Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: What formula is used to calculate loading dose? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 2: What formula is used to calculate half-life in first-order elimination kinetics? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 3: What formula is used to estimate volume of distribution (Vd)? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 4: What formula is used to calculate maintenance dose? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 5: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Does the blue curve represent an inhaled anesthetic with a high or low blood solubility? _____

Answer: Low (quickly saturated, e.g. N2O)

Flashcard 6: Any medications, blood products, and fluids can_____ be administered through Intraosseous route

Answer:  

Flashcard 7: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Does the red curve represent an inhaled anesthetic with a high or low blood solubility? _____

Answer: High (slowly saturated, e.g. halothane)

Flashcard 8: in OPV _____ serotype has max efficiency and intestinal absorption

Answer: P2

Extra: 

Flashcard 9: Phenytoin follows _____-order kinetics at lower concentrations. As the concentration increases, the elimination changes to zero-order kinetics.

Answer: first

Flashcard 10: Warfarin's onset of action is _____ - 12 hours (slow)

Answer: 8

Flashcard 11: Aminoglycosides exert _____-dependent killing and a long post-antibiotic effect

Answer: concentration

Flashcard 12: In first-order kinetics, a drug infused at a constant rate takes _____ - 5 half-lives to reach steady state

Answer: 4

Flashcard 13: _____ is an mTOR inhibitor that binds FKBP

Answer: Sirolimus (rapamycin)

Flashcard 14: Tertiary amine local anesthetics penetrate the cell membrane in a(n) _____ form and then bind to ion channels in a(n) charged form (charged or uncharged)

Answer: uncharged

Flashcard 15: Thiopental is a barbiturate with a rapid onset and short duration of action due to high potency, and high amount of _____ionized fraction and high lipid solubility

Answer: un

Flashcard 16: Plasma levels of thiopental decrease rapidly due to redistribution to _____ and adipose

Answer: skeletal muscle

Flashcard 17: _____ is a dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor eliminated by the hepatobiliary route.

Answer: Linagliptin

Flashcard 18: Pregabalin is a gabapentinoid that works by binding the _____ subunit of N-type voltage gated calcium channels

Answer: 2

Flashcard 19: Oral nitrate preparations require _____ dosing due to first pass metabolism

Answer: large

Flashcard 20: Cocaine is metabolised by _____ as well as the liver (primary)

Answer: psedocholinesterase

Flashcard 21: Typical antipsychotics have _____ lipid solubility and thus long half lives

Answer: high

Flashcard 22: _____ drugs generally bind to plasma albumin in the blood

Answer: Acidic

Flashcard 23: Antihistamines_____ generation H1 receptor antagonists may antagonize muscarinic receptors, leading to significant anti-cholinergic effects

Answer: 1st

Flashcard 24: All statins, except for _____, are metabolized by cytochrome p450

Answer: pravastatin

Flashcard 25: Aspirin at _____ doses decreases uric acid reabsorption in the renal tubules

Answer: high

Flashcard 26: Pegloticase converts _____ into water soluble allantoin

Answer: uric acid

Flashcard 27: At _____ urine pH, the B form of a weak base exists, thus decreasing excretion

Answer: alkaline

Flashcard 28: About _____% of phenytoin is bound to plasma proteins -mainly albumin

Answer: 90

Flashcard 29: Dialysis is _____ in removing the drugs if they are sufficiently present in the free form in the plasma*AVOID dialysis?

Answer: effective

Flashcard 30: Drugs that are more _____ and have a higher volume of distribution are preferentially processed by the liver

Answer: lipophilic

Flashcard 31: Because propofol is highly _____, it quickly accumulates in tissues receiving high blood flow, and then is slowly redistributed to organs receiving less blood flow

Answer: lipophilic

Flashcard 32: PDE-5 inhibitors work by preventing breakdown of _____ to produce prolonged smooth muscle relaxation

Answer: cGMP

Flashcard 33: At _____ urine pH, the A- form of a weak acid exists, thus increasing excretion

Answer: alkaline

Flashcard 34: Aspirin at _____ doses inhibits uric acid excretion in the renal tubules

Answer: low

Flashcard 35: Platelet-activating factor is given through the intra_____ route maintaining an angle of 15 degrees

Answer: dermal

Flashcard 36: The pharmacological actions of heroin are mainly attributed to metabolites _____ and morphine.

