High-risk pregnancies — Flashcards

Flashcard 211: Assuming RhoGam is not given, the first time a mother is Rh- and delivers a Rh+ fetus, the mother will form _____ antibodies.

Answer: anti-D IgG

Flashcard 212: Poor maternal glucose control leads to excessive transplacental _____ transfer to the fetus

Answer: glucose

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 213: In addition to caudal regression syndrome, maternal diabetes may result in congenital _____ defects, neural tube defects, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia in newborns

Answer: heart

Extra:  * "fetal macrosomia" is used to describe a newborn who's significantly larger than average Watch Right to Left Shunts [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-congenital-heart-disease-right-to-left-shunts?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki 

Flashcard 214: _____ twins arise from 1 fertilized egg (1 egg + 1 sperm) that splits in early pregnancy

Answer: Monozygotic (“identical”)

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 215: Leiomyoma (fibroid) is related to _____ exposure

Answer: estrogen

Extra:    https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/endometrial-cancer/acquire?ref=anki  Green overlay: leiomyoma tissue; transverse section White overlay: leiomyoma tissue; longitudinal section Black arrows: mitotic figure White arrows: blood vessels Uterine leiomyoma Limited assessment possible as only one image is accessible: This image is of a transvaginal ultrasound, whereby the transducer is positioned near the cervix and the sound waves are sent cranially, resulting in a sagittal section of the uterine corpus (D) and cervix (C). The endometrium (A) lies central in the uterus and is termed endometrial stripe in ultrasound. There are three suspected myomas (B) in the myometrium, with both cranially located myomas heterogeneous and hypoechoic and the myoma at the bottom of the image demonstrating calcifications. 

Flashcard 216: Patients who are undergoing IVF with ovulation induction (e.g., hCG therapy) are at risk of developing _____ syndrome

Answer: ovarian hyperstimulation

Extra: OHSS is a known complication of ovulation induction, typically triggered by hCG administration which mimics the LH surge but has a much longer half-life.

Flashcard 217: Why does PCOS increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer? _____

Answer: Exposure to estrogen only, without progesterone

Extra:  * Estrogen without progesterone -> no ovulation -> no luteal phase -> no corpus luteum to secrete progesterone Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 218: _____ is the presence of too much amniotic fluid and may be associated with fetal malformations (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia due to inability to swallow)

Answer: Polyhydramnios

Extra:   Watch Polyhydramnios & Oligohydramnios [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-polyhydramnios-and-oligohydramnios?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 219: The presence of cord entanglement is indicative of _____ twins

Answer: monoamniotic

Extra:   https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics/multiple-gestations/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 220: _____ is pregnancy-induced hypertension with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction after 20th week of gestation

Answer: Preeclampsia

Extra:   Watch Gestational Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-gestational-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pathology-of-pregnancy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics/eclampsia/acquire?ref=anki