Biochemistry
2 questionsWhat is the Net Protein Utilization (NPU) for eggs?
What is the limiting amino acid in cereals?
NEET-PG 2015 - Biochemistry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 671: What is the Net Protein Utilization (NPU) for eggs?
- A. 70
- B. 80
- C. 94 (Correct Answer)
- D. 100
Explanation: ***94*** - **Eggs** are considered a **high-quality protein source** with a Net Protein Utilization (NPU) of approximately **94**, indicating very efficient protein absorption and utilization by the body. - This high NPU reflects the excellent balance of **essential amino acids** in eggs, making them a benchmark for protein quality. *70* - An NPU of 70 is generally considered good but is lower than that of **eggs**, which are among the most efficiently utilized proteins. - This value might be typical for some **plant-based proteins** or mixtures of proteins with slightly less optimal essential amino acid profiles. *80* - An NPU of 80 indicates good protein quality but is still significantly lower than the **NPU of eggs**. - This value is often seen in high-quality **meat proteins** or well-balanced **dairy products**. *100* - An NPU of 100 would mean that all ingested protein is perfectly absorbed and utilized by the body without any loss, which is **theoretically impossible** for biological systems. - While some protein quality metrics might approach 100, **NPU is a measure of actual utilization** and never reaches 100 due to metabolic losses.
Question 672: What is the limiting amino acid in cereals?
- A. Methionine
- B. Tryptophan
- C. Lysine (Correct Answer)
- D. Cysteine
Explanation: ***Lysine*** - **Lysine** is the **first limiting amino acid in cereals** (wheat, rice, corn), meaning it is present in the lowest proportion relative to the body's needs. - This deficiency can impact **protein synthesis** if cereals are the sole or primary protein source without supplementation. - Complementing cereals with **legumes** (rich in lysine but low in methionine) provides complete protein nutrition. *Methionine* - **Methionine** is typically the limiting amino acid in **legumes**, not cereals. - It works with cysteine to provide **sulfur-containing amino acids** essential for various metabolic processes. - This is why cereal-legume combinations (rice and lentils, corn and beans) are nutritionally complementary. *Tryptophan* - **Tryptophan** is an essential amino acid, but it is generally **not the primary limiting amino acid in cereals**. - While corn can be relatively low in tryptophan, **lysine deficiency is more significant** across cereal grains. - It is a precursor to **serotonin** and **niacin**. *Cysteine* - **Cysteine** is a non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it from methionine. - While important for protein structure and function, it is **not considered a limiting amino acid** since it can be produced endogenously.
Community Medicine
7 questionsWhich of the following is the MOST important vital statistic in a population?
What is exponential growth in the context of population dynamics?
How often is the Sample Registration System conducted in India?
In a community of 1,000,000 population, 105 children were born in a year, out of which 5 were stillbirths and 4 died within the first year of life. What is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
At what fluoride concentration in drinking water does skeletal fluorosis typically occur?
What is the nutritional contribution of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme in terms of pulses?
Vanaspati Ghee is fortified with ?
NEET-PG 2015 - Community Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 671: Which of the following is the MOST important vital statistic in a population?
- A. Fertility rate
- B. Morbidity rate
- C. Birth rate
- D. Mortality rate (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Mortality rate*** - The **mortality rate** directly reflects the health status and overall well-being of a population by indicating the number of deaths per unit population. - A high mortality rate signals underlying public health issues, inadequate healthcare, or poor living conditions, making it the **most critical vital statistic** for assessing population health and guiding interventions. - It serves as a **key indicator** for comparing health status across populations and time periods. *Fertility rate* - The **fertility rate** measures the average number of children born to women of reproductive age, influencing future population size and age structure. - While important for demographic planning and population projections, it doesn't directly provide insights into the immediate health challenges or mortality burden of a population. *Morbidity rate* - The **morbidity rate** quantifies the incidence or prevalence of disease in a population, reflecting the disease burden. - Although crucial for understanding health problems and planning healthcare services, it is considered secondary to mortality as a vital statistic since mortality represents the ultimate health outcome. *Birth rate* - The **birth rate** quantifies the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year, contributing to population growth and demographic trends. - Like the fertility rate, it is essential for understanding natality patterns but offers less insight into the overall health status and survival of a population compared to the mortality rate.
Question 672: What is exponential growth in the context of population dynamics?
- A. Gradual increase in population size.
- B. Population growth that is restricted by environmental factors.
- C. No significant change in population size.
