NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Anterior tonsillar pillar is formed by?

Palatoglossal fold. Palatoglossal fold - The palatoglossal fold (anterior faucial pillar) is formed by the mucous membrane covering the palatoglossus muscle. - It defines the anterior boundary of the tonsillar fossa, hence forming the anterior tonsillar pillar. - Clinical relevance: This landmark is important during tonsillectomy and for identifying peritonsillar abscess location. Palatopharyngeal fold - This fold is formed by the mucous membrane covering the palatopharyngeus muscle. - It forms the posterior boundary of the tonsillar fossa, thus being the posterior tonsillar pillar (posterior faucial pillar). Pterygopalatine arch - This is not a recognized anatomical structure related to the tonsillar region. - The term appears to conflate "pterygopalatine fossa" (a skull space) with the palatine arches (tonsillar pillars), making it an effective distractor. Valleculae - The valleculae are depressions located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis. - They are part of the laryngopharynx involved in swallowing and are not associated with the tonsillar pillars.

Q: Which of the following statements about Culex larvae is correct?

Siphon tube present. ***Siphon tube present*** - **Culex larvae** possess a prominent **siphon tube** at their posterior end, which is used for breathing by extending to the water surface. - This **siphon tube** is a key morphological feature that helps distinguish them from *Anopheles* larvae. *Rest parallel to surface water* - **Anopheles larvae** typically rest parallel to the water surface because they lack a long siphon and obtain oxygen directly through spiracles on their dorsal surface. - **Culex larvae**, due to their siphon tube, hang head-down at an angle from the water surface. *Long Palmate hair* - **Palmate hairs** are characteristic structures found on the abdomen of **Anopheles larvae** that help them float horizontally at the water surface. - **Culex larvae** do not possess well-developed palmate hairs. *All are false* - This statement is incorrect because the presence of a **siphon tube** is a defining characteristic of **Culex larvae**.

Q: What is the most common mode of transmission of HIV?

Sexual contact. ***Sexual contact*** - **Unprotected sexual intercourse**, both heterosexual and homosexual, is overwhelmingly the most common way HIV is transmitted globally. - The virus can be exchanged through **bodily fluids** such as semen, vaginal fluids, and rectal fluids during sexual activity. - Accounts for approximately **80% of new HIV infections** worldwide. *Occupational exposure (needle stick injury)* - While a recognised mode of transmission, **needle stick injuries** account for a very small percentage of total HIV infections, primarily affecting healthcare workers. - The risk of transmission per exposure is relatively low (approximately **0.3%**), especially compared to sexual contact. *Perinatal transmission (mother to child)* - **Mother-to-child transmission** can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. - Although significant, especially in resource-limited settings, global efforts and **PMTCT programs** have resulted in a significant reduction in this type of transmission. *Transmission via blood and blood products* - This mode was once a major concern but is now extremely rare in countries with robust **blood screening programs**. - While sharing contaminated needles among **intravenous drug users** remains a risk, transfusion-related HIV is largely controlled.

Q: What is the most common arrhythmia in ICU patients?

Atrial fibrillation. ***Atrial fibrillation*** - **Atrial fibrillation (AF)** is the most prevalent arrhythmia in the general population [1], and its incidence is significantly higher in critically ill patients due to various stressors. - Factors like **sepsis**, **hypoxemia**, **electrolyte imbalances**, **myocardial ischemia**, and **inflammatory states** common in the ICU are known triggers for new-onset AF. *Atrial flutter* - While atrial flutter is a common arrhythmia, its overall incidence in the ICU setting is **less frequent than atrial fibrillation**. - It often involves a **re-entrant circuit** in the right atrium [2], leading to characteristic "sawtooth" waves on ECG. *Atrial Tachycardia* - Atrial tachycardia is a form of **supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)** that originates in the atria but is **less common** than AF in the ICU [2]. - It often presents as a **regular, narrow-complex tachycardia** with discrete P waves. *Supraventricular Tachycardia* - This is a broad term encompassing arrhythmias that originate **above the ventricles** [3], including AF, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia. - While SVT as a category is common, **atrial fibrillation is the single most frequent specific arrhythmia** within this group in the ICU.

