Anatomy
9 questionsRight border of heart is formed by?
Which of the following statements about the anatomy of the right ventricle is correct?
Which nerve roots are primarily involved in Erb's palsy?
Which of the following statements about the blood supply of the kidney is NOT true?
Superior gluteal nerve does not supply?
Which of the following is a derivative of ventral mesogastrium ?
Which of the following muscles is not supplied by the femoral nerve?
Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the head and neck of the femur?
Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the deep inguinal ring?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 81: Right border of heart is formed by?
- A. Right ventricle
- B. Right atrium (Correct Answer)
- C. SVC
- D. IVC
Explanation: ***Right atrium*** - The **right atrium** forms the major part of the **right border of the heart** as viewed in a posteroanterior (PA) chest X-ray. - Its position is along the right sternal margin, extending from the level of the third costal cartilage superiorly to the sixth costal cartilage inferiorly. *Right ventricle* - The **right ventricle** primarily forms the **anterior surface** and part of the inferior border of the heart. - It contributes minimally, if at all, to the visible right border in a standard PA view. *SVC* - The **superior vena cava (SVC)** drains into the right atrium and is located superior to it. - While it's adjacent to the right border, it does **not form the actual right border of the heart itself**. *IVC* - The **inferior vena cava (IVC)** drains into the right atrium from below. - It is positioned inferiorly and posteriorly, and therefore **does not form the right border** of the heart in a PA view.
Question 82: Which of the following statements about the anatomy of the right ventricle is correct?
- A. TV & PV Share fibrous continuity
- B. More prominent trabeculation
- C. The crista supraventricularis separates the tricuspid and pulmonary valves, and the apex is trabeculated (Correct Answer)
- D. All of the options
Explanation: The crista supraventricularis separates the tricuspid and pulmonary valves, and the apex is trabeculated - The **crista supraventricularis** (also known as the supraventricular crest) is a prominent muscular ridge that separates the **inflow tract** (tricuspid valve region) from the **outflow tract** (pulmonary valve region) in the right ventricle. - The **apex and trabecular portion** of the right ventricle contains prominent **trabeculae carneae**, which are irregular muscular ridges and columns. - This option is correct as it describes two key anatomical features: the structural separator between valves and the trabeculated apex. *TV & PV Share fibrous continuity* - This statement is **anatomically incorrect** for the right ventricle. - The **tricuspid valve** and **pulmonary valve** do NOT share fibrous continuity; they are separated by the **crista supraventricularis** (muscular ridge). - **Fibrous continuity** (mitral-aortic continuity) is a characteristic feature of the **left heart**, where the anterior mitral leaflet is continuous with the aortic valve, but this does NOT occur in the right ventricle. *More prominent trabeculation* - While this statement is **anatomically true** (the right ventricle has more prominent trabeculation than the left ventricle, which has a smoother wall), this option is **incomplete** when compared to the correct answer. - The question asks for the correct statement about right ventricle anatomy, and option 3 provides a **more comprehensive description** that includes both a unique structural landmark (crista supraventricularis) and the trabeculation feature. - In single-best-answer format, the most complete and specific option is preferred. *All of the options* - This option is incorrect because the statement "TV & PV Share fibrous continuity" is anatomically false. - Since not all options are correct, this cannot be the answer.
Question 83: Which nerve roots are primarily involved in Erb's palsy?
- A. C5, C6 (Correct Answer)
- B. C4, C5
- C. C5, C7
- D. C6, C8
Explanation: C5, C6 - **Erb's palsy** primarily involves injury to the **upper trunk of the brachial plexus**, which is formed by the ventral rami of **C5 and C6** spinal nerves. - This lesion results in a characteristic "waiter's tip" posture due to paralysis of muscles supplied by these nerve roots, including the **deltoid**, **biceps**, and **brachialis**. *C4, C5* - While C5 is involved, **C4** is typically associated with the **phrenic nerve** and diaphragm function, and its primary involvement is not characteristic of Erb's palsy. - Injury to C4 and C5 alone would not produce the comprehensive motor deficits seen in Erb's palsy involving shoulder and elbow flexion. *C5, C7* - This option includes C5 but also **C7**, which is more commonly associated with the **middle trunk** of the brachial plexus. - While C7 can be involved in extended brachial plexus injuries, its primary involvement alone is not the classic presentation of Erb's palsy. *C6, C8* - This combination includes C6 but introduces **C8**, which is part of the **lower trunk** of the brachial plexus. - Injuries involving C8 and T1 are characteristic of **Klumpke's palsy**, affecting intrinsic hand muscles and causing a "claw hand" deformity, which is distinct from Erb's palsy.
