High-risk pregnancies — Flashcards

Flashcard 211: In addition to caudal regression syndrome, maternal diabetes may result in congenital _____ defects, neural tube defects, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia in newborns

Answer: heart

Extra: * "fetal macrosomia" is used to describe a newborn who's significantly larger than average

Flashcard 212: Assuming RhoGam is not given, the first time a mother is Rh- and delivers a Rh+ fetus, the mother will form _____ antibodies.

Answer: anti-D IgG

Flashcard 213: Poor maternal glucose control leads to excessive transplacental _____ transfer to the fetus

Answer: glucose

Flashcard 214: Why does PCOS increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer? _____

Answer: Exposure to estrogen only, without progesterone

Extra: * Estrogen without progesterone -> no ovulation -> no luteal phase -> no corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

Flashcard 215: _____ is the presence of too much amniotic fluid and may be associated with fetal malformations (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia due to inability to swallow)

Answer: Polyhydramnios

Flashcard 216: _____ twins arise from 1 fertilized egg (1 egg + 1 sperm) that splits in early pregnancy

Answer: Monozygotic (“identical”)

Flashcard 217: Leiomyoma (fibroid) is related to _____ exposure

Answer: estrogen

Extra: Green overlay: leiomyoma tissue; transverse section White overlay: leiomyoma tissue; longitudinal section Black arrows: mitotic figure White arrows: blood vessels Uterine leiomyoma Limited assessment possible as only one image is accessible: This image is of a transvaginal ultrasound, whereby the transducer is positioned near the cervix and the sound waves are sent cranially, resulting in a sagittal section of the uterine corpus (D) and cervix (C). The endometrium (A) lies central in the uterus and is termed endometrial stripe in ultrasound. There are three suspected myomas (B) in the myometrium, with both cranially located myomas heterogeneous and hypoechoic and the myoma at the bottom of the image demonstrating calcifications.

Flashcard 218: Patients who are undergoing IVF with ovulation induction (e.g., hCG therapy) are at risk of developing _____ syndrome

Answer: ovarian hyperstimulation

Extra: OHSS is a known complication of ovulation induction, typically triggered by hCG administration which mimics the LH surge but has a much longer half-life.

Flashcard 219: The presence of cord entanglement is indicative of _____ twins

Answer: monoamniotic

Flashcard 220: _____ is pregnancy-induced hypertension with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction after 20th week of gestation

Answer: Preeclampsia