NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy Practice Questions

Q: What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?

Paraaortic. ***Paraaortic*** - The **ovaries** develop embryologically in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys, and their lymphatic drainage follows the **ovarian vessels** (which arise from the aorta). - Lymph drains primarily to the **paraaortic (lumbar) lymph nodes** located along the **aorta** in the retroperitoneum at the level of L1-L2. - This is clinically important in ovarian cancer staging and treatment planning. *Deep inguinal* - The **deep inguinal lymph nodes** primarily drain the deep structures of the lower limb, perineum, and external genitalia. - They do not receive lymphatic drainage directly from the ovaries. *Superficial inguinal* - The **superficial inguinal lymph nodes** drain the skin of the lower abdomen, buttocks, perineum, external genitalia, and the superficial lower limb. - The ovaries are internal intra-abdominal organs and do not drain into these nodes. *Obturator* - The **obturator lymph nodes** are pelvic lymph nodes that primarily drain pelvic structures such as the bladder, uterine body, cervix, and upper vagina. - While adjacent to pelvic organs, they are not the primary drainage site for the ovaries, which drain superiorly along the ovarian vessels to the paraaortic nodes.

Q: What is the uppermost structure in left lung hilum?

Pulmonary artery. ***Pulmonary artery*** - In the **left lung hilum**, the **pulmonary artery** typically lies superior to the bronchus. - This anatomical position helps differentiate it from the relations in the right lung hilum, where the pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus. *Pulmonary vein* - The **pulmonary veins** are usually located anterior and inferior to the bronchus in both lung hila. - They tend to be the most anterior and inferior structures carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs. *Bronchial artery* - **Bronchial arteries** are smaller vessels that typically run on the posterior surface of the bronchi. - They are not considered the uppermost main structure in the hilum. *Left mainstem bronchus* - The **left mainstem bronchus** is usually found inferior to the pulmonary artery and posterior to the pulmonary veins in the left hilum. - It is a prominent structure but not the most superior.

Q: Which are the segments of the upper lobe of the right lung?

Apical, anterior, posterior. ***Apical, anterior, posterior*** - The **right upper lobe** is consistently divided into three bronchopulmonary segments: **apical**, **anterior**, and **posterior** [1]. - These segments are named according to their anatomical position and the branching of the **tertiary bronchi** that supply them [1]. *Anterior, posterior, medial* - While **anterior** and **posterior** segments exist, the "medial" segment is not a standard division of the right upper lobe. - The term "medial" is typically associated with the **middle lobe** of the right lung (medial and lateral segments) [1]. *Lateral, medial, superior* - The segments **lateral** and **medial** are characteristic of the **right middle lobe** [1]. - "Superior" is a general directional term and not a specific segment name within the upper lobe in this context, although the apical segment is superiorly located. *Basal, medial, lateral* - **Basal** segments are found in the **lower lobes** of the lungs (e.g., anterior basal, medial basal, posterior basal, lateral basal). - **Medial** and **lateral** segments are typical of the **right middle lobe**, not the upper lobe [1].

Q: The structure which lies outside the femoral sheath is:

Femoral nerve. ***Femoral nerve*** - The **femoral nerve** lies lateral to the femoral artery and is therefore situated outside the **femoral sheath**, which encloses the femoral artery, femoral vein, and lymphatic vessels [2]. - It originates from the lumbar plexus (L2-L4) and provides motor innervation to the quadriceps femoris and sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and medial leg. *Femoral artery* - The **femoral artery** is a primary content of the **femoral sheath**, occupying the most lateral compartment. - It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and is a major blood supply to the lower limb. *Femoral vein* - The **femoral vein** lies within the **femoral sheath**, positioned medial to the femoral artery. - It is the primary vein responsible for draining blood from the lower limb and eventually becomes the external iliac vein. *Genitofemoral nerve* - The **genitofemoral nerve** typically emerges on the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle and then usually divides into genital and femoral branches [1]. - While its femoral branch supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the femoral triangle, it does not course within the femoral sheath itself but rather anterior to it or outside its immediate vicinity [1].

Q: Which of the following structures does not pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve. ***Right recurrent laryngeal nerve*** - The **right recurrent laryngeal nerve** loops around the **right subclavian artery** in the neck [1] and ascends into the neck to innervate the larynx. - It does not descend into the thorax before recurring, thus it does not pass through the superior thoracic aperture [1]. *Right vagus* - The **right vagus nerve** passes through the superior thoracic aperture anterior to the right subclavian artery and enters the thorax. - It then descends posterior to the right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava before supplying thoracic and abdominal viscera. *Right brachiocephalic artery* - The **right brachiocephalic artery** (also known as the brachiocephalic trunk) is the first branch of the aortic arch and passes superiorly through the superior thoracic aperture. - It gives rise to the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery in the neck. *Thoracic duct* - The **thoracic duct** ascends from the abdomen through the posterior mediastinum, passes through the superior thoracic aperture to enter the neck [2]. - In the neck, it arches laterally and empties into the left subclavian vein, or the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins.

Q: What is the embryological origin of the ligamentum arteriosum?

