Anatomy
9 questionsWhat is the remnant of the umbilical artery?
Which of the following is not a branch of the splenic artery?
Heart tube is formed in a gelatinous matrix rich in:
Common hepatic artery is a branch of:
Prolactin secreting gland develops from -
What structures are derived from the neural crest?
Shortest part of male urethra is :
Which is the largest nerve that exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?
Which of the following statements about the femoral triangle is NOT true?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 141: What is the remnant of the umbilical artery?
- A. Ligamentum arteriosum
- B. Ligament teres
- C. Ligamentum venosum
- D. Medial umbilical ligament (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Medial umbilical ligament*** - The **umbilical arteries** (paired structures) carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta during development [2]. - After birth, these arteries obliterate and persist as the **medial umbilical ligaments** (two in number, one on each side), extending from the internal iliac arteries to the umbilicus along the anterior abdominal wall. - The proximal portions of the umbilical arteries remain patent as the **superior vesical arteries**, which supply the bladder. *Ligamentum arteriosum* - This is the remnant of the **ductus arteriosus**, which shunted blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs [2]. - It connects the arch of the aorta to the pulmonary artery. *Ligament teres* - Also known as the **round ligament of the liver**, this is the remnant of the **fetal umbilical vein** (a single midline structure) [1]. - The umbilical vein carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus [1], [2]. *Ligamentum venosum* - This is the fibrous remnant of the **ductus venosus**, a shunt in fetal circulation that bypassed the liver by connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava [1]. - It is located deep within the liver, forming a fissure.
Question 142: Which of the following is not a branch of the splenic artery?
- A. Hilar branches of the splenic artery
- B. Short Gastric Arteries
- C. Arteria Pancreatica Magna
- D. Right Gastroepiploic Artery (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Right Gastroepiploic Artery*** - This artery originates from the **gastroduodenal artery**, which is a branch of the **common hepatic artery**, not the splenic artery. - It supplies the greater curvature of the stomach and the greater omentum. *Hilar branches of the splenic artery* - These are direct branches of the splenic artery that enter the **hilum of the spleen** [1] to supply the organ itself. - They are essential for the blood supply to the spleen [1]. *Short Gastric Artery* - The **short gastric arteries** arise directly from the splenic artery or its terminal branches [1]. - They supply the fundus and a part of the greater curvature of the stomach [1]. *Arteria Pancreatica Magna* - Also known as the **great pancreatic artery**, this is a significant branch that typically arises from the **splenic artery**. - It supplies the body and tail of the pancreas [1].
Question 143: Heart tube is formed in a gelatinous matrix rich in:
- A. Hyaluronic acid secreted by the endocardium
- B. Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the endocardium
- C. Hyaluronic acid secreted by the myocardium (Correct Answer)
- D. Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the myocardium
Explanation: ***Hyaluronic acid secreted by the myocardium*** - The developing **heart tube** forms within a gelatinous extracellular matrix that is rich in **hyaluronic acid**. - This **hyaluronic acid** is secreted by the **myocardium** (the developing heart muscle), which plays a crucial role in the initial formation and remodeling of the heart. *Hyaluronic acid secreted by the endocardium* - While the endocardium is an important layer of the heart, it is the **myocardium** that primarily secretes the **hyaluronic acid** critical for heart tube formation during early development. - The **endocardium** forms the inner lining and primarily acts in blood-tissue interaction and valvular development later on. *Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the endocardium* - **Chondroitin sulfate** is a component of the extracellular matrix, but it is not the primary proteoglycan responsible for the initial formation environment of the heart tube. - Furthermore, its secretion is not predominantly from the **endocardium** in this context. *Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the myocardium* - Although the myocardium is responsible for secreting extracellular matrix components, **chondroitin sulfate** is not the predominant or critical molecule responsible for the initial gelatinous matrix allowing heart tube formation. - **Hyaluronic acid** plays this key role in early cardiogenesis.
