Antimicrobial Agents — Flashcards

Flashcard 191: Clindamycin spectrum of activity: 1. _____ 2. Anaerobes

Answer: Gram-positive cocci

Extra: Clindamycin is classically used for anaerobic infections **above the diaphragm** (e.g., aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess). In contrast, Metronidazole is often used for anaerobic infections below the diaphragm.

Flashcard 192: _____ are drugs that cause a build-up of heme intracellularly, which is toxic to Plasmodium spp.

Answer: Quinolines

Flashcard 193: Which three drugs (luminal amebicides) eliminate cysts of Entamoeba histolytica in the lumen of the intestine? _____, Iodoquinol, and Diloxanide furoate

Answer: Paromomycin

Flashcard 194: Quinupristin-dalfopristin is a combination of two synergistic _____ that have activity against VRE

Answer: streptogramins

Flashcard 195: Penicillin _____ is administered IV

Answer: G

Flashcard 196: Amantadine and Rimantadine are drugs that inhibit the _____ of influenza A

Answer: M2 protein channels

Flashcard 197: _____ inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase in prokaryotes (pyrimidine synthesis)

Answer: Trimethoprim (TMP)

Flashcard 198: Which HAART classes (2) are most associated with hepatotoxicity? _____

Answer: NNRTIs and Protease inhibitors

Extra: Hepatotoxicity is a common side effect of several HAART classes: 1. **NNRTIs**: All can cause it; **Nevirapine** is the most notorious (highest risk in women with CD4 >250 or men >400). 2. **Protease Inhibitors**: Most can cause transaminitis (Tipranavir has a black box warning). *Note: NRTIs (like Stavudine and Didanosine) are also associated with hepatic steatosis via mitochondrial toxicity.*

Flashcard 199: _____ antibiotics accumulate intracellularly,making them effective against Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Coxiella.

Answer: Tetracyclines (doxycycline)

Flashcard 200: Penicillins are effective against the thick peptidoglycan cell walls of gram _____ bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.)

Answer: positive