Remnant of the ductus arteriosus. ***Remnant of the ductus arteriosus*** - The **ductus arteriosus** is a fetal blood vessel connecting the **pulmonary artery** to the **aorta**, bypassing the non-functional lungs [1]. - After birth, due to increased oxygen tension and decreased prostaglandins, it typically constricts and obliterates, forming the **ligamentum arteriosum** [2]. *Remnant of the ductus venosus* - The **ductus venosus** is a fetal shunt connecting the **umbilical vein** to the **inferior vena cava**, bypassing the liver's circulatory bed [2]. - After birth, it closes and becomes the **ligamentum venosum**, not the ligamentum arteriosum [2]. *Remnant of the ductus utriculosaccularis* - This is an **inner ear structure** connecting the utricle and saccule in the membranous labyrinth. - It is **not a cardiovascular structure** and has no relation to the ligamentum arteriosum. *Remnant of the ductus reuniens* - The **ductus reuniens** (also called ductus utriculosaccularis) is an **inner ear structure**, not a fetal cardiovascular shunt. - It has **no remnant** related to the ligamentum arteriosum or cardiovascular system.

Q: Base of the heart is formed by?

Left atrium. ***Left atrium*** - The **left atrium** forms the major part of the **base of the heart**, receiving the four pulmonary veins. [1] - It lies in the posterior-superior aspect of the heart and is separated from the thoracic vertebrae by the **pericardium** and the **esophagus**. *Right atrium* - The **right atrium** forms the right border of the heart and receives deoxygenated blood from the **superior and inferior vena cava**. - It primarily forms part of the **anterior surface** of the heart, not the base. *Right ventricle* - The **right ventricle** forms a large part of the **anterior surface** and inferior border of the heart. - It is responsible for pumping blood to the **pulmonary circulation** but does not form the base. *Left ventricle* - The **left ventricle** forms the **apex** of the heart and much of its **left border** and **diaphragmatic surface**. - Its primary role is to pump oxygenated blood into the **systemic circulation**.

Q: Right border of heart is formed by?

Right atrium. ***Right atrium*** - The **right atrium** forms the major part of the **right border of the heart** as viewed in a posteroanterior (PA) chest X-ray. - Its position is along the right sternal margin, extending from the level of the third costal cartilage superiorly to the sixth costal cartilage inferiorly. *Right ventricle* - The **right ventricle** primarily forms the **anterior surface** and part of the inferior border of the heart. - It contributes minimally, if at all, to the visible right border in a standard PA view. *SVC* - The **superior vena cava (SVC)** drains into the right atrium and is located superior to it. - While it's adjacent to the right border, it does **not form the actual right border of the heart itself**. *IVC* - The **inferior vena cava (IVC)** drains into the right atrium from below. - It is positioned inferiorly and posteriorly, and therefore **does not form the right border** of the heart in a PA view.

Q: What is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?

Pronator teres. ***Pronator teres*** - The **pronator teres muscle** forms the **medial boundary** of the cubital fossa, running obliquely from the medial epicondyle to the lateral side of the radius. - This muscle defines the medial aspect of the triangular space at the anterior elbow. *Brachioradialis* - The **brachioradialis** muscle forms the **lateral boundary** of the cubital fossa. - It arises from the humerus and inserts into the distal radius, helping to delineate the region laterally. *Supinator* - The **supinator muscle** is located deep within the forearm and is not a direct boundary of the cubital fossa. - It lies on the posterior aspect of the radius and ulna, deep to some of the cubital fossa contents. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the **pronator teres** clearly defines the medial boundary of the cubital fossa.

Question 1

What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?

Accepted Answer

Paraaortic

Answer

Deep inguinal

Answer

Superficial inguinal

Answer

Obturator

Question 2

What is the uppermost structure in left lung hilum?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary artery

Answer

Pulmonary vein

Answer

Bronchial artery

Answer

Left mainstem bronchus

Question 3

Which are the segments of the upper lobe of the right lung?

Accepted Answer

Apical, anterior, posterior

Answer

Lateral, medial, superior

Answer

Basal, medial, lateral

Answer

Anterior, posterior, medial

Question 4

The structure which lies outside the femoral sheath is:

Accepted Answer

Femoral nerve

Answer

Genitofemoral nerve

Answer

Femoral vein

Answer

Femoral artery

Question 5

Which of the following structures does not pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

Accepted Answer

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer

Right vagus

Answer

Right brachiocephalic artery

Answer

Thoracic duct

Question 6

What is the embryological origin of the ligamentum arteriosum?

Accepted Answer

Remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Answer

Remnant of the ductus venosus

Answer

Remnant of the ductus utriculosaccularis

Answer

Remnant of the ductus reuniens

Question 7

Base of the heart is formed by?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium

Answer

Right atrium

Answer

Right ventricle

Answer

Left ventricle

Question 8

Right border of heart is formed by?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium

Answer

Right ventricle

Answer

SVC

Answer

IVC

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the anatomy of the right ventricle is correct?

Accepted Answer

The crista supraventricularis separates the tricuspid and pulmonary valves, and the apex is trabeculated

Answer

TV & PV Share fibrous continuity

Answer

More prominent trabeculation

Answer

All of the options

Question 10

What is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?

Accepted Answer

Pronator teres

Answer

Brachioradialis

Answer

Supinator

Answer

None of the options

NEET-PG 2015 — Anatomy