Antimicrobial Agents — Flashcards

Flashcard 191: Neomycin is an aminoglycoside applied _____ or ingested as an ammonia detoxicant

Answer: topically

Flashcard 192: Penicillins inhibit the ability of bacteria to generate a cell wall, which causes death by _____. In addition, penicillins allow accumulation of peptidoglycan precursors, which activates bacterial autolysis.

Answer: osmolysis

Flashcard 193: _____ are a class of antifungals that bind ergosterol, creating pores in the fungal cell membranes

Answer: Polyenes (ie: nystatin, amphotericin)

Flashcard 194: Clindamycin spectrum of activity: 1. _____ 2. Anaerobes

Answer: Gram-positive cocci

Extra: Clindamycin is classically used for anaerobic infections **above the diaphragm** (e.g., aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess). In contrast, Metronidazole is often used for anaerobic infections below the diaphragm.

Flashcard 195: What two drugs are the preferred treatment of VZV? _____

Answer: Famciclovir and Valacyclovir

Flashcard 196: Penicillin _____ is administered IV

Answer: G

Flashcard 197: Amantadine and Rimantadine are drugs that inhibit the _____ of influenza A

Answer: M2 protein channels

Flashcard 198: _____ are drugs that cause a build-up of heme intracellularly, which is toxic to Plasmodium spp.

Answer: Quinolines

Flashcard 199: Which three drugs (luminal amebicides) eliminate cysts of Entamoeba histolytica in the lumen of the intestine? _____, Iodoquinol, and Diloxanide furoate

Answer: Paromomycin

Flashcard 200: Which HAART classes (2) are most associated with hepatotoxicity? _____

Answer: NNRTIs and Protease inhibitors

Extra: Hepatotoxicity is a common side effect of several HAART classes: 1. **NNRTIs**: All can cause it; **Nevirapine** is the most notorious (highest risk in women with CD4 >250 or men >400). 2. **Protease Inhibitors**: Most can cause transaminitis (Tipranavir has a black box warning). *Note: NRTIs (like Stavudine and Didanosine) are also associated with hepatic steatosis via mitochondrial toxicity.*