NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Sausage finger appearance is associated with which of the following conditions?

Psoriatic arthritis. ***Psoriatic arthritis*** - **Dactylitis**, or "sausage finger," is a characteristic inflammatory finding in psoriatic arthritis, resulting from inflammation of the **entire digit** [1]. - This condition involves inflammation of tendons, joints, and soft tissues which leads to diffuse swelling of fingers or toes [1]. *Rickets* - Rickets is a bone-softening disease in children caused by **vitamin D deficiency**, leading to bone deformities like bowed legs or widened wrists. - It does not present with inflammatory dactylitis or "sausage digits." *Hyperthyroidism* - Hyperthyroidism is a condition of excessive thyroid hormone production, which can cause symptoms like **tremors**, **tachycardia**, and **weight loss** [2]. - It is not associated with dactylitis or changes in finger morphology. *Addison's disease* - Addison's disease results from **adrenal insufficiency**, leading to symptoms like **fatigue**, **skin hyperpigmentation**, and hypotension. - There is no clinical association between Addison's disease and "sausage finger" appearance.

Q: Which of the following is not a known cause of neuroregression in children?

ADHD. ***ADHD*** - **Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)** is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It is **not** a cause of neuroregression. - While ADHD can impact cognitive and behavioral functioning, it does not involve a loss of previously acquired developmental milestones or skills. *Wilson's disease* - **Wilson's disease** is an inherited disorder that causes **copper accumulation** in organs, particularly the liver and brain. - Neurological symptoms, including **neuroregression**, can occur due to copper toxicity in the central nervous system. *Vitamin B12 deficiency* - **Vitamin B12 deficiency** can lead to neurological complications such as **subacute combined degeneration** of the spinal cord and peripheral neuropathy. - In children, severe or prolonged deficiency can impair brain development and lead to **developmental regression**. *Ataxia telangiectasia* - **Ataxia telangiectasia** is a rare, neurodegenerative, inherited disease that affects multiple body systems. - It is characterized by progressive **cerebellar ataxia**, leading to **neuroregression** and intellectual disability over time.

Q: What is the treatment for extrapyramidal side effects induced by Haloperidol?

Anticholinergic drugs. ***Anticholinergic drugs (effective treatment)*** - **Anticholinergic medications**, such as **benztropine** or **diphenhydramine**, are the primary treatment for **acute extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)** like dystonia and parkinsonism induced by antipsychotics like haloperidol. - They work by **blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors**, helping to restore the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine in the basal ganglia. *Benzodiazepines (used for anxiety and muscle relaxation)* - While benzodiazepines can offer some relief for **akathisia** (a form of EPS characterized by restlessness) due to their sedative and muscle relaxant properties, they are **not the first-line treatment for other acute EPS** such as dystonia or parkinsonism. - They primarily enhance **GABAergic transmission** and are effective for anxiety and seizure control rather than direct antagonism of EPS mechanisms. *Barbiturates (used as sedative-hypnotic drugs)* - **Barbiturates** are strong central nervous system depressants used for sedation, anesthesia, and seizure control, but are **not indicated for the treatment of EPS**. - Their significant **sedative and addictive potential**, along with a narrow therapeutic index, makes them unsuitable for this purpose. *SSRIs (used for depression and anxiety)* - **SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)** are antidepressants that work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain and are used to treat depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. - They **do not have a direct role** in ameliorating dopamine-acetylcholine imbalance responsible for haloperidol-induced EPS.

Q: What is the PRIMARY psychological cause of oppositional behavior in young children?

Emotional distress. ***Emotional distress*** - **Emotional distress**, such as anxiety, fear, sadness, or frustration, is a primary driver of oppositional behavior as children may lack the verbal or emotional regulation skills to express these feelings constructively. - Children often express their internal emotional struggles through externalizing behaviors like opposition, defiance, and irritability as a form of **maladaptive coping**. *Intellectual disability* - While children with an **intellectual disability** may exhibit oppositional behavior, it is not the primary psychological cause across all young children. - In such cases, oppositional behaviors might stem from difficulties understanding expectations, communication challenges, or a lack of coping strategies rather than being the direct psychological root of the opposition itself. *Neurological disorder* - Certain **neurological disorders** (e.g., ADHD) can contribute to behaviors that appear oppositional due to challenges with impulsivity or attention, but they are not the primary psychological cause of oppositional behavior in general. - The oppositional behavior in these cases is more a consequence of the unique cognitive and executive function challenges associated with the disorder, rather than a direct psychological state of distress. *Genetic predisposition* - **Genetic predisposition** can influence temperament and vulnerability to certain mental health conditions, thereby indirectly contributing to oppositional behavior. - However, genetics do not directly cause oppositional behavior; rather, they interact with environmental factors and a child's psychological state to either mitigate or exacerbate such behaviors.