- D. Rapid increase in population size where growth rate is proportional to current population. (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Rapid increase in population size where growth rate is proportional to current population.*** - **Exponential growth** occurs when a population increases at a **constant rate proportional to its size**, resulting in accelerating absolute numbers over time. - This produces a characteristic **J-shaped curve** where the population grows slowly at first, then increasingly rapidly. - Mathematically expressed as N(t) = N₀e^(rt), where birth rate consistently exceeds death rate. - Occurs in **ideal conditions** with abundant resources and minimal limiting factors. *Gradual increase in population size.* - A gradual increase implies **linear growth** with a constant absolute increment per time period, not the accelerating pattern of exponential growth. - While exponential growth may appear gradual initially, its defining feature is the **increasing rate of growth** over time. *Population growth that is restricted by environmental factors.* - This describes **logistic growth** (S-shaped curve), where environmental resistance slows growth as the population approaches carrying capacity. - Exponential growth, in contrast, assumes **no significant environmental limitations** on resources or space. *No significant change in population size.* - This represents a **stable or stationary population** where birth and death rates are balanced. - The opposite of exponential growth, which shows **rapid and accelerating increase** in population numbers.
Question 673: How often is the Sample Registration System conducted in India?
- A. 2 years
- B. 5 years
- C. 6 months
- D. 1 year (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***1 year*** - The **Sample Registration System (SRS)** in India is a large-scale demographic survey conducted **annually** to provide reliable estimates of birth rates, death rates, and other fertility and mortality indicators. - Its annual nature allows for regular monitoring of demographic changes and health trends across different states and regions. *6 months* - While some surveys or data collections might occur semi-annually, the comprehensive SRS is not conducted every six months. - Conducting a system as extensive as the SRS twice a year would be logistically challenging and resource-intensive. *2 years* - A biennial (every two years) frequency would mean less up-to-date data for tracking rapid demographic shifts or evaluating the immediate impact of health interventions. - The need for current statistics on vital events necessitates a more frequent survey than every two years. *5 years* - A quinquennial (every five years) frequency would provide very infrequent data, which is insufficient for effective public health planning and policy formulation. - Key demographic indicators are needed more regularly than every five years to respond to evolving health and population needs.
Question 674: In a community of 1,000,000 population, 105 children were born in a year, out of which 5 were stillbirths and 4 died within the first year of life. What is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
- A. 40 (Correct Answer)
- B. 90
- C. 120
- D. 150
Explanation: ***40*** - **Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)** = (Deaths in first year of life / Live births) × 1,000 - Live births = Total births - Stillbirths = 105 - 5 = **100** - IMR = (4 / 100) × 1,000 = **40 per 1,000 live births** - Stillbirths are excluded from both numerator and denominator as IMR only counts deaths after live birth *90* - This would result from incorrectly using total births (105) instead of live births (100) in the denominator - Wrong calculation: (4 / 105) × 1,000 ≈ 38, not 90 - This option represents a common error but with incorrect arithmetic *120* - This could result from including stillbirths in the numerator: (5+4) / 100 × 1,000 = 90, not 120 - Or from other miscalculations mixing up the numerator and denominator - Does not follow the standard IMR formula *150* - This represents a significant calculation error - May result from using wrong base (per 100 instead of per 1,000) or including stillbirths incorrectly - Such high IMR does not match the given data of 4 infant deaths per 100 live births
Question 675: At what fluoride concentration in drinking water does skeletal fluorosis typically occur?
- A. < 1.5 mg/L
- B. 1.5-3 mg/L
- C. 3-6 mg/L (Correct Answer)
- D. > 10 mg/L
Explanation: ***3-6 mg/L*** - Chronic exposure to drinking water with **fluoride concentrations of 3-6 mg/L** represents the **threshold range** where **early skeletal fluorosis** begins to manifest. - At concentrations **≥4 mg/L**, fluoride accumulation in bones exceeds the body's excretory capacity, leading to **increased bone density, osteosclerosis**, and early symptoms like **joint stiffness and bone pain**. - This range captures the **onset of skeletal manifestations**, though more severe changes occur at higher concentrations. *< 1.5 mg/L* - This range is **optimal for preventing dental caries** without causing adverse effects. - Fluoride concentrations below 1.5 mg/L are **safe** and do not cause skeletal or dental fluorosis. - Many water fluoridation programs target **0.5-1.0 mg/L** for dental health benefits. *1.5-3 mg/L* - This range primarily causes **dental fluorosis** (enamel mottling and discoloration) with chronic exposure, especially during tooth development. - **Skeletal fluorosis does not typically occur** at these concentrations, as the threshold for bone involvement is higher. - This is considered the range for cosmetic concerns rather than systemic skeletal disease. *> 10 mg/L* - Concentrations exceeding 10 mg/L lead to **severe, crippling skeletal fluorosis** with marked bone deformities, ligament calcification, and potential neurological complications. - This represents **advanced disease** rather than the typical onset of skeletal fluorosis. - Such high concentrations are found in endemic fluorosis regions with contaminated groundwater.