Question 144: Common hepatic artery is a branch of:
- A. Splenic artery
- B. Superior mesenteric artery
- C. Inferior mesenteric artery
- D. Coeliac trunk (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Coeliac trunk*** - The **common hepatic artery** is one of the three main branches arising from the **coeliac trunk**, which is the first major anterior branch of the abdominal aorta [1]. - It typically supplies the **liver**, gallbladder, pylorus of the stomach, and part of the duodenum through its various branches [1]. *Splenic artery* - The **splenic artery** is another major branch of the coeliac trunk, primarily supplying the **spleen**, and also gives off branches to the stomach and pancreas [1]. - It does not directly give rise to the common hepatic artery. *Superior mesenteric artery* - The **superior mesenteric artery (SMA)** originates just inferior to the coeliac trunk from the abdominal aorta and supplies structures of the **midgut**, including the small intestine, and parts of the large intestine. - It is not a direct source of the common hepatic artery. *Inferior mesenteric artery* - The **inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)** arises from the abdominal aorta further inferior to the SMA and supplies the **hindgut**, including the distal transverse colon to the superior part of the rectum. - It is anatomically distinct and separate from the arterial supply to the foregut-derived organs supplied by the common hepatic artery.
Question 145: Prolactin secreting gland develops from -
- A. Infundibulum
- B. Rathke's pouch (Correct Answer)
- C. Tuber cinereum
- D. 3rd ventricle
Explanation: ***Rathke's pouch*** - The **anterior pituitary gland**, which secretes prolactin [2], develops embryologically from **Rathke's pouch**. - Rathke's pouch is an **ectodermal evagination** from the roof of the primitive oral cavity (stomodeum). *Infundibulum* - The **infundibulum** is also known as the pituitary stalk, connecting the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary [1]. - It is derived from **neuroectoderm** and forms part of the posterior pituitary, not the prolactin-secreting anterior pituitary [1]. *Tuber cinereum* - The **tuber cinereum** is a part of the **hypothalamus**. - It is involved in regulating several bodily functions but does not directly give rise to the prolactin-secreting gland. *3rd ventricle* - The **3rd ventricle** is one of the four ventricles of the brain, filled with **cerebrospinal fluid**. - It is a part of the central nervous system and is not involved in the embryological development of the pituitary gland.
Question 146: What structures are derived from the neural crest?
- A. Melanocytes
- B. Dental papillae
- C. Adrenal medulla
- D. All of the options (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***All of the options*** - The **neural crest** is a multipotent, migratory cell population that contributes to the formation of many diverse tissues and organs during vertebrate development. - Neural crest cells give rise to a wide array of derivatives, including components of the nervous system, pigment cells, skeletal and connective tissues of the head and face, and endocrine glands [1]. *Melanocytes* - **Melanocytes**, the pigment-producing cells found in the skin, hair, eyes, and other tissues, are derived from the **neural crest** [2]. - These cells migrate extensively during development from the neural crest to their final destinations throughout the body. - Neural crest-derived melanocytes produce melanin, which provides pigmentation and protection against UV radiation [2]. *Dental papillae* - The **dental papilla** is crucial for tooth development and is formed from **ectomesenchymal cells** that are derived from the cranial neural crest. - These cells differentiate into the odontoblasts that produce dentin and also contribute to the pulp of the tooth. *Adrenal medulla* - The cells of the **adrenal medulla**, which produce catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, are specialized **postganglionic sympathetic neurons** derived from the neural crest. - They develop from neuroectodermal cells that migrate to the developing adrenal gland.
Question 147: Shortest part of male urethra is :
- A. Prostatic
- B. Membranous (Correct Answer)
- C. Bulbar
- D. Penile
Explanation: ***Membranous*** - The **membranous urethra** is the shortest and narrowest part of the male urethra, passing through the **deep perineal pouch**. - Its short length makes it particularly vulnerable to injury during trauma to the pelvis [1]. *Prostatic* - The **prostatic urethra** is approximately 3-4 cm long and runs through the prostate gland. - It is one of the longer segments of the male urethra and drains the ejaculatory ducts. *Bulbar* - The **bulbar urethra** is a segment of the spongy (penile) urethra, located within the bulb of the penis [1]. - It is generally longer than the membranous part and wider distally. *Penile* - The **penile urethra**, also known as the spongy urethra, is the longest part of the male urethra, extending through the corpus spongiosum of the penis. - It measures around 15 cm and expands at its distal end to form the navicular fossa.
Question 148: Which is the largest nerve that exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?
