Anatomy
1 questionsWhat is the narrowest part of the nasal cavity?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 881: What is the narrowest part of the nasal cavity?
- A. Vestibule
- B. Choanae
- C. Inferior turbinate
- D. Internal nasal valve area (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Internal nasal valve area*** - The **internal nasal valve** (ostium internum) is the **narrowest part of the nasal cavity**, located approximately 1.3 cm from the nostril - Formed by the **septal cartilage medially**, **upper lateral cartilage laterally**, **nasal floor inferiorly**, and **anterior head of inferior turbinate posteriorly** - The angle between the septum and upper lateral cartilage is typically **10-15 degrees**, creating the narrowest cross-sectional area - Accounts for approximately **50% of total nasal airway resistance** and is clinically the most critical site for airflow regulation - **Clinical significance**: Site of nasal valve collapse in breathing disorders *Vestibule* - The **nasal vestibule** is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity lined with **keratinized stratified squamous epithelium** and **vibrissae** (nasal hairs) - While it is a narrow region, it is **NOT the narrowest part** of the nasal cavity - Acts as the entrance to the nasal cavity but has a larger cross-sectional area than the internal nasal valve *Choanae* - The **choanae** are the **posterior openings** of the nasal cavity that open into the nasopharynx - They represent a transition point for airflow but are relatively **wide openings**, not the narrowest part *Inferior turbinate* - The **inferior turbinate** is a bony projection covered with erectile tissue that increases surface area for warming and humidifying air - While it can become engorged and narrow the airway pathologically, anatomically it does not constitute the narrowest fixed point of the nasal passage
ENT
7 questionsWhich of the following statements about vasomotor rhinitis is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about vasomotor rhinitis is false?
Which of the following is not a feature of ethmoidal polyp?
All of the following are treatments for multiple bilateral ethmoidal polyps except which of the following?
What is the treatment of choice for ethmoidal polyps?
The artery which leads to bleeding in Woodruff's area is?
Intrathecal fluorescein with endoscopic visualization is useful in diagnosis of?
NEET-PG 2015 - ENT NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 881: Which of the following statements about vasomotor rhinitis is NOT true?
- A. It is due to parasympathetic overactivity
- B. Resistant cases may need cryotherapy
- C. It may lead to hypertrophic rhinitis
- D. It is caused by an allergic reaction (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***It is caused by an allergic reaction.*** - Vasomotor rhinitis, also known as nonallergic rhinitis, is characterized by symptoms similar to allergic rhinitis but is **not mediated by an allergic reaction** or an IgE-mast cell response. - Its etiology is related to the **dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system**, specifically an imbalance in the vascular tone of nasal blood vessels, rather than an allergic trigger. *It is due to parasympathetic overactivity* - **Parasympathetic overactivity** is a recognized underlying mechanism in vasomotor rhinitis, leading to increased vascular permeability and glandular secretion. - This overactivity results in symptoms such as **nasal congestion**, rhinorrhea, and sneezing, mimicking allergic rhinitis without an identifiable allergen. *Resistant cases may need cryotherapy* - For severe and **medically refractory cases** of vasomotor rhinitis, **cryotherapy** (specifically cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve) can be a treatment option. - This procedure targets the nerves responsible for parasympathetic outflow to the nasal mucosa, thereby reducing symptoms like rhinorrhea and congestion. *It may lead to hypertrophic rhinitis* - Chronic inflammation and vascular engorgement associated with long-standing vasomotor rhinitis can lead to **mucosal hypertrophy**, particularly of the inferior turbinates. - This condition, known as **hypertrophic rhinitis**, can exacerbate nasal obstruction and may require surgical intervention to improve airflow.
Question 882: Which of the following statements about vasomotor rhinitis is false?
- A. It is an infective condition (Correct Answer)
- B. It primarily presents with nasal congestion and rhinorrhea
- C. It involves autonomic dysfunction of nasal blood vessels
- D. It is triggered by non-allergic stimuli like weather changes and strong odors
Explanation: ***It is an infective condition*** - **Vasomotor rhinitis** is a **non-allergic, non-infectious** condition of the nasal passages. - Its pathophysiology involves **autonomic nervous system dysfunction** affecting nasal blood vessels, not microbial infection. *It primarily presents with nasal congestion and rhinorrhea* - This statement is **true** because classic symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis include persistent or intermittent **nasal congestion** and **rhinorrhea** (runny nose). - These symptoms result from the dysregulation of the autonomic control over nasal vasculature and glands. *It involves autonomic dysfunction of nasal blood vessels* - This statement is **true** and describes the core mechanism of vasomotor rhinitis, where the **parasympathetic nervous system** is relatively overactive, leading to vasodilation and increased glandular secretions. - This dysfunction causes the characteristic symptoms without an allergic or infectious trigger. *It is triggered by non-allergic stimuli like weather changes and strong odors* - This statement is **true** as patients with vasomotor rhinitis often report symptoms triggered by **environmental irritants** such as strong perfumes, temperature changes, humidity fluctuations, or even emotional stress. - These triggers differentiate it clinically from allergic rhinitis.