Q: Saddle nose deformity is seen in?

Tertiary Syphilis. ***Tertiary Syphilis*** - **Saddle nose deformity** is a characteristic late manifestation of **tertiary syphilis** due to destructive lesions (gummas) affecting the nasal cartilage and bone [1], [2]. - It results from the **collapse of the nasal bridge**, leading to a flattened appearance [2]. *Primary Syphilis* - Characterized by a **chancre**, a painless ulcer, usually at the site of infection [1]. - This stage does not involve destructive lesions of the nose. *Secondary Syphilis* - Presents with a **widespread rash**, lymphadenopathy, and mucous patches [1]. - While systemic, it typically does not cause structural damage like saddle nose deformity. *Lupus Vulgaris* - This is a **cutaneous form of tuberculosis**, characterized by chronic, destructive skin lesions. - While it can cause facial disfigurement, saddle nose deformity is not a typical feature of lupus vulgaris.

Q: Granulomatosis infantiseptica is caused by:

Listeria. ***Listeria*** - **Granulomatosis infantiseptica** is a severe manifestation of congenital **listeriosis**, caused by *Listeria monocytogenes*. - This condition is characterized by widespread **granulomas** and **microabscesses** in various organs of the infected newborn. *Pseudomonas* - *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections but is not typically associated with **granulomatosis infantiseptica**. - It can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals, including **pneumonia**, **sepsis**, and wound infections. *Chlamydia trachomatis* - *Chlamydia trachomatis* is a common cause of **conjunctivitis** and **pneumonia** in neonates, acquired during passage through the birth canal. - It does not cause **granulomatosis infantiseptica**. *Group D streptococci* - While Group D streptococci (e.g., *Enterococcus faecalis*) can cause neonatal infections like **sepsis** and **meningitis**, they are not the causative agents of **granulomatosis infantiseptica**. - This condition is specifically linked to **Listeria**.

Q: All of the following are true about Keratoconus, except:

Thick cornea. ***Thick cornea*** - Keratoconus is characterized by **progressive corneal thinning** and weakening, not thickening. - This corneal thinning leads to a conical protrusion, causing significant visual distortion and irregular astigmatism. *Increased curvature of cornea and Astigmatism* - Keratoconus features **increased corneal curvature** with progressive steepening into a cone-shaped configuration. - This results in **irregular astigmatism**, a hallmark feature causing distorted vision at all distances. *Astigmatism* - **Irregular astigmatism** is a cardinal feature of keratoconus due to the asymmetric corneal shape. - Causes blurred and distorted vision that is difficult to correct with spectacles alone. *Fleischer's ring* - **Fleischer's ring** is an iron deposit ring at the base of the cone in keratoconus, visible on slit-lamp examination. - It represents hemosiderin deposition in the basal epithelial cells and is a characteristic clinical sign of keratoconus.

Q: What condition are miotics the treatment of choice for?

Open-angle glaucoma. ***Open-angle glaucoma*** - Miotics, such as **pilocarpine**, are a classical treatment option for **primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)**. - They work by **contracting the ciliary muscle**, which opens up the **trabecular meshwork** and increases aqueous humor outflow. - This results in **reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP)**, the primary goal in glaucoma management. - Though less commonly used today due to side effects (brow ache, miosis affecting vision), they remain effective and are particularly useful in patients who cannot tolerate other medications. *Angle closure glaucoma* - Miotics are **contraindicated in acute angle-closure glaucoma** as they can worsen pupillary block during the acute attack. - The initial treatment involves **IOP-lowering agents, systemic medications, and laser iridotomy**, not miotics. - Miotics may have a limited role in chronic angle closure after definitive treatment, but they are NOT the treatment of choice. *Buphthalmos* - This refers to **enlargement of the eyeball** in infants due to congenital glaucoma. - Management primarily involves **surgical intervention** (goniotomy, trabeculotomy) to address the developmental anomalies of the drainage angle. - Medical management alone, including miotics, is insufficient. *Sympathetic ophthalmia* - A rare **bilateral granulomatous panuveitis** following penetrating trauma or surgery to one eye. - Treated with **corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents**. - Miotics have no role in managing this inflammatory condition.