Q: Theory of human motivation was given by?

Abraham Maslow. ***Abraham Maslow*** - **Abraham Maslow** is renowned for his theory of **human motivation**, often depicted as **Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**. - This theory posits that individuals are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, starting from basic physiological needs up to **self-actualization**. *Pavlov* - **Ivan Pavlov** is famous for his work on **classical conditioning**, particularly his experiments with dogs. - His contributions are primarily in the field of **learning theory**, not a comprehensive theory of human motivation. *Alois Alzheimer* - **Alois Alzheimer** was a psychiatrist and neuropathologist who first described the condition known as **Alzheimer's disease**. - His work focused on neurological disorders and neurodegenerative processes, not theories of human motivation. *Aaron Beck* - **Aaron Beck** is considered the father of **cognitive therapy** and is known for his work on the **cognitive triad** of depression. - While his theories relate to human thought and emotion, they do not constitute a broad theory of human motivation like Maslow's.

Q: Which eating disorder is characterized by episodes of binge eating while maintaining a normal weight?

Bulimia nervosa. ***Bulimia nervosa*** - This disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of **binge eating** followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or excessive exercise, while the individual generally maintains a **normal body weight**. - The key differentiator from anorexia nervosa is the **normal weight** and the cyclical pattern of binging and compensatory behaviors. - According to **DSM-5 criteria**, bulimia nervosa requires both binge eating episodes and inappropriate compensatory behaviors occurring at least once weekly for 3 months. *Anorexia nervosa* - This eating disorder is primarily characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to **severe restriction of food intake** and significantly **low body weight**. - Individuals with anorexia nervosa do not maintain a normal weight; rather, their weight is often **below minimally normal** (BMI < 18.5 kg/m² in adults). *Binge eating disorder* - This disorder involves recurrent episodes of **binge eating**, defined as consuming an unusually large amount of food in a short period with a sense of loss of control, but it does **not involve recurrent compensatory behaviors** like purging. - Individuals with binge eating disorder are often **overweight or obese**, contrasting with the normal weight seen in bulimia nervosa. *Night eating syndrome* - This disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of **nighttime eating** (consuming food after evening meal or upon awakening from sleep) with full awareness. - Unlike bulimia nervosa, it does **not involve binge eating** in the classic sense, and there are **no compensatory behaviors** like purging or excessive exercise. - Individuals may maintain normal weight but the eating pattern is distinctly different from the binge-purge cycle.

Q: Investigation of choice for soft tissue sarcoma is -

MRI. ***MRI*** - **Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)** is the investigation of choice for soft tissue sarcomas due to its superior **soft tissue contrast resolution**, allowing for detailed assessment of tumor size, location, and extent within muscle, fat, and neurovascular structures. - MRI is crucial for **surgical planning**, helping to define tumor margins and evaluate involvement of adjacent critical structures. *CT* - While CT scans can identify masses, they have **limited soft tissue contrast resolution** compared to MRI, making it less effective for precise delineation of soft tissue sarcomas. - CT is often used for **staging to detect metastatic disease**, particularly in the lungs, rather than for primary tumor characterization. *Ultrasound* - **Ultrasound** is a good initial screening tool for soft tissue masses due to its accessibility and lack of radiation, but it is **operator-dependent** and has limitations in assessing deep or large lesions. - It can help differentiate cystic from solid lesions and guide biopsies but **lacks the comprehensive detail** of MRI for definitive diagnosis and staging. *X-ray* - **X-rays** are primarily used to visualize **bone abnormalities** and are generally not effective for evaluating soft tissue masses unless there is associated calcification or bone erosion. - They provide **minimal information** regarding the internal structure or extent of a soft tissue sarcoma.

Q: Cobra head appearance on excretory urography is suggestive of?