Answer: monoacetylmorphine

Flashcard 37: Quinine has a _____ effect on pancreatic beta cells and can cause hypoglycemia.

Answer: stimulatory

Flashcard 38: Mechanism of action of MgSO4: It is a membrane _____ and a neuroprotector by reducing motor endplate sensitivity to Ach

Answer: stabiliser

Flashcard 39: Since methotrexate is a _____, a methotrexate overdose can be treated with Bicarbonate in order to alkalinize urine

Answer: weak acid

Flashcard 40: By interfering with tubulin function, Colchicine disrupts the _____ of neutrophils

Answer: cytoskeleton

Flashcard 41: All of the _____ local anesthetics are metabolised by amidases in the liver except articaine

Answer: amide

Flashcard 42: Probenecid _____ proximal renal tubular reabsorption of uric acid

Answer: decreases

Flashcard 43: All of the _____ Local anesthetics are metabolised by plasma cholinesterases except cocaine

Answer: ester

Flashcard 44: In _____ order kinetics clearance is more at low concentration and less at high concentration

Answer: zero

Flashcard 45: Fenoldopam exerts its effects by acting on the D_____ receptor (A Gs receptor), thus increasing levels of cAMP, causing vasodilation in most arterial beds

Answer: 1

Flashcard 46: _____ drugs generally bind to -1 acid glycoprotein in the blood

Answer: Basic

Flashcard 47: In _____ order kinetics, half-life is less at low concentration and more at high concentration

Answer: zero

Flashcard 48: P-glycoprotein is normally found in the _____ and renal tubular epithelial cells to eliminate foreign compounds from the body

Answer: intestinal

Flashcard 49: After a single use of marijuana, _____ (active principle of Cannabis) can be detected in urine tests for up to 3 days.

Answer: tetrahydrocannabinol

Flashcard 50: Examples of drugs eliminated by zero-order elimination include _____, ethanol, and aspirin (high concentrations)

Answer: phenytoin

Flashcard 51: Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics have a _____ duration of action due to rapid metabolism by the liver

Answer: short

Flashcard 52: The main _____ pregabalin has over gabapentin is that it is more bioavailable

Answer: advantage

Flashcard 53: Inhaled anesthetics with _____ solubility in blood have a faster onset of action

Answer: lower

Flashcard 54: All barbiturates (thiopentone, thiamylal, methohexital) other than _____ are metabolized by liver

Answer: phenobarbitone

Flashcard 55: The _____ of an inhaled anesthetic may also be referred to as the blood:gas partition coefficient

Answer: solubility

Flashcard 56: Aminoglycosides are _____ compounds and are excreted usually unchanged in the urine

Answer: polar

Flashcard 57: Colchicine binds _____, preventing polymerization of microtubules

Answer: tubulin

Flashcard 58: Mechanism of action of ivermectin primarily involves activation of _____-gated chloride channels found only in the invertebrates

Answer: glutamate

Flashcard 59: Colchicine works by inhibiting intracellular _____ polymerization through binding and stabilizing tubulin

Answer: microtubule

Flashcard 60: _____ and ribavirin inhibit IMP dehydrogenase, preventing conversion of IMP to GMP (purine synthesis)

Answer: Mycophenolate

Flashcard 61: Endogenously secreted insulin has a half life of around _____

Answer: 5-6 minutes

Flashcard 62: _____ has a better absorption compared to levothyroxine

Answer: Liothyronine

Flashcard 63: _____ insulin has a more rapid onset and duration of action than other insulin preparations.

Answer: Inhaled

Flashcard 64: Imipramine forms an active metabolite _____

Answer: Desipramine

Flashcard 65: Rifampicin is eliminated via the _____ route

Answer: hepatobiliary

Flashcard 66: The metabolites of atracurium and cis-atracurium are monoquaternary acrylate and _____.

