts in the _____

Answer: medullary collecting ducts

Flashcard 919: If RPGN has no immunofluorescence pattern, it is termed _____ glomerulonephritis

Answer: pauci-immune

Flashcard 920: Why may PTT be elevated in von Willebrand disease? _____

Answer: Decreased factor VIII half-life (vWF normally stabilizes factor VIII)

Flashcard 921: BK virus can result in _____ stenosis

Answer: ureteral

Flashcard 922: One complication of acute pyelonephritis is renal _____ necrosis

Answer: papillary

Flashcard 923: Sickle cell anemia is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which initially leads to enlargement of the _____

Answer: liver and the spleen

Flashcard 924: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ultimately progresses to _____

Answer: chronic renal failure

Flashcard 925: A coagulation factor inhibitor is an _____ against a coagulation factor, resulting in impaired factor function

Answer: acquired antibody

Flashcard 926: What congenital disorder can cause this spinal cord lesion? _____

Answer: Werdnig-Hoffmann (Spinal Muscular Atrophy type 1) disease (specific)

Flashcard 927: What is the state of the adrenal glands in Cushing syndrome due to exogenous corticosteroids (hyperplasia, atrophy; one, both)? _____

Answer: Atrophy of both adrenal glands

Flashcard 928: What type of hydrocephalus may be seen with Huntington disease? _____

Answer: Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Flashcard 929: How long does the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis last?_____

Answer: 1-3 weeks

Flashcard 930: _____ of tertiary syphilis can occur on the skin, bones or internal organs

Answer: Gummas

Flashcard 931: What two underlying pathologies are associated with hyaline arteriolosclerosis? _____

Answer: Benign hypertension, diabetes

Flashcard 932: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by increased levels of _____ protein in the CSF

Answer: myelin basic

Flashcard 933: Alzheimer disease is characterized by _____ of gyri

Answer: narrowing

Flashcard 934: Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by _____ polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

Answer: hypersegmented

Flashcard 935: In Bernard-Soulier syndrome there is a defect in platelet _____

Answer: adhesion

Flashcard 936: IgA nephropathy is characterized by _____ (location) immune complex deposits on electron microscopy

Answer: mesangial

Flashcard 937: Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones precipitate with _____ urine pH

Answer: high

Flashcard 938: What disease is associated with this spinal cord lesion? _____

Answer: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Flashcard 939: What pathology may be caused by an isochromosome in the X chromosome? _____

Answer: Turner's syndrome (46,X,i(Xq))

Flashcard 940: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of small vessels can cause hyaline _____ of the kidney, which may lead to chronic renal failure

Answer: arteriolosclerosis

Flashcard 941: What pathologic RBC is associated with myelofibrosis? _____

Answer: "Tear drop" cells (dacrocyte)

Flashcard 942: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a "fish net" (reticular) pattern on immunofluorescence? _____

Answer: Pemphigus vulgaris

Flashcard 943: Is polycystic kidney disease heritable? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 944: Primary CNS lymphoma must be distinguished from _____ infection via CSF analysis or other lab tests

Answer: toxoplasmosis

Flashcard 945: Which area of the brain is particularly sensitive to damage in Alzheimer disease? _____

Answer: Hippocampus

Flashcard 946: Chediak-Higashi syndrome is associated with defective _____ hemostasis

Answer: primary

Flashcard 947: _____ is characterized histologically by acanthosis with parakeratosis

Answer: Psoriasis

Flashcard 948: Hemochromatosis may be primary; due to _____ mutations in iron absorption

Answer: autosomal recessive (inheritance pattern)

Flashcard 949: _____ is an acute generalized cortical infarction of both kidneys

Answer: Diffuse cortical necrosis

Flashcard 950: What disease is associated with this spinal cord lesion? _____

Answer: Syringomyelia

Flashcard 951: Are sebaceous glands inflamed in Seborrheic Dermatitis?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 952: Sarcoidosis is likely due to CD_____+ T-cell response to an unknown antigen

Answer: 4

Flashcard 953: Osteoarthritis is characterized by _____ formation, which are reactive bony outgrowths

Answer: osteophyte

Flashcard 954: What is the mode of inheritance of Bartter syndrome? _____

Answer: Autosomal recessive

Flashcard 955: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with increased risk of developing communicating high pressure and/or obstructive _____

Answer: hydrocephalus

Flashcard 956: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized histologically by detachment of the basal cell layer from the basement membrane? _____

Answer: Bullous pemphigoid

Flashcard 957: Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with esophageal web (e.g. Plummer-Vinson syndrome)? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Flashcard 958: Periductal mastitis presents as a subareolar mass with _____ due to pull from myofibroblasts during healing

Answer: nipple retraction

Flashcard 959: Osteomyelitis may be seen on X-ray as a _____ focus (sequestrum) surrounded by sclerosis (involucrum)