Ureterocele. ***Ureterocele*** - A **cobra head appearance** on excretory urography is a classic sign of a **ureterocele**, which is a cystic dilation of the distal ureter that protrudes into the bladder. - This appearance is due to the dilated ureter appearing like an oval or round filling defect within the bladder lumen, surrounded by a thin radiolucent halo created by the ureteral wall and urine. *Horseshoe kidney* - A horseshoe kidney is characterized by the fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys, causing a **"U" shape** across the midline, often identified by the isthmus. - It does not present with a cobra head appearance but rather a typical anatomical variation of renal position and fusion. *Duplication of renal pelvis* - Duplication of the renal pelvis involves two separate collecting systems draining one kidney, which can be seen as two distinct pelvicalyceal systems. - This condition does not create a cobra head appearance; instead, it shows an abnormal number of collecting systems within a single kidney. *Simple cyst of kidney* - A simple renal cyst typically appears as a **well-defined, anechoic (on ultrasound) or hypodense (on CT) mass** within the kidney parenchyma. - It does not involve the ureter or bladder and thus does not produce a cobra head appearance on urograms.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a typical ultrasonographic finding in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)?

Cysts larger than 2 cm. **Cysts larger than 2 cm** - **ARPKD** is characterized by numerous tiny cysts (typically 1-2 mm, rarely up to 1 cm) that are microscopically dilated collecting ducts, leading to diffuse renal enlargement. - Cysts larger than 2 cm are much more typical of **autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)**, which involves macroscopic cysts of various sizes. *Enlarged kidneys* - The proliferation of dilated collecting ducts and associated interstitial fibrosis in **ARPKD** leads to significantly enlarged kidneys, which is a hallmark ultrasound finding. - This enlargement is often bilateral and can be detected prenatally or in neonates. *Increased echogenicity* - The presence of numerous tiny cysts and dense fibrous tissue throughout the renal parenchyma in **ARPKD** causes increased diffuse echogenicity on ultrasound. - This is a common and important diagnostic feature, often described as "bright" or "hyperechoic" kidneys. *Corticomedullary differentiation is lost* - In **ARPKD**, the normal distinct differentiation between the renal cortex and medulla is obliterated due to the widespread involvement of the collecting ducts and the diffuse nature of the disease. - This loss of corticomedullary differentiation is a typical finding on ultrasound for severe renal parenchymal disease, including ARPKD.

Question 1

Sausage finger appearance is associated with which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Psoriatic arthritis

Answer

Rickets

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Addison's disease

Question 2

Which of the following is not a known cause of neuroregression in children?

Accepted Answer

ADHD

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer

Ataxia telangiectasia

Answer

Wilson's disease

Question 3

What is the treatment for extrapyramidal side effects induced by Haloperidol?

Accepted Answer

Anticholinergic drugs

Answer

Barbiturates

Answer

SSRIs

Answer

Benzodiazepines

Question 4

What is the PRIMARY psychological cause of oppositional behavior in young children?

Accepted Answer

Emotional distress

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Intellectual disability

Answer

Neurological disorder

Question 5

Theory of human motivation was given by?

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow

Answer

Pavlov

Answer

Aaron Beck

Answer

Alois Alzheimer

Question 6

A 25-year-old male believes that his penis is decreasing in size every day and that it will eventually disappear, leading to his death. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Delusional Disorder

Answer

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Answer

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Answer

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Question 7

Which eating disorder is characterized by episodes of binge eating while maintaining a normal weight?

Accepted Answer

Bulimia nervosa

Answer

Anorexia nervosa

Answer

Binge eating disorder

Answer

Night eating syndrome

Question 8

Investigation of choice for soft tissue sarcoma is -

Accepted Answer

MRI

Answer

CT

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

X-ray

Question 9

Cobra head appearance on excretory urography is suggestive of?

Accepted Answer

Ureterocele

Answer

Horseshoe kidney

Answer

Duplication of renal pelvis

Answer

Simple cyst of kidney

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a typical ultrasonographic finding in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)?

Accepted Answer

Cysts larger than 2 cm

Answer

Increased echogenicity

Answer

Enlarged kidneys

Answer

Corticomedullary differentiation is lost

NEET-PG 2015

Internal Medicine

Pediatrics

Pharmacology

Psychiatry

Radiology