Question 883: Which of the following is not a feature of ethmoidal polyp?
- A. Common in adults
- B. Commonly bilateral
- C. Associated with chronic rhinosinusitis
- D. Commonly found as a single polyp (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Commonly found as a single polyp*** - **Ethmoidal polyps** are typically **multiple** and bilateral, originating from the ethmoid sinuses. - They rarely present as a single, isolated polyp, which is more characteristic of antrochoanal polyps. - This is the key distinguishing feature that makes this statement INCORRECT. *Common in adults* - **Ethmoidal polyps** are indeed **more prevalent in adults** than in children. - Peak incidence occurs between 30-50 years of age. - Their incidence tends to increase with age, often associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. *Commonly bilateral* - **Ethmoidal polyps** almost invariably present as **bilateral polyps**, involving both sides of the nasal cavity. - This bilateral nature is a key differentiating feature from antrochoanal polyps, which are typically unilateral. - Bilateral presentation is one of the hallmark characteristics of ethmoidal polyps. *Associated with chronic rhinosinusitis* - **Ethmoidal polyps** are strongly associated with **chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP)**. - They arise from chronic mucosal inflammation of the ethmoid sinuses. - Often associated with conditions like aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD/Samter's triad) and non-allergic eosinophilic inflammation.
Question 884: All of the following are treatments for multiple bilateral ethmoidal polyps except which of the following?
- A. Intranasal ethmoidectomy
- B. Extranasal ethmoidectomy
- C. Caldwell Luc Surgery (Correct Answer)
- D. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Explanation: ***Caldwell Luc Surgery*** - This procedure accesses the **maxillary sinus** through an incision in the gingivobuccal sulcus, primarily used for maxillary sinus pathology. - It is **not the primary treatment** for ethmoidal polyps, which are located in the ethmoid sinuses. *Intranasal ethmoidectomy* - This is a common and effective surgical approach to remove ethmoidal polyps, involving access through the **nostrils**. - It allows for direct visualization and removal of polyps within the ethmoid labyrinth. *Extranasal ethmoidectomy* - This surgical approach involves an external incision (e.g., Lynch-Howarth incision) to access the ethmoid sinuses. - It is typically reserved for **extensive or complicated ethmoid disease** or in cases where intranasal approaches are insufficient. *Functional endoscopic sinus surgery* - This is the **gold standard** for treating chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps, including ethmoidal polyps. - It uses an endoscope to visualize and remove polyps while preserving healthy mucosa and restoring normal sinus drainage and ventilation.
Question 885: What is the treatment of choice for ethmoidal polyps?
- A. Functional Endoscopic sinus surgery with polypectomy (Correct Answer)
- B. Intranasal ethmoidectomy
- C. Transantral ethmoidectomy
- D. Extranasal ethmoidectomy
Explanation: ***Functional Endoscopic sinus surgery with polypectomy*** - This is the **gold standard treatment** for ethmoidal polyps, as it allows for **direct visualization** and complete removal of polyps while preserving healthy mucosa. - It also enables restoration of normal sinus ventilation and drainage, which helps prevent recurrence. *Intranasal ethmoidectomy* - This is an **older technique** that is performed blindly and carries a higher risk of complications, such as **orbital or intracranial injury**, compared to endoscopic approaches. - It often results in incomplete polyp removal, leading to a higher rate of recurrence. *Transantral ethmoidectomy* - This approach, also known as the **Caldwell-Luc procedure**, is primarily used for diseases of the **maxillary sinus** and is not the preferred method for isolated ethmoidal polyps. - It is a more invasive external approach with risks including facial swelling, pain, and damage to dental nerves. *Extranasal ethmoidectomy* - This is a more invasive **external approach** involving an incision on the face and is generally reserved for extensive or complicated cases, such as **tumors or severe trauma**, not for routine polyp removal. - It carries risks of visible scarring and longer recovery times, making it less favorable than endoscopic techniques.
Question 886: The artery which leads to bleeding in Woodruff's area is?