Answer: laudanosine

Flashcard 67: Which enzyme in the heme synthesis pathway is induced by barbiturates (and related drugs)?_____

Answer: -aminolaevulinic (ALA)-synthase

Flashcard 68: _____ and ofloxacin have the maximum bioavailability among fluoroquinolones.

Answer: Levofloxacin

Flashcard 69: Ropivacaine is _____ potent than bupivacaine

Answer: less

Flashcard 70: Which protease inhibitor undergoes metabolism by CYP2C19 instead of CYP3A4?_____

Answer: Nelfinavir

Flashcard 71: Burn patients will require a _____ concentration of antibiotics

Answer: higher (lower/higher)

Flashcard 72: Which parameter is used to asses the extent of drug absorption in a plasma concentration vs. time graph?_____

Answer: Area under curve

Flashcard 73: Which parameter is used to asses the peak plasma concentration in a plasma concentration vs. time graph?_____

Answer: Cmax

Flashcard 74: Type _____ nerve fibres are most susceptible to local anesthetics in practice

Answer: B

Flashcard 75: Absorption of salicylates in stomach is an example of _____

Answer: Nonionic diffusion (transport mechanism)

Flashcard 76: Rabies vaccine should never be administered in the _____ area

Answer: gluteal

Flashcard 77: The peak concentration of aminoglycosides following intramuscular administration occurs after _____ minutes.

Answer: 30-90

Flashcard 78: The loading dose of a drug is governed primarily by its _____

Answer: Vd

Flashcard 79: Spironolactone is metabolized completely by the liver, giving _____

Answer: Canrenone

Flashcard 80: Time for peak plasma concentration (Tmax) of a drug indicates the rate of _____ from the administered site.

Answer: absorption

Flashcard 81: Which "-flurane" drug undergoes maximum metabolism by our body?_____

Answer: Methoxyflurane

Flashcard 82: Highest blood concentrations of local anesthetic are seen after IV injection f/b _____ injection

Answer: tracheal

Flashcard 83: Which of the RIPE drugs are eliminated by the renal route?_____

Answer: Ethambutol

Flashcard 84: Drugs administered via endotracheal route need their doses increased by _____ times higher than IV route

Answer: 2-2.5

Flashcard 85: _____ effect is when, at a particular blood alcohol level, the intoxicating effects are greater when the blood alcohol concentration is rising than when it is falling

Answer: Mellanby

Flashcard 86: Which parameter is used to asses the time to attain peak plasma concentration in a plasma concentration vs. time graph?_____

Answer: Tmax

Flashcard 87: Which opioid receptors act by decreasing intestinal secretions without affecting motility?_____

Answer: delta-receptors

Flashcard 88: _____ is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of one drug produces tolerance to another drug

Answer: Cross-tolerance

Flashcard 89: The half-life of letrozole is _____ hours.

Answer: 45

Flashcard 90: Ropivacaine has a _____ duration of action than bupivacaine

Answer: shorter

Flashcard 91: _____ is mainly metabolized in the liver and hence avoided in patients with liver disease

Answer: Pefloxacin (Fluoroquinolone)

Flashcard 92: Local anesthetics with a pKa closest to physiological pH (7.4) will have _____ onset of action

Answer: faster

Flashcard 93: Doxacurium, pancuronium, vecuronium, and pipecuronium are dependent on _____ for excretion

Answer: kidneys

Flashcard 94: Which CYP enzyme is important for the activation of procarcinogens?_____

Answer: CYP1A1/2

Flashcard 95: P-glycoprotein is also known as _____

Answer: MDR1

Flashcard 96: Which anti-HIV drugs are eliminated primarily by glucuronidation by UGT1A1?_____

Answer: Integrase inhibitors

Flashcard 97: Levodopa is a polar compound and can cross the blood brain with the help of _____

Answer: amino-acid transporter (channel)

Flashcard 98: A _____ in dose of theophylline is required in smokers

Answer: increase

Flashcard 99: Administration of which antimalarial is recommended with a high-fatty meal?_____

Answer: Lumefantrine

Flashcard 100: _____ is a prodrug.