Question 676: What is the nutritional contribution of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme in terms of pulses?
- A. Provides 30% of daily protein needs
- B. Provides 30 gm of pulses per day (Correct Answer)
- C. Provides 50% of daily energy needs
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Provides 30 gm of pulses per day*** - The Mid-Day Meal Scheme specifies the provision of **30 grams of pulses** daily for **upper primary classes (VI-VIII)**, and 20 grams for primary classes (I-V), contributing to protein intake. - This quantity ensures a consistent supply of **plant-based protein** as part of a balanced diet for schoolchildren. - The question refers to the commonly cited **30g standard for upper primary**, which is the most frequently referenced figure in examinations. *Provides 30% of daily protein needs* - While pulses contribute to protein intake, specifying a fixed **30% of daily protein needs** is not a direct nutritional guideline of the scheme for pulses alone. - The scheme focuses on providing a certain **quantity of pulses in grams**, from which the protein contribution is derived. *Provides 50% of daily energy needs* - The Mid-Day Meal Scheme aims to provide **300 kcal for primary** and **700 kcal for upper primary classes**, but this is derived from the entire meal composition (cereals, pulses, vegetables), not just pulses. - The scheme's **energy contribution** is holistic and represents approximately 33% of daily energy requirements, not 50%. *None of the options* - One of the provided options accurately reflects a specific guideline of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme regarding pulses. - The scheme has clear stipulations for the **quantity of pulses in grams** to be served.
Question 677: Vanaspati Ghee is fortified with ?
- A. Iodine
- B. Vitamin A (Correct Answer)
- C. Iron
- D. Calcium
Explanation: ***Vitamin A*** - **Vanaspati Ghee** is commonly fortified with **Vitamin A** to improve its nutritional value and address deficiencies. - Fortification helps to combat **Vitamin A deficiency disorders**, such as **night blindness**. *Iodine* - **Iodine** is typically used to fortify **table salt** to prevent **goiter** and **iodine deficiency disorders**. - It is not commonly added to Vanaspati Ghee. *Iron* - **Iron** is commonly used to fortify foods like **flour** and **cereals** to combat **anemia**. - Vanaspati Ghee is not a common vehicle for iron fortification. *Calcium* - **Calcium** is often added to dairy products or certain beverages to support **bone health**. - It is not a standard fortification for Vanaspati Ghee.
Pharmacology
1 questionsWhat is the recommended therapeutic supplementation of iron and folic acid for adults with deficiency?
NEET-PG 2015 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 671: What is the recommended therapeutic supplementation of iron and folic acid for adults with deficiency?
- A. 20 mg iron, 500 mcg folic acid
- B. 40 mg iron, 250 mcg folic acid
- C. 100 mg iron, 500 mcg folic acid (Correct Answer)
- D. 100 mg iron, 100 mcg folic acid
Explanation: ***100 mg iron, 500 mcg folic acid*** - For adults with **iron deficiency anemia**, the therapeutic dose of elemental iron is typically **100-200 mg daily**, commonly given as ferrous sulfate 325 mg (containing ~65 mg elemental iron) 2-3 times daily. **100 mg is an appropriate therapeutic dose**. - For **folic acid deficiency**, the standard therapeutic dose is **1-5 mg (1000-5000 mcg) daily** for treating established deficiency. However, **500 mcg (0.5 mg)** represents a minimal therapeutic/high prophylactic dose that may be used in milder deficiencies or as initial supplementation. Among the given options, this is the most appropriate combination. *20 mg iron, 500 mcg folic acid* - **20 mg of iron** is grossly insufficient for therapeutic supplementation in iron deficiency anemia and would fail to correct the anemia adequately. - While 500 mcg folic acid has some therapeutic value, the **iron dose is far too low** for treatment. *40 mg iron, 250 mcg folic acid* - **40 mg of iron** is a prophylactic dose (used in pregnancy or prevention) but is **insufficient for therapeutic correction** of established iron deficiency anemia. - **250 mcg of folic acid** is also a prophylactic dose and inadequate for treating established deficiency. *100 mg iron, 100 mcg folic acid* - **100 mg of iron** is an appropriate therapeutic dose for treating **iron deficiency anemia**. - However, **100 mcg of folic acid** is purely a maintenance/prophylactic dose found in multivitamins and is **grossly insufficient** for treating established folic acid deficiency.