Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1881: Diffuse goiter and diffuse radioactive iodine uptake = _____

Answer: Graves disease

Flashcard 1882: All patients with acute COPD exacerbation should receive inhaled bronchodilators (albuterol/ipratropium nebulizer) and systemic _____

Answer: corticosteroids

Flashcard 1883: Which stroke subtype is characterized by abrupt neurological symptoms that are typically maximal at the start? _____

Answer: Embolic ischemic stroke

Flashcard 1884: Acute angle-closure glaucoma is characterized by sudden, painful vision loss with "_____" around lights

Answer: halos

Flashcard 1885: What valvular defect is a possible complication of aortic dissection? _____

Answer: Aortic regurgitation

Flashcard 1886: **Intermittent asthma** is defined by the following "Rule of 2" thresholds: - Use of short acting bronchodilator (SABA) ≤ _____ - Nocturnal awakenings ≤ _____ - SABA refills < 2 inhalers / year

Answer: 2X / week

Extra: The "Rule of 2" is a clinical heuristic used to distinguish between intermittent and persistent asthma. According to NAEPP (EPR-3) guidelines: - **Intermittent**: Symptoms/SABA use ≤ 2 days/week; Nighttime awakenings ≤ 2x/month. Treatment: Step 1 (SABA PRN). - **Mild Persistent**: Symptoms/SABA use > 2 days/week (but not daily); Nighttime awakenings 3-4x/month. Treatment: Step 2 (Low-dose ICS). Note: GINA guidelines (2019+) now recommend PRN ICS-Formoterol or ICS+SABA for Step 1 (intermittent) asthma, but many board exams still follow the NAEPP distinction where intermittent asthma does not require daily maintenance therapy.

Flashcard 1887: Diagnosis of polymyositis or dermatomyositis is made with _____ and confirmed with muscle biopsy

Answer: EMG

Flashcard 1888: Symptoms of intracranial hypertension includes headache worse at _____, nausea/vomiting, and mental status changes

Answer: morning

Flashcard 1889: _____ is a respiratory complication of drowning that is more common with contaminated water

Answer: Pneumonia

Flashcard 1890: What retinal pathology is associated with a "blood and thunder" appearance on funduscopy? _____

Answer: Central retinal vein occlusion