Answer: Prednisone (Prednisone/Prednisolone)

Flashcard 101: What is the shape of DRC for a ligand which downregulates its receptors?_____

Answer: Inverted-U shaped

Flashcard 102: Food intake _____ the absorption of bedaquiline

Answer: increases

Flashcard 103: Ropivacaine produces _____ motor block than bupivacaine

Answer: less

Flashcard 104: What is the mechanism of action of Abrus precatorius?_____

Answer: Inhibition of protein synthesis

Flashcard 105: What is the shape of DRC for vitamins and heavy metals?_____

Answer: U shaped

Flashcard 106: Which form of cocaine is injected or snorted?_____

Answer: water soluble (-hydrochloride)

Flashcard 107: How is heparin metabolised in the body?_____

Answer: Cleared by the RES

Flashcard 108: Does morphine have a high plasma protein binding?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 109: Which r-tPA (fibrinolytic) has the shortest half life?_____

Answer: Alteplase

Flashcard 110: Oxcarbazepine _____ cause auto-induction of metabolizing enzymes.

Answer: does not (does/does not)

Flashcard 111: Why should cyanocobalamin never be administered through IV route?_____

Answer: almost all of the vitamin is lost in the urine

Flashcard 112: Which fluoroquinolones have the maximum bioavailability?_____

Answer: Levofloxacin and ofloxacin

Flashcard 113: What is the inhaled anesthetic with the highest solubility/Blood-Gas coefficient (slowest induction)?_____

Answer: Halothane

Flashcard 114: Pancuronium, rapacuronium, and vecuronium are dependent on the _____ for excretion.

Answer: liver

Flashcard 115: Systemic absorption of a local anesthetic depends on _____ of the region

Answer: vascularity

Flashcard 116: Which "-flurane" drug undergoes minimum metabolism by our body?_____

Answer: Desflurane

Flashcard 117: What is the mechanism of action of Aconite?_____

Answer: stimulation of voltage sensitive sodium channels

Flashcard 118: Which opioid has maximum plasma protein binding?_____

Answer: Sufentanil

Flashcard 119: Cabergoline is a _____-acting D2 agonist

Answer: longer

Flashcard 120: Succinylcholine and mivacurium are metabolized by the enzyme _____

Answer: pseudocholinesterase

Flashcard 121: The duration of action of proparacaine is approximately _____ minutes.

Answer: 10-20

Flashcard 122: Meyer Overton rule relates potency of an anesthetic to the solubility in _____

Answer: lipid

Flashcard 123: _____ should be taken on an empty stomach because food decreases the absorption.

Answer: Rifampicin (Anti-tubercular drug)

Flashcard 124: Loading dose is essential for chloroquine because of its property of _____

Answer: high Vd

Flashcard 125: The time taken for the _____ of the drug to be equal to the drug elimination(clearance x concentration) rate is the _____ concentration of the drug.

Answer: bioavailability; steady-state

Flashcard 126: The active metabolite of cyclophosphamide is _____ cyclophosphamide.

Answer: 4-hydroxy

Flashcard 127: Half life of methylprednisolone is _____ that of prednisolone.

Answer: equal

Flashcard 128: If a drug has _____ renal clearance than GFR, then drug is secreted in renal tubules.

Answer: more::more/less

Flashcard 129: Pancuronium and d-tubocurarine can_____ be administered in patients with _____ failure

Answer: not; renal

Flashcard 130: The plasma half-life of beta hCG is _____ hours.

Answer: 36

Flashcard 131: The nomogram used for vancomycin dosing is the _____ nomogram.

Answer: Matzke

Flashcard 132: _____ is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator

Answer: Belimumab

Flashcard 133: _____ can be safely used in renal failure patients.

Answer: Remifentanil::Opioid

Flashcard 134: The _____ of plasma concentration vs. time curve gives the extent of absorption.

Answer: AUC

Flashcard 135: Erythromycin is excreted in _____ and does _____ require dose adjustment in renal failure

Answer: bile; not

Flashcard 136: _____ is when bioavailability of active ingredient in 2 preparations of drug are not significantly different under identical conditions

Answer: Bioequivalence

Flashcard 137: Itraconazole is a drug with _____ pKa and requires the acidity of the stomach for its absorption into the circulation.

Answer: low