High-risk pregnancies — Flashcards

Flashcard 31: What is the definition of male pseudo-hermaphroditism (46,XY DSD)?

Answer: Testes present, with external genitalia female or ambiguous.

Extra: Occurs when the individual is XY (chromosomal male) but has feminized or ambiguous external genitalia. Common causes include Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) or 5-alpha-reductase deficiency.

Flashcard 32: What is the primary cause of female pseudohermaphroditism (46,XX DSD)?

Answer: Excessive exposure to androgens during gestation

Extra: Ovaries are present, but external genitalia are virilized or ambiguous. Most common cause is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH).

Flashcard 33: What are the key clinical features and laboratory findings in Turner syndrome?

Answer: Karyotype: 45,X0 Features: female, short stature, ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovaries), shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, webbed neck, preductal coarctation of aorta, horseshoe kidney, lymphedema. Labs: Increased LH, FSH; Decreased Estrogen.

Extra: Turner syndrome (45,X) is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea. - Mosaicism (e.g., 45,X/46,XX) can occur. - Pregnancy is possible via oocyte donation. - Associated with increased risk of gonadoblastoma if Y chromosome material is present (though most Turner cases are 45,X). - No Barr bodies (Barr bodies = # of X chromosomes - 1).

Flashcard 34: bicornate uterus

Answer: incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

Extra: urinary tract abnormalities and miscarriages

Flashcard 35: The umbilical arteries carry _____ blood from the _____ arteries to the _____.

Answer: deoxygenated

Flashcard 36: Identify #9 in the image:

Answer: chorion

Flashcard 37: Identify the structure labeled '5' in the diagram of the pregnant uterus.

Answer: Placenta

Flashcard 38: Identify structure '3' in the diagram of placental circulation:

Answer: Maternal blood in the intervillous space (Placental lacunae)

Flashcard 39: Identify the structure shown in the image (labeled 1):

Answer: chorionic villi

Flashcard 40: Most common congenital malformations associated with pregestational maternal diabetes

Answer: Caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects (eg, Transposition of Great Vessels), and neural tube defects

Extra: Caudal regression syndrome is the most specific malformation associated with maternal diabetes, although heart defects are more common. Note: This risk is associated with pregestational diabetes (poor glycemic control during organogenesis), not gestational diabetes.