Antimicrobial Agents — Flashcards

Flashcard 201: Which HAART classes (2) are most associated with hepatotoxicity? _____

Answer: NNRTIs and Protease inhibitors

Extra: Hepatotoxicity is a common side effect of several HAART classes: 1. **NNRTIs**: All can cause it; **Nevirapine** is the most notorious (highest risk in women with CD4 >250 or men >400). 2. **Protease Inhibitors**: Most can cause transaminitis (Tipranavir has a black box warning). *Note: NRTIs (like Stavudine and Didanosine) are also associated with hepatic steatosis via mitochondrial toxicity.*

Flashcard 202: Persons in close contact with an individual with Neisseria meningitidis infection are given prophylactic _____, ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone

Answer: rifampin

Flashcard 203: _____ inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa (pyrimidine synthesis)

Answer: Pyrimethamine

Flashcard 204: Treatment of falciparum malaria during pregnancy:2nd and 3rd trimester: _____ in North-Eastern states and ACT-SP in other states.

Answer: ACT-AL

Flashcard 205: NRTIs are incorporated into _____ DNA, causing premature chain termination

Answer: viral

Flashcard 206: Resistance of penicillins comes from production of _____ that cleave the β-lactam ring, or changes to penicillin binding proteins (confers methicillin resistance in MRSA).

Answer: β-lactamases

Flashcard 207: Anti-staph penicillins include _____, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin

Answer: oxacillin

Flashcard 208: _____ are a class of antifungals that inhibit the enzyme 14-demethylase

Answer: Azoles

Flashcard 209: Fluoroquinolones inhibit _____ and Topoisomerase IV.

Answer: DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

Extra: In Gram-negative bacteria, DNA gyrase is the primary target. In Gram-positive bacteria, topoisomerase IV is the primary target.

Flashcard 210: The fluoroquinolones _____ and moxifloxacin can be used to treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila (atypical pneumonia)

Answer: levofloxacin