Answer: lytic

Flashcard 960: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by a _____ pattern on immunofluorescence

Answer: granular

Flashcard 961: Proteus mirabilis is a gram negative bacteria that classically forms large, _____ (form from struvite stones) in the renal pelvis

Answer: 'staghorn' calculi

Flashcard 962: In addition to ascending UTI (most common), acute pyelonephritis may be caused by _____ spread to the kidney

Answer: hematogenous

Flashcard 963: Poststreptococcal glomerulonephris is characterized by enlarged and _____-cellular glomeruli on light microscopy

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 964: Post-strep glomerulonephritis occurs _____ (time) post GAS infection

Answer: 2 wks

Flashcard 965: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by high levels of _____ (e.g. tumor lysis syndrome)

Answer: uric acid

Flashcard 966: What pathology is characterized by degeneration of the basal nucleus of Meynert? _____

Answer: Alzheimer disease

Flashcard 967: What type of collagen is decreased in osteogenesis imperfecta type I?_____

Answer: Type I

Flashcard 968: Hereditary spherocytosis is most often inherited in an _____ pattern

Answer: autosomal dominant

Flashcard 969: What spinal cord level is most commonly affected by poliovirus? _____

Answer: Lumbar levels

Flashcard 970: Which developmental pathology is characterized by bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis, and situs inversus? _____

Answer: Kartagener syndrome

Flashcard 971: _____ renal cysts are very common and account for majority of all renal masses; typically asymptomatic

Answer: Simple

Flashcard 972: Is myelofibrosis associated with JAK2 mutations?_____

Answer: Yes (30-50%)

Flashcard 973: The antibody-bound platelets in ITP are consumed by _____, resulting in thrombocytopenia

Answer: splenic macrophages

Flashcard 974: The hyperfiltration in diabetic glomerulonephropathy can lead to eosinophilic nodular glomerulosclerosis, known as _____ nodules

Answer: Kimmelstiel-Wilson

Flashcard 975: The 'blueberry muffin' rash seen in multiple congenital infections is due to _____

Answer: dermal erythropoiesis

Flashcard 976: One hematological pathology that is due to abnormal splicing variants is _____

Answer: -thalassemia

Flashcard 977: Which cause of genital ulceration presents with donovan bodies on biopsy?_____

Answer: Granuloma inguinale/donovanosis (Klebsiella granulomatis)

Flashcard 978: Osteogenesis imperfecta may present with _____ due to abnormal ossicles

Answer: hearing loss

Flashcard 979: HIV-associated dementia can result in activation of _____ cells that form nodules

Answer: microglial

Flashcard 980: _____ is due to an inherited defect of RBC cytoskeleton-membrane tethering proteins

Answer: Hereditary spherocytosisis

Flashcard 981: Which types of amyloidosis deposit systemically? _____

Answer: Primary (AL) and secondary (AA)

Flashcard 982: What type of cast may be seen in end-stage renal disease and chronic renal failure? _____

Answer: Waxy casts or broad casts (2)

Flashcard 983: RPGN with a granular immunofluorescence pattern is more commonly due to _____

Answer: poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 984: Lichen _____ is hyperplasia of vulvar squamous epithelium

Answer: simplex chronicus

Flashcard 985: What is the most common leukodystrophy?_____

Answer: Metachromatic leukodystrophy

Flashcard 986: What immunofluorescence findings are associated with minimal change disease? _____

Answer: None (no immune complex deposits)

Flashcard 987: The splenomegaly seen with infectious mononucleosis is due to T-cell hyperplasia in the _____ of the spleen

Answer: periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

Flashcard 988: SCID may be caused by a defective _____ receptor (most common)

Answer: IL-2

Flashcard 989: Persistence of the primary spongiosa in the medullary cavity of bone with no mature trabeculae is a classic finding in which bone pathology?_____

Answer: Osteopetrosis

Flashcard 990: Vitamin D deficiency causes _____ in adults; presents as bone pain, muscle weakness

Answer: osteomalacia

Flashcard 991: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is a mitochondrial disorder caused primarily by a degeneration of _____ of the optic nerve

Answer: retinal ganglion cells

Flashcard 992: Which type of cast is classically seen in glomerulonephritis and hypertensive emergency? _____

Answer: RBC casts

Flashcard 993: What is the prognosis of the mucinous carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? _____

Answer: Good

Flashcard 994: DIC typically presents with _____ bleeding time

Answer: increased

Flashcard 995: Histologically, patients with diabetic neuropathy will have endoneural arteriole _____

Answer: hyalinization

Flashcard 996: One cause of anemia due to underproduction is parvovirus B19, which infects progenitor red cells and temporarily halts _____

Answer: erythropoiesis

Keywords: Systemic Pathology flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

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Systemic Pathology — Flashcards

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