- A. Sciatic nerve (Correct Answer)
- B. Superior gluteal artery
- C. Inferior gluteal artery
- D. Piriformis muscle
Explanation: ***Sciatic nerve*** - The **sciatic nerve** is the largest nerve in the human body, formed from the sacral plexus, and it is indeed the largest structure that passes through the **greater sciatic foramen** as it descends into the posterior thigh. - It supplies motor and sensory innervation to the posterior thigh, lower leg, and foot. *Superior gluteal artery* - The superior gluteal artery exits the pelvis through the **greater sciatic foramen** above the piriformis muscle. - While significant, it is an artery and not a nerve, and it is not the largest structure passing through this foramen. *Inferior gluteal artery* - The inferior gluteal artery also exits the pelvis via the **greater sciatic foramen**, inferior to the piriformis muscle. - Like the superior gluteal artery, it is an arterial structure and not a nerve, and it is not the largest structure in the foramen. *Piriformis muscle* - The **piriformis muscle** originates inside the pelvis and passes through the **greater sciatic foramen** to insert on the greater trochanter of the femur. - Although it occupies a significant portion of the foramen, it is a muscle, not a nerve, and the sciatic nerve is the largest nerve exiting this aperture.
Question 149: Which of the following statements about the femoral triangle is NOT true?
- A. Contains the femoral vessels
- B. Floor is formed by adductor longus (Correct Answer)
- C. Lateral margin is formed by sartorius
- D. Medial margin is formed by adductor longus
Explanation: ***Floor is formed by adductor longus*** - The floor of the femoral triangle is actually formed by the **iliopsoas** laterally and the **pectineus** medially. - The **adductor longus** forms part of the medial boundary of the femoral triangle, not its floor. - This is the INCORRECT statement (correct answer for a "NOT true" question). *Contains the femoral vessels* - The femoral triangle is a crucial anatomical space containing the **femoral artery**, **femoral vein**, and **femoral nerve**. - These structures are organized from lateral to medial as nerve, artery, vein (NAVY). *Lateral margin is formed by sartorius* - The **sartorius muscle** forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle. - Its medial border defines one of the triangle's sides. *Medial margin is formed by adductor longus* - The **adductor longus** does form the medial boundary of the femoral triangle. - This is anatomically correct along with the inguinal ligament (superior boundary) and sartorius (lateral boundary).
Surgery
1 questionsWhich of the following statements is true about branchial cysts?
NEET-PG 2015 - Surgery NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 141: Which of the following statements is true about branchial cysts?
- A. Branchial cysts are more common in males than females.
- B. They mostly arise from the second branchial cleft. (Correct Answer)
- C. Surgical intervention is not always necessary.
- D. They can cause dysphagia and hoarseness if infected.
Explanation: ***They mostly arise from the second branchial cleft.*** - **Second branchial cleft cysts** are the most common type, accounting for approximately **95%** of all branchial anomalies. - They typically present as a smooth, fluctuant mass along the **anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle** at the junction of the upper and middle third of the neck. - These cysts result from **incomplete obliteration** of the second branchial cleft during embryonic development. *Branchial cysts are more common in males than females.* - Branchial cysts have **no significant sex predilection**, affecting males and females with roughly equal frequency. - The overall incidence is relatively rare, with most cases presenting in late childhood or early adulthood. *Surgical intervention is not always necessary.* - **Complete surgical excision** is the **definitive treatment** and is strongly recommended for all branchial cysts. - Indications for surgery include: prevention of **recurrent infections**, risk of **abscess formation**, elimination of cosmetic concerns, and removal due to potential (though rare) **malignant transformation**. - While very small asymptomatic cysts may occasionally be observed, this carries significant risk of future complications, making surgery the standard of care in clinical practice. *They can cause dysphagia and hoarseness if infected.* - While an **infected branchial cyst** causes local inflammatory signs (pain, swelling, warmth, erythema), it **rarely causes dysphagia or hoarseness** unless exceptionally large. - These symptoms would require the cyst to compress the **pharynx** (dysphagia) or involve the **recurrent laryngeal nerve** (hoarseness), which is uncommon even with infection. - The primary presentation of infected cysts includes **tender neck mass** with overlying skin changes and possible **abscess formation**.