- A. Anterior ethmoidal artery
- B. Sphenopalatine artery (Correct Answer)
- C. Greater palatine artery
- D. Superior labial artery
Explanation: ***Sphenopalatine artery*** - **Woodruff's area** is located on the posterior lateral wall of the nasal cavity, specifically a plexus of veins and arteries inferior to the posterior end of the inferior turbinate. - Bleeding from this region, often associated with **posterior epistaxis**, typically involves branches of the **sphenopalatine artery**. *Anterior ethmoidal artery* - The **anterior ethmoidal artery** is primarily involved in **anterior epistaxis**, supplying Kiesselbach's plexus on the nasal septum. - It does not contribute significantly to bleeding from Woodruff's area on the posterior lateral wall. *Greater palatine artery* - The **greater palatine artery** supplies the hard and soft palate and a small portion of the nasal floor. - It is not a major contributor to bleeding in Woodruff's area, which is located more superiorly and posteriorly on the lateral nasal wall. *Superior labial artery* - The **superior labial artery** is a branch of the facial artery, primarily supplying the upper lip and philtrum. - While it contributes to the vascular supply of the anterior nasal septum, it is not involved in bleeding from Woodruff's area.
Question 887: Intrathecal fluorescein with endoscopic visualization is useful in diagnosis of?
- A. Rhinitis Medicamentosa
- B. Multiple ethmoidal polyps
- C. Diagnosis of CSF Rhinorrhoea (Correct Answer)
- D. Deviated nasal septum
Explanation: ***Diagnosis of CSF Rhinorrhoea*** - **Intrathecal fluorescein** is instilled into the cerebrospinal fluid, and its presence in the nasal cavity via endoscopy confirms a **CSF leak**. - This method provides direct visualization of the leak site, which is crucial for surgical planning. *Rhinitis Medicamentosa* - This condition is caused by overuse of **topical decongestants** and characterized by nasal congestion, not a CSF leak. - Diagnosis is typically based on patient history and clinical examination rather than specialized imaging or dye studies. *Multiple ethmoidal polyps* - **Ethmoidal polyps** are benign growths in the ethmoid sinuses, causing nasal obstruction and anosmia. - Diagnosis is made via nasal endoscopy and CT scan, and fluorescein staining is not indicated. *Deviated nasal septum* - A **deviated nasal septum** is a structural abnormality causing unilateral or bilateral nasal obstruction. - Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by anterior rhinoscopy or nasal endoscopy, with no role for intrathecal fluorescein.
Internal Medicine
2 questionsSaddle nose deformity is seen in?
In evaluation of a case of immotile nasal cilia, which of the following investigations should prove useful?
NEET-PG 2015 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 881: Saddle nose deformity is seen in?
- A. Primary Syphilis
- B. Secondary Syphilis
- C. Tertiary Syphilis (Correct Answer)
- D. Lupus Vulgaris
Explanation: ***Tertiary Syphilis*** - **Saddle nose deformity** is a characteristic late manifestation of **tertiary syphilis** due to destructive lesions (gummas) affecting the nasal cartilage and bone [1], [2]. - It results from the **collapse of the nasal bridge**, leading to a flattened appearance [2]. *Primary Syphilis* - Characterized by a **chancre**, a painless ulcer, usually at the site of infection [1]. - This stage does not involve destructive lesions of the nose. *Secondary Syphilis* - Presents with a **widespread rash**, lymphadenopathy, and mucous patches [1]. - While systemic, it typically does not cause structural damage like saddle nose deformity. *Lupus Vulgaris* - This is a **cutaneous form of tuberculosis**, characterized by chronic, destructive skin lesions. - While it can cause facial disfigurement, saddle nose deformity is not a typical feature of lupus vulgaris.
Question 882: In evaluation of a case of immotile nasal cilia, which of the following investigations should prove useful?
- A. Rhinogram
- B. Sweat sodium levels
- C. Nitric oxide test (Correct Answer)
- D. Xray nasal and paranasal sinuses
Explanation: Nitric oxide test - A low nasal nitric oxide (nNO) concentration is a key diagnostic criterion for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), a genetic disorder characterized by immotile or dyskinetic cilia [1]. - Nasal NO is significantly reduced in PCD patients due to impaired ciliary function, making this test highly useful for screening. *Rhinogram* - A rhinogram is a radiographic imaging technique primarily used to visualize the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, often to detect structural abnormalities or foreign bodies. - It does not directly assess ciliary function or provide information about ciliary motility. *Sweat sodium levels* - Elevated sweat chloride or sodium levels are the diagnostic hallmark of cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition primarily affecting mucus production. - While cystic fibrosis can cause respiratory symptoms, it does not directly lead to immotile nasal cilia in the same manner as PCD. *Xray nasal and paranasal sinuses* - An X-ray of the nasal and paranasal sinuses can reveal structural issues, such as sinus opacification or polyps, which may accompany ciliary dysfunction. - However, it does not provide direct information about the motility or structural integrity of the cilia themselves.