Pancreatic diseases — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: What endocrine pathology is a risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 2: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by _____, which can occur with crush injuries

Answer: myoglobinuria

Flashcard 3: Identify the causes or mechanisms of splenomegaly for the following categories: - Inflammatory infiltration - Myeloproliferative disorder - Passive splenic congestion - Presence of circulating immune complexes - Red pulp hyperplasia - Undegraded metabolite accumulation

Answer: - Inflammatory infiltration: Chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, malaria). - Myeloproliferative disorder: Examples include Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Primary Myelofibrosis. - Passive splenic congestion: Portal hypertension (e.g., cirrhosis), splenic vein thrombosis, or congestive heart failure. - Presence of circulating immune complexes: Classically seen in Infective Endocarditis. - Red pulp hyperplasia: Removal of defective/deformed RBCs (e.g., Hereditary Spherocytosis, Pyruvate Kinase deficiency). - Undegraded metabolite accumulation: Lysosomal storage diseases such as Niemann-Pick disease and Gaucher disease (accumulation of sphingomyelin and glucocerebroside, respectively).

Flashcard 4: Chronic Caisson disease (decompression sickness) is characterized by multifocal ischemic necrosis of _____

Answer: bone

Flashcard 5: Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease (ADTKD) has the potential to present with cysts in the _____

Answer: medullary collecting ducts

Flashcard 6: Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by high levels of _____ (e.g. tumor lysis syndrome)

Answer: uric acid

Flashcard 7: _____ is a complication of GAS pharyngitis or skin infection that presents with hematuria (cola-colored urine) and facial swelling.

Answer: PSGN (post strep glomerulonephritis)

Flashcard 8: What is the enzyme deficiency and accumulated substrate in Niemann-Pick disease?

Answer: Lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency in sphingomyelinase, leading to accumulation of sphingomyelin.

Extra: • Clinical Features: Progressive neurodegeneration, hepatosplenomegaly, and cherry-red spot on macula. • Pathology: Foam cells (lipid-laden macrophages) are characteristic. • Genetics: Autosomal recessive (AR). • Population: Increased frequency in Ashkenazi Jews. *Distinction: Unlike Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick presents with hepatosplenomegaly.*

Flashcard 9: Gaucher's disease

Answer:

Extra: accumulation of glucocerebrosidehepatosplenomegaly, aseptic necrosis of femur, bone crisescrumpled-paper cells Ashkenazi JewARglucocerebrosidase

Flashcard 10: Patau's syndrome

Answer: Trisomy 13 Key features: Microphthalmia, Microcephaly, Cleft lip/palate, Polydactyly, Holoprosencephaly, and Rocker-bottom feet.

Extra: First trimester pregnancy screen: - Decreased β-hCG - Decreased PAPP-A - Ultrasound: Increased nuchal translucency Note: Most cases result in death within the first year of life.