Q: Main function of sodium citrate in ORS?

To correct Acidosis. ***To correct Acidosis*** - **Sodium citrate** provides a source of **bicarbonate** precursor, which helps to correct the **metabolic acidosis** often associated with severe dehydration and diarrhea. - In the body, citrate is metabolized into bicarbonate, raising the blood pH and counteracting the effects of acidosis. *To increase absorption of glucose by cotransport* - The absorption of glucose and sodium is coupled, meaning the presence of **sodium enhances glucose absorption** through the **SGLT1 cotransporter**. - While sodium is essential for glucose absorption, **citrate's primary role is not this direct cotransport mechanism**. *To correct electrolyte imbalance* - ORS formulations contain various electrolytes like **sodium chloride** and **potassium chloride** to rectify electrolyte imbalances caused by diarrhea. - While sodium citrate contributes to sodium levels, its specific function goes beyond just general electrolyte correction to address the **acid-base balance**. *To correct dehydration* - The overall purpose of ORS is to **rehydrate the patient** by providing fluids and electrolytes, which helps restore circulating volume. - While citrate is a component of ORS, **rehydration also depends on the water and other salts** present in the solution, not solely on citrate.

Question 1

Anterior tonsillar pillar is formed by?

Accepted Answer

Palatoglossal fold

Answer

Palatopharyngeal fold

Answer

Pterygopalatine arch

Answer

Valleculae

Question 2

What is the significance of the term 'Corona mortis' in human anatomy?

Accepted Answer

Anastomosis between obturator and inferior epigastric vessels

Answer

Anastomosis between superior and inferior gluteal arteries

Answer

A ligament connecting the pubic symphysis

Answer

A nerve crossing the pelvic brim

Question 3

Which of the following statements about Culex larvae is correct?

Accepted Answer

Siphon tube present

Answer

Rest parallel to surface water

Answer

Long Palmate hair

Answer

All are false

Question 4

What is the most common mode of transmission of HIV?

Accepted Answer

Sexual contact

Answer

Occupational exposure (needle stick injury)

Answer

Perinatal transmission (mother to child)

Answer

Transmission via blood and blood products

Question 5

What is the most common arrhythmia in ICU patients?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Atrial flutter

Answer

Atrial Tachycardia

Answer

Supraventricular Tachycardia

Question 6

Saddle nose deformity is seen in?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary Syphilis

Answer

Primary Syphilis

Answer

Secondary Syphilis

Answer

Lupus Vulgaris

Question 7

Granulomatosis infantiseptica is caused by:

Accepted Answer

Listeria

Answer

Pseudomonas

Answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer

Group D streptococci

Question 8

All of the following are true about Keratoconus, except:

Accepted Answer

Thick cornea

Answer

Astigmatism

Answer

Increased curvature of cornea and Astigmatism

Answer

Fleischer's ring

Question 9

What condition are miotics the treatment of choice for?

Accepted Answer

Open-angle glaucoma

Answer

Angle closure glaucoma

Answer

Buphthalmos

Answer

Sympathetic ophthalmia

Question 10

Main function of sodium citrate in ORS?

Accepted Answer

To correct Acidosis

Answer

To increase absorption of glucose by cotransport

Answer

To correct electrolyte imbalance

Answer

To correct dehydration

NEET-PG 2015

Anatomy

Community Medicine

Internal Medicine

Microbiology

Ophthalmology

Pharmacology