Question 84: Which of the following statements about the blood supply of the kidney is NOT true?
- A. Right renal artery passes behind IVC
- B. Branches of renal artery are end arteries
- C. Renal vein drains into IVC
- D. Renal artery is a branch of common iliac artery (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Renal artery is a branch of common iliac artery.*** - The **renal arteries** originate directly from the **abdominal aorta**, not the common iliac arteries. - The common iliac arteries branch subsequently from the **abdominal aorta** lower down to supply the pelvis and lower limbs. *Renal vein drains into IVC* - The **renal veins** are responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the kidneys and typically empty directly into the **inferior vena cava (IVC)** [1]. - This is a correct anatomical relationship, essential for returning filtered blood to systemic circulation. *Right renal artery passes behind IVC* - The **right renal artery** typically originates from the aorta and passes **posterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC)** to reach the right kidney. - This anatomical arrangement is correct due to the position of the aorta and IVC relative to the kidneys. *Branches of renal artery are end arteries* - The intralobar and interlobar branches of the renal artery are considered **functional end arteries**, meaning they provide the sole blood supply to the kidney segments they perfuse. - This characteristic makes the kidney particularly susceptible to **ischemic damage** if these arteries are occluded, as there is little to no collateral circulation.
Question 85: Superior gluteal nerve does not supply?
- A. Tensor fasciae latae
- B. Gluteus medius
- C. Gluteus minimus
- D. Gluteus maximus (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Gluteus maximus*** - The **gluteus maximus** muscle is primarily innervated by the **inferior gluteal nerve** (L5, S1, S2), not the superior gluteal nerve. - Its main actions include **extension** and **external rotation** of the hip. *Tensor fasciae latae* - The **tensor fasciae latae** is innervated by the **superior gluteal nerve** (L4, L5, S1). - This muscle helps in **flexion**, **abduction**, and **internal rotation** of the hip. *Gluteus medius* - The **gluteus medius** muscle receives its innervation from the **superior gluteal nerve** (L4, L5, S1). - It is a primary **abductor** and **internal rotator** of the hip, crucial for pelvic stability. *Gluteus minimus* - The **gluteus minimus** is also innervated by the **superior gluteal nerve** (L4, L5, S1). - Its functions are similar to the gluteus medius, including **abduction** and **internal rotation** of the hip.
Question 86: Which of the following is a derivative of ventral mesogastrium ?
- A. Lesser omentum (Correct Answer)
- B. Splenorenal ligament
- C. Greater omentum
- D. Gastrosplenic ligament
Explanation: ***Lesser omentum*** - The **lesser omentum** is formed from the **ventral mesogastrium**, which connects the developing stomach to the anterior abdominal wall [1]. - It specifically derives from the part of the ventral mesogastrium that encloses the developing liver and extends to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the duodenum [1]. *Greater omentum* - The **greater omentum** develops from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, which means it is a derivative of the dorsal rather than the ventral mesentery [1]. - It arises from a rapid growth and fusion of the **dorsal mesogastrium**, hanging from the greater curvature of the stomach. *Splenorenal ligament* - The **splenorenal ligament** develops from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, specifically from the portion that connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall (near the kidney). - Its formation is a consequence of the rotation of the stomach and the development of the spleen within the dorsal mesentery. *Gastrosplenic ligament* - The **gastrosplenic ligament** is also derived from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the hilum of the spleen. - As the stomach rotates, the dorsal mesogastrium expands, eventually forming both the gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments.
Question 87: Which of the following muscles is not supplied by the femoral nerve?
- A. Pectineus
- B. Sartorius
- C. Vastus medialis
- D. Obturator externus (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Obturator externus*** - The **obturator externus** muscle is primarily supplied by the **obturator nerve** (L3-L4), which arises from the lumbar plexus, not the femoral nerve. - Its main function is the **lateral rotation of the thigh** at the hip joint. *Pectineus* - The **pectineus** muscle receives dual innervation, typically from both the **femoral nerve** (L2-L4) and the obturator nerve. - It aids in **adduction**, **flexion**, and **medial rotation** of the thigh. *Sartorius* - The **sartorius** muscle is entirely supplied by the **femoral nerve** (L2-L3). - It is responsible for **flexing, abducting, and laterally rotating the thigh** at the hip, and flexing the leg at the knee. *Vastus medialis* - The **vastus medialis** is one of the four muscles forming the quadriceps femoris group, all of which are exclusively supplied by the **femoral nerve** (L2-L4). - This muscle is crucial for **extending the leg** at the knee joint.
Question 88: Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the head and neck of the femur?
- A. Medial circumflex artery (Correct Answer)
- B. Obturator artery
- C. Lateral circumflex artery
- D. Profunda femoris artery
Explanation: ***Medial circumflex artery*** - The **medial circumflex artery** is the primary blood supply to the **femoral head and neck** in adults. - Its branches, particularly the **retinacular arteries**, ascend along the femoral neck to perfuse the head. *Lateral circumflex artery* - The **lateral circumflex artery** supplies the **vastus lateralis muscle** and contributes to the supply of the **greater trochanter**. - While it anastomoses with the medial circumflex artery, its direct contribution to the femoral head is minimal. *Profunda femoris artery* - The **profunda femoris artery**, or deep femoral artery, is the main arterial supply to the **thigh muscles**. - It gives rise to the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries but does not directly supply the femoral head. *Obturator artery* - The **obturator artery** primarily supplies the **adductor muscles** of the thigh and contributes branches to the hip joint capsule. - While it has a small branch (artery to the head of the femur) that may contribute to the femoral head in children, it is not the main source in adults.
Question 89: Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the deep inguinal ring?
- A. Spermatic cord
- B. Internal spermatic fascia
- C. Round ligament
- D. Ilioinguinal nerve (Correct Answer)
Explanation: The ilioinguinal nerve typically passes through the superficial inguinal ring but does not travel through the deep inguinal ring [1]. It lies in the inguinal canal, superficial to the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females [1]. The spermatic cord in males enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring [2]. It contains structures like the vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, and nerves. The internal spermatic fascia is a covering of the spermatic cord that originates from the transversalis fascia at the deep inguinal ring [2]. In females, the round ligament of the uterus is the homologous structure to the spermatic cord in males, and it passes through the deep inguinal ring to enter the inguinal canal. It helps maintain the anteversion of the uterus.
Orthopaedics
1 questionsWhat is the characteristic upper limb deformity seen in Erb's palsy?
NEET-PG 2015 - Orthopaedics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 81: What is the characteristic upper limb deformity seen in Erb's palsy?
- A. Adduction and lateral rotation of arm
- B. Adduction and medial rotation of arm (Correct Answer)
- C. Abduction and lateral rotation of arm
- D. Abduction and medial rotation of arm
Explanation: ***Adduction and medial rotation of arm*** - Erb's palsy, resulting from injury to the **upper brachial plexus** (C5-C6 nerve roots), primarily affects the **deltoid**, **supraspinatus**, **infraspinatus**, and **biceps** muscles. - The unopposed action of unaffected muscles, such as the **pectoris major** and **latissimus dorsi**, leads to the characteristic **waiter's tip position**, involving **adduction** and **medial rotation** of the arm. *Adduction and lateral rotation of arm* - This position would imply weakness of the **pectoralis major** and **latissimus dorsi** and stronger activity of the **infraspinatus** and **teres minor**, which is contrary to the muscle deficits in Erb's palsy. - **Lateral rotation** of the arm is typically impaired in Erb's palsy due to weakness of the **infraspinatus** and **teres minor**. *Abduction and lateral rotation of arm* - **Abduction** is severely impacted in Erb's palsy due to paralysis of the **deltoid** and **supraspinatus**. - This position would suggest intact function of muscles that are explicitly weakened or paralyzed in Erb's palsy. *Abduction and medial rotation of arm* - While **medial rotation** can be a component of the deformity, **abduction** is a movement that is significantly impaired in Erb's palsy, making this option incorrect. - The inability to abduct the arm is a hallmark of the condition due to weakness of the **deltoid** and **